Orientador: Francisco Luiz Cazeiro Lopreato / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T14:58:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vieira_DaniloJorge_D.pdf: 2431411 bytes, checksum: 2d2419cd21154a04944edb4c21dd064a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A tese examina a evolução das políticas estaduais de atração de investimentos no contexto de maiores restrições derivado do regime fiscal estabelecido no país após o Plano Real, de modo a verificar a dinâmica assumida pelas disputas subnacionais em torno de projetos privados de inversões produtivas nesse mencionado momento de redesenho e de fixação de novos parâmetros para a gestão das finanças públicas. Demonstra, com base no acompanhamento dos programas de quatro estados selecionados (RJ, PE, BA e PR), que a nova institucionalidade orçamentária emergente, cujos pilares foram definidos no bojo da renegociação da divida dos estados (Lei 9.496/1997) e consolidados pela Lei Complementar nº 101/2000 (a LRF), exigiu ajustes nas estratégias de fomento locais, que se tornaram paulatinamente mais agressivas, redundando, assim, na conformação de um quadro acirrado e persistente de guerra fiscal. A análise parte da ideia de que as iniciativas aplicadas por entes subnacionais visando impulsionar as bases produtivas de suas jurisdições não seriam concorrenciais por natureza, nem muito menos consistiriam em novas convenções propagadas nas últimas décadas, configurando um ambiente generalizado de disputas inter-regionais implosivas, suscitadas pela atual dominância de paradigmas "localistas" de extração liberal no campo teórico e prático do desenvolvimento. Interpelando essa visão hegemônica, o argumento elaborado foi no sentido de sustentar que as estratégias de fomento dessas subunidades político-territoriais são remotas e coexistiram, em relativa harmonia, com ações similares adotadas por outras instâncias inferiores e aquelas traçadas e executadas centralmente desde o nível nacional. Sob tal perspectiva, a guerra fiscal seria a expressão de um processo de degeneração das políticas subnacionais de desenvolvimento, que as tornaria gradualmente hostis, à medida que os parâmetros de subsidiamento sistêmicos e genéricos fossem atenuados a favor de práticas mais discriminatórias destinadas a prestar apoio diferenciado a projetos privados específicos, em decorrência de diversos fatores, entre os quais assume importância explicativa decisiva a fragilização do Estado, engendrando problemas de coordenação e de intervenção. No Brasil, as reformas liberais dos anos 1990 incitaram práticas de fomento produtivo crescentemente concorrenciais e agressivas. As mudanças liberalizantes inicialmente exacerbaram os problemas de coordenação, fazendo ressurgir a guerra fiscal entre os estados, que se lançaram, juntamente com muitos municípios, numa desenfreada corrida de incentivos a fim de influenciar as decisões privadas de alocação espacial de investimentos. A reestruturação das finanças estaduais alicerçada no refinanciamento condicionado das dívidas (Lei 9.496/1997), desdobrando na constituição de um regime fiscal rígido compromissado com a solvência financeira e orçamentária intertemporal (LRF), fixou novas bases contextuais para a implementação das políticas subnacionais de atração de investimentos. Os problemas de intervenção que vieram então a ser adicionados exigiram ajustes forçosos a fim de compatibilizar tais iniciativas às condições restritivas prevalecentes. As correções adaptativas fizeram com que as ações estaduais de fomento abrandassem seus elementos sistêmicos e genéricos, reforçando a dominância dos componentes seletivos. Assim, os ajustes ocasionados pelos problemas de intervenção acentuaram as características concorrenciais das estratégias de fomento dos estados e, somando-se aos problemas de coordenação pré-existentes, exasperaram e rotinizaram o tensionado quadro de guerra fiscal do país / Abstract: The thesis examines the evolution of sub-national policies of attraction of investments in the context of hard budget constraints derived from the fiscal regime established in the country after the Plano Real, to verify the dynamics assumed by disputes involving state governments around the projects of private investments in this mentioned moment of redesign and definition of new parameters for the management of public finances. The research shows, based on the observation of four programs selected states (Rio de Janeiro, Pernambuco, Bahia and Paraná), that the new institutionality budget emerging, whose pillars were built under the renegotiation of the debt of states (Law nº 9.496/1997) and consolidated by the Fiscal Responsibility Law, demanded adjustments in the local development strategies, which gradually became more aggressive, resulting thus in an panorama of fiscal competition aggressive and persistent. The analysis starts from the idea that the initiatives implemented by sub-national entities to stimulate the productive base of their jurisdictions would not be competitive by nature, or would consist new conventions propagated in recent decades, shaping a generalized and implosive situation of inter-regional disputes, caused by the current paradigm liberal "localist" dominant in the theory and practice of development. Questioning this hegemonic view, the argument developed was in the direction to sustain that the development strategies of these political-territorial subunits are remote and coexisted in relative harmony with other similar actions taken by entities of the same level and those drawn and implemented centrally from the national government. From this perspective, the fiscal competition would be the expression of a process of degeneration of sub-national development policies, which gradually would become hostile, while the parameters systemic and generic of economic aid were attenuated in favor of practices more discriminatory aimed at providing support differentiated to specific private projects, due to several factors, between which it assumes importance explicative decisive the fragility of the State, generating problems of coordination and problems of intervention. In Brazil, the liberal reforms of the 1990 years incited productive promotion practices increasingly competitive and aggressive. The liberalizing changes initially exacerbated the problems of coordination, making resurging the fiscal competition among states, which joined, together with many municipalities, in a wild race of incentives to influence private decisions spatial allocation of investment. The fiscal adjustment of the states based in the refinancing conditioned of the debts (Law nº 9.496/1997), unfolding in the constitution of a rigid fiscal regime tied with the financial and budgetary solvency permanent (LRF), has established new circumstantial basis for the implementation of the sub-national fomentation policies. The problems of intervention that came to be added demanded adjustments forcible to accommodate such initiatives in the restrictive conditions prevalent. These corrections has made the fomentation strategies of states eased his elements systemics and generics, reinforcing the domination of the selective components. Thus, the adjustment required by the problems of intervention resulted in the strengthening of characteristics competitive of the development strategies of states and, together with the problems of coordination pre-existing, exasperated and made enduring the scenario of fiscal competition / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

Submitted by Rodrigo Abreu (rodrigo.fea@hotmail.com) on 2012-12-19T16:46:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fiscal_Multipliers_final_19122012.pdf: 610827 bytes, checksum: 9524182b559dc768fd1e52b1b19e872b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-01-18T17:10:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Fiscal_Multipliers_final_19122012.pdf: 610827 bytes, checksum: 9524182b559dc768fd1e52b1b19e872b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-18T17:11:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fiscal_Multipliers_final_19122012.pdf: 610827 bytes, checksum: 9524182b559dc768fd1e52b1b19e872b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-19 / This paper studies the behavior of fiscal multipliers in two different economic environments: complete markets and incomplete markets. Based on steady state analysis, output multipliers are found within a range between 0.49 and 0.66, when the markets are complete. Under incomplete markets, output multiplier was found in an interval between 0.75 and 0.94. These results indicates that the market structure, which reflects the degree of risk sharing and the intensity of the precautionary motive faced by individuals, plays a key role in determining the fiscal multipliers. In the second part of the paper, was performed an exercise to analyze the dynamic response of macroeconomic aggregates to an exogenous and unexpected rise in government spending financed by lump-sum taxes. In this case, impact output multipliers varies in a range between 0.64 and 0.68, under complete markets, and within 1.05 and 1.20 when markets are incomplete. The results found under incomplete markets are very close to that found on related literature which usually uses an econometric approach or calibrated/estimated New Keynesian models. These results shows that taking into account the deficiencies in the insurance mechanisms can be an interesting way to reconcile theoretical models with the results found on related current literature, without the need of ad-hoc assumptions relative to price stickness. / Este artigo estuda o comportamento dos multiplicadores fiscais em dois ambientes Econômicos distintos: mercados completos e incompletos. Com base na análise do estado estacionário de ambas economias, são encontrados multiplicadores do produto em um intervalo entre 0:49 e 0:66, quando os mercados são completos. Quando os mercados são incompletos, o multiplicador do produto encontrado ficou em um intervalo entre 0:75 e 0:94. Estes resultados indicam que a estrutura de mercado, que reflete o nível de compartilhamento de risco e o grau do motivo precaucionário enfrentado pelos indivíduos, desempenha um papel fundamental na determinação dos multiplicadores fiscais. Na segunda parte do artigo, foi realizado exercício para analisar a resposta dinâmica dos agregados macroeconômicos em relação a um aumento exógeno e inesperado dos gastos do governo financiado por meio de impostos lump-sum. Neste caso, os multiplicadores de impacto sobre o produto ficaram entre 0:64 e 0:68, quando os mercados são completos, e entre 1:05 e 1:20 quando os mercados são incompletos. Os resultados obtidos _a partir da análise dinâmica sob mercados incompletos ficaram bastante próximos daqueles encontrados na literatura relacionada, que geralmente obtém multiplicadores dessa magnitude usando uma abordagem econométrica ou por meio de modelos Novo Keynesianos. Estes resultados mostram que levar em consideração as deficiências nos mecanismos de seguro podem ser uma forma interessante de reconciliar os modelos teóricos com os resultados encontrados na literatura relacionada, sem a necessidade de adotar hipóteses ad-hoc sobre a estrutura da rigidez de preços.

Submitted by Oz Iazdi (oz@cinestec.com.br) on 2013-06-11T23:34:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Oz_rev.pdf: 742508 bytes, checksum: 46a5da3060da347500ec1a6ace068bbd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-06-12T16:14:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Oz_rev.pdf: 742508 bytes, checksum: 46a5da3060da347500ec1a6ace068bbd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-12T16:39:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Oz_rev.pdf: 742508 bytes, checksum: 46a5da3060da347500ec1a6ace068bbd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-17 / The credit lines granted by the IMF in a liquidity crisis environment differ in their conditionalities. In some situations, the resources are borrowed without the need of mandatory conditionalities to be met by the borrowers. On the other hand, there are cases when the resources are granted only after the country fulfill these conditions. This paper aims to build a model which shows the tradeoffs that arise between the conditionalities that IMF imposes to give access of the credit lines by the countries. Additionally, the model tries to understand when it’s better an immediate assistance or a conditional assistance. Conditional loans increase the incentives for fiscal measures that improve the country capacity in paying its sovereign debt (because the loans aren’t granted if the country doesn’t carry out the measures), but the immediate assistance has the advantage in alleviate liquidity costs. The model shows that the incentive of the country in paying its sovereign debt is concave on the conditionality, meaning that, in extreme cases, the best type of conditionality is ex-ante (immediate assistance upon pre-established conditions) or ex-post (assistance conditional on the fulfillment of conditionalities). Nonetheless, in cases when both the immediate liquidity assistance and conditional assistance increase the incentives of payment, the conditionalities take on a complementary character. The results corroborate the IMF credit lines designs because there are facilities that contemplate both types of conditionalities and others that contemplate only one of them. / As linhas de crédito concedidas pelo FMI em casos de crises de liquidez diferem quanto às condições impostas aos credores. Em alguns casos, os recursos são emprestados sem a imposição de condições a serem cumpridas pelo país devedor. Em outros casos, os recursos são liberados depois que o país cumpriu as chamadas condicionalidades. O trabalho constrói um modelo teórico para estudar os trade-offs envolvidos nas condicionalidades que o FMI impõe ao conceder linhas de crédito. O modelo procura entender em quais momentos é melhor um auxílio imediato do FMI ou um auxílio condicional. Empréstimos condicionais aumentam os incentivos para medidas fiscais que melhoram a capacidade do país pagar a dívida (pois os empréstimos não são concedidos se essas medidas não são tomadas), mas um auxílio imediato tem a vantagem de economizar custos de liquidez. O modelo mostra que o incentivo do país para pagar sua dívida soberana é côncavo na condicionalidade. Isso significa que, em casos extremos, o melhor tipo de condicionalidade é o ex-ante (auxílio imediato mediante condições pre-estabelecidas) ou o ex-post (auxílio contingente ao cumprimento das condicionalidades). No entanto, em casos nos quais tanto uma ajuda de liquidez imediata, quanto o empréstimo condicional às mudanças na política fiscal aumentam o incentivo do país pagar a dívida, as condicionalidades assumem um caráter de complementaridade. O resultado corrobora o desenho das linhas de crédito do FMI, já que há desenhos que contemplam tanto as duas condicionalidades quanto apenas uma delas.

Cette thèse contribue à la littérature théorique et empirique concernant le marché du travail en macroéconomie. La partie théorique a deux thèmes majeurs : l’analyse des conséquences des coûts de licenciements sur la persistance de l’inflation et celle de l’effet de la politique budgétaire sur le marché travail en fonction du cycle économique. La partie empirique étudie les conséquences des réformes du marché travail allemands sur les partenaires commerciaux de l’Allemagne. Le marché du travail peut-il influencer les performances de la politique monétaire ? Les conditions macroéconomiques peuvent-elles influencer les performances de la politique budgétaire ? Les réformes sur le marché du travail allemand peuvent-elles expliquer les performances de l’Allemagne en matière de commerce extérieur ? / This thesis contributes to both theoretical and empirical aspects of the literature on the labor market in macroeconomics. On the theoretical side, I provide insights both on the impact of labor market institutions on monetary policy and on the efficiency of fiscal policy according to the business cycle position. On the empirical side, I discuss the spillover effects of the Germany’s labor market reforms on its trade partners. How do labor markets institutions affect monetary policy? Has fiscal policy the same effect on labor market during economic downturns than during economic upturns? Can the German labor market and fiscal reforms account for Germany’s new trading performances?

There are many recent studies which try to find the evidence of the Laffer curve in national economies or aggregated OECD data. In this Master Thesis I focus on testing of the primary linear relation of the corporate income tax rate and the corporate tax base, that I call herein adjusted Laffer curve. The adjusted Laffer curve is then transferred through the simplification into the ordinary Laffer curve. The linear regression analysis is performed on the OECD data of 34 countries across years 2000 to 2014. Firstly, the countries are split by the national tax system criteria, such as tax quota, tax revenue allocation or tax structure of revenues that I consider essential for further analysis. Based on the results of linear regression I can only find Laffer curve in set of countries that aim to collect tax revenues mainly from direct taxes. However, there are also other major findings, such as the fact that negative relation of the corporate income tax rate and the corporate tax base, can be found in countries with the higher tax quota, while not in those with the lower tax quota.

No description available.

This study examines the origin, the manifestation and impact of the direct taxation of Africans in Kenya. While the state had several reasons for imposing taxation on Africans, the basic factor weighed on the need for a definitive source of revenue. For most of the colonial period, this aggregated to about 37½ percent of the total revenues. The thesis shows how taxes were collected from Africans, how this led to participation in the cash economy and how they continually resisted and evaded such taxation. Tax collection was synonymous with colonialism and this was manifested through the central role of chiefs, who used taxes and force to coerce Africans into migrant wage labour. Through taxation policies, legislation and African resourcefulness, migrant wage labour served the needs of a colonial capitalist settler economy. In this way, the colonial state revealed its capacity for dominance, power and exploitation. Evidence has been adduced to show that African taxation was an important factor in Kenya’s administrative, political and economic development. The policy of African taxation, land loss and poor working conditions are remembered as having interfered with African mechanisms for accumulating wealth. One of the main objections of the payment of taxes was the manner of its collection. Those unable to pay were imprisoned or detained while many took to instant flight at the sight of the tax collector. The thesis shows that in spite of all these harsh tax collection methods, peasants remained largely resilient and industrious. The Mau Mau movement was the culmination of various peasant grievances in which the colonial state used steep taxation as a counter-insurgency measure. Kenya’s independence in 1963, however, never altered the predatory nature of the state. Subtle, opportunistic and overt ways continued to be used to extract taxes from the peasants and the working class. It was not until 1973 that the much-hated colonial poll tax that had been renamed as graduated poll tax was abolished and replaced by indirect taxation. Finally, taxation like other colonial legacies has endured and has become one of the most important sources of revenue for the government to manage its fiscal policies.

Au Maroc, la réforme du système d'imposition des entreprises est au cœur de la question de la maîtrise des Finances publiques. Ainsi, son approche ne peut se faire en se limitant à la seule dimension fiscale. C'est en rapport avec la politique de développement que se manifeste la question de l'imposition des entreprises. En effet, le système d'imposition fournit des recettes pérennes pour financer les objectifs de développement. De par les recettes qu'elle génère et les effets qu'elle induit, la fiscalité des entreprises occupe une place importante dans l'ensemble du système fiscal marocain. Pour cette raison, seule une analyse globale intégrant l'aspect de la rationalisation des dépenses, le ciblage des avantages fiscaux accordés et l'amélioration de la compétitivité de l'économie, permettra de répondre véritablement à la réduction de déficit budgétaire et au soutien de la compétitivité de l'entreprise. Le présent travail de recherche a porté sur une analyse du système d'imposition des entreprises et du système de contribution lui afférent, en se concentrant sur les relations complexes qui se tissent entre ces systèmes et leurs sous-systèmes. Il a aussi formulé des propositions de réforme fiscale tout en prenant en compte les changements et les mutations dans les systèmes fiscaux nationaux. Au-delà de la réforme du système de taxation des entreprises, son évaluation contribuera à l'atteinte de l'équilibre entre le système d'imposition et le système de contribution y afférent. De même, la régulation participe à assurer une harmonie entre la politique fiscale avec la structure entrepreneuriale et à garantir les conditions techniques et relationnelles de la réforme. / In Morocco, the reform of the corporate tax system is the heart of the question of the control of public finances. Thus, the approach can be limiting itself to the single tax dimension. This is related to policy development that occurs the issue of corporate tax. Indeed, the tax system provides sustainable income to finance development goals. By the revenue and effects it generates, instead of corporate taxation across the Moroccan tax system is far from negligible. For this reason, only a comprehensive analysis incorporating the aspect of rationalizing expenditure, the targeting of tax incentives and improving the competitiveness of the economy, will truly meet the budget deficit reduction and support competitiveness of the company. This research work has focused on an analysis of the corporate tax system and the system of contributions related to him, focusing on the complex relationships that develop between these systems and their subsystems. He also made proposals for tax reform taking into account the changes and mutations in the national tax systems. Beyond the reform of corporate taxation, the evaluation will contribute to achieving a balance between the tax system and the contribution thereto. Similarly, the regulation contributes to ensure harmony between fiscal policy with the business structure and ensure the technical and relational conditions of reform.

Unemployment is one of the greatest and most complex challenges facing South Africa. Just like most developing countries, South Africa has been using the fiscal policy framework as a tool to alleviate the high rates of unemployment. This study examined the impact of fiscal policy on unemployment in South Africa. The study used annual time series data for the period 1980 to 2010. A vector error correction model was used to determine the effects of fiscal policy aggregates on unemployment in South Africa. The fiscal policy aggregates considered in this study were government investment expenditure, government consumption expenditure and tax. Results from this study revealed that government consumption expenditure and tax have a positive impact on unemployment while government investment expenditure negatively affects unemployment in South Africa. Policy recommendations were made using these results.

El objetivo general de este trabajo será hallar el efecto que tiene la Inversión Pública sobre la Inversión Privada para el caso peruano durante el periodo 1999 ? 2014, tanto el efecto contemporáneo (corto plazo), como el efecto futuro (largo plazo); y poder comprobar, de esta manera, si existe complementariedad (crowding in), pues cabe la posibilidad que ambos efectos se produzcan en diferentes periodos. He ahí la necesidad de analizar en su conjunto los efectos contemporáneos y futuros y determinar si es el crowding in o crowding out el efecto que predomina en el largo plazo. / Trabajo de investigación