<p>I chose to study how the Swedish Air force carries out their work with setting goals for their work to improve flight safety and compare this with how the Swedish nuclear power plant Forsmark performs their work with improving nuclear safety. The study showed that both organisations have a lot to improve on in their ways of how to work. Especially when it comes to engaging the employees in the process, both in letting the employees be a part of coming up with areas to work on and in letting the employees evaluate which progress that has been made. It also showed that both organisations need to improve their methods for evaluating the work that has been done. This is especially important for the Air Force which evaluates on many levels and locations and did not have a set standard for how to conduct the evaluation. Although, Forsmark also needed to improve but on how to conduct the evaluation on more than one level in the organisation, allowing more people into the evaluation process and maybe letting someone not part of the process be a part of the evaluation to see things from a different perspective. Also, Forsmark had goals set which did not have a set time for when to evaluate them, which is another criteria for success.</p>

I chose to study how the Swedish Air force carries out their work with setting goals for their work to improve flight safety and compare this with how the Swedish nuclear power plant Forsmark performs their work with improving nuclear safety. The study showed that both organisations have a lot to improve on in their ways of how to work. Especially when it comes to engaging the employees in the process, both in letting the employees be a part of coming up with areas to work on and in letting the employees evaluate which progress that has been made. It also showed that both organisations need to improve their methods for evaluating the work that has been done. This is especially important for the Air Force which evaluates on many levels and locations and did not have a set standard for how to conduct the evaluation. Although, Forsmark also needed to improve but on how to conduct the evaluation on more than one level in the organisation, allowing more people into the evaluation process and maybe letting someone not part of the process be a part of the evaluation to see things from a different perspective. Also, Forsmark had goals set which did not have a set time for when to evaluate them, which is another criteria for success.

Ypatingų aplinkybių (nenumatytų atvejų) planai reikalingi tam, kad oro eismo paslaugos niekada nenutrūktų, oro eismas išliktų saugus ir jo valdymas būtų kuo efektyvesnis (pvz., būtų kuo didesnis oro erdvės pralaidumas). Atsitikus bet kokiai nenumatytai situacijai, pagal jos scenarijų sukuriamas veiksmų planas, kuriuo privaloma vadovautis ypatingomis aplinkybėmis. Pagrindinis tikslas kuriant NAP tai skrydžių saugos užtikrinimas. Tai yra didžiausias prioritetas šiandieninėje aviacijoje. Oro navigacijos paslaugų teikėjo ypatingų aplinkybių (nenumatytų atvejų) planai palyginus su Eurokontrolės ir ICAO rekomendacijomis neatitinka visų reikalavimų. Kai kuriose situacijose panaudoti veiksmų planai nepilnai atitinka realybę arba tiesiog yra nepakankamai aiškūs, todėl juos būtina tobulinti. Darbą sudaro keturios dalys, įvadas, analitinė – metodinė dalis, tiriamoji dalis bei išvados ir siūlymai, literatūros sąrašas. / Contingency planning is necessary so that air navigation service would never be interrupted and safe air traffic services would be provided at any time Whenever a non-standard situation occurs the contingency plan is prepared. The main purpose of contingency planning is both to prevent the services from inefficiency and to decrease the impact of a disaster by increasing safety. Safety in aviation is priority number one, so it is necessary to be ready for any possible situation which could interrupt ANSP’s work. When analyzed and compared with ICAO and EUROCONTROL recommendations ANSP‘s contingency plans do not fully meet the requirements and some changes should be implemented as quickly as possible. It is necessary to have an adequate operational plan for any unexpected situation. Structure: introduction, three parts of work: theoretical and analysis, investigation, conclusions and suggestions, a list of references.

Traditionella metoder för Safety Management har bidragit till en exceptionellt hög flygsäkerhet. Händelser inom flygindustrin och ökande systemkomplexitet har dock aktualiserat att systemteori kan ge kompletterande perspektiv och bidra till flygsäkerhet. Syftet med studien var att beskriva och förstå piloters och chefers erfarenheter av flygsäkerhet, risk och anpassning av arbetssätt. Kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med fem piloter och fem flygchefer/Safety Managers i civila flygbolag och Flygvapnet. En induktiv tematisk analysmetod användes. Resultaten identifierade teman för konflikter och motsägelser i de studerade systemen. Resulterande konfliktteman var mellan produktion och säkerhet, ett starkt system och individens roll, standardisering och piloters beslutsutrymme, efterlevnad och flexibilitet, förtroende och avstånd, samt flygsäkerhetskultur och flygsäkerhetsmätning. Systemen som undersöktes uppvisade komplexa egenskaper, vilket visade på en risk för systemolyckor och gjorde systemkonflikter svårare att lösa. Olösta konflikter mellan till exempel produktion och säkerhet var kopplade till organisatorisk och praktisk glidning/avdrift, ibland förvärrad av hemlighållande. Konflikterna uppträdde olika i olika organisationer. Studiens resultat visar på vikten av att använda kvalitativa data för att få flera olika perspektiv, öka systemanpassningsförmågan och övervaka balansen mellan produktion och säkerhet. Storleken på piloternas beslutsutrymme bör medvetet hanteras och tillägg av ytterligare traditionella säkerhetsbarriärer bör utvärderas utifrån påverkan på systemets transparens och komplexitet. / Traditional aviation safety management methods have contributed to exceptional aviation safety. Recent aviation events and increasing system complexity has actualised that a systems theory approach could provide complementary perspectives and contribute to aviation safety. The purpose of the study was to describe and understand pilots’ and managers’ experiences of flight safety, risk and adaptations of work practises. Qualitative interviews were performed with five pilots and five managers/safety managers in civil airlines and an air force. An inductive thematic analysis method was used. The results identified themes of conflicts and contradictions inherent in the aviation systems studied. The conflict themes were production and safety, a strong system and role of the individual, standardisation and discretionary space, compliance and flexibility, trust and distance, and safety culture and safety measurement. The systems studied showed complex characteristics, making them liable to systems accidents and making system conflicts more difficult to solve. Unresolved conflicts such as between production and safety was connected to organisational and practical drift, in some cases compounded by secrecy. The conflicts appeared differently in different organisations. The study results highlight the importance of using qualitative data to gain a multitude of perspectives, increase system adaptability, and monitor the balance between production and safety. The size of the pilots’ discretionary space should be deliberately managed and added traditional safety barriers should be evaluated by their effect on system opaqueness and complexity.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:16:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3469.pdf: 2787116 bytes, checksum: 3e93f7fd10c28a8af437b5d788656f52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-17 / The airline industry worldwide has brought great benefits to society, affecting the economic, social and environmental sustainability, including the most diverse and cultural people around the world. This has been reflected by the increased new aircraft sales each year, and the flight safety is one of the most important and challenging factors to achieve and keep the trust of the users and the perpetuity of this transport. The flight safety is associated with both aircraft manufacturing and maintenance, where the maintenance technician plays a key role. Training and upgrading of the professional regulation and education involve theoretical and practical knowledge, which should be given special attention to human factors and ways to prevent human errors for incidents and accidents in aviation. Despite its importance, this issue has not been investigated like it would be, especially in Brazil. The objective of this research is to analyze the current situation of aircraft maintenance mechanics training with emphasis on flight safety, using an exploratory method. The results point to an increased trend of incidents and accidents in this transport sector, including the factors associated with human failings; and to the relevance of place greater emphasis on flight safety into Brazilian regulations that standardize the graduation of airplane maintenance mechanics. It has been also recommended that the curriculum and other requirements for such training be compatible with the technological innovation speed for new and old airplanes. Increased collaboration between companies and schools can also bring benefits and the regional maintenance center of Sao Carlos, Araraquara and Ribeirao Preto has potential for that. It is also suggested that such revision on the Brazilian national regulations has as reference some consultations with people involved on this market, taking into account relevant international regulations. / O setor de transporte aéreo mundial tem trazido grandes benefícios à sociedade, afetando a sustentabilidade econômica, social e ambiental, inclusive influenciando culturalmente os mais diversos povos ao redor do mundo. Isso reflete no grande aumento de novas aeronaves vendidas a cada ano, e a segurança de voo é um dos fatores mais importantes e desafiadores para se obter e manter a confiança dos usuários e a perpetuidade desse transporte. A segurança de voo está associada tanto à fabricação como à manutenção de aeronaves, onde o profissional de manutenção aeronáutica desempenha papel chave. A formação e atualização desse profissional envolvem regulamentação e ensino de conhecimentos teóricos e práticos que devem dar atenção especial aos fatores humanos e a forma de se evitar erros humanos na ocorrência de incidentes e acidentes aéreos. Apesar da importância, essa temática tem sido pouco pesquisada, sobretudo no Brasil. O objetivo da presente pesquisa é analisar a situação atual da formação de mecânicos de manutenção aeronáutica com ênfase na segurança de voo através do método exploratório. Os resultados obtidos apontam para a tendência de aumento de incidentes e acidentes aéreos, inclusive os associados a fatores e erros humanos; e a pertinência de se incluir maior ênfase na segurança de voo na regulamentação aeronáutica nacional da formação destes mecânicos. Também é recomendável que a grade curricular e os demais requisitos para essa formação acompanhem a dinâmica das inovações tecnológicas das aeronaves novas e antigas. A intensificação da colaboração entre empresas e escolas podem também ser benéfica e o pólo regional de São Carlos, Araraquara e Ribeirão Preto tem potencial para isso. Recomenda-se, ainda, que haja revisão dos regulamentos brasileiros com base em consultas aos envolvidos, levando em conta também os regulamentos internacionais relevantes.

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Continuous technological development and increasing efficiency demands are driving products toward becoming more and more complex. For the aerospace industry - where the requirements for performance, safety and low environmental impact already are substantial - this means that more extensive quality assurance measures must be taken to ensure the fulfillment of the requirements of each individual component.However, to avoid that the work with quality improvement become too extensive and increase the product cost to unbearable levels it is necessary to have methods to prioritize and focus improvement efforts on the product features that matters most for fulfilling customer requirements. Therefore, the concept of Key Characteristics is used today, both in the aerospace and other industries; a term for those characteristics that have a significant impact on requirement compliance and whose outcomes at the same time are expected to vary considerably in manufacturing.The concept itself is similar among those who use it but the purpose of and methodology for identifying and managing Key Characteristics vary, even within the same industry. This thesis is therefore aimed to create a view of which factors that characterize an effective and efficient way for companies in the aerospace industry to work with Key Characteristics. The thesis involves a case study to create a framework for how companies within this industry work with Key Characteristics, a literature review to see which approaches are advocated by previous research and two benchmark studies to see examples of how Key Characteristics are used and handled in practice in industry.The results show that the work of Key Characteristics should meet three main criteria in order to be effective and efficient: • it must be clearly focused on the characteristics that have critical impact on customer requirements and at the same time considerable variation in production, • it should be initiated early in the product development process and then performed iteratively during the process of continuously reducing variation problems in manufacturing, and • it should identify Key Characteristics using both qualitative and quantitative tools to best capture all different kinds of requirements on the product.Finally a practical example is given of how the work with Key Characteristics should look like at GKN Sweden AB, the case study company in the aerospace industry, to effectively minimize the costs associated with production variation, and yet satisfy all customer requirements. / <p>Validerat; 20140811 (global_studentproject_submitter)</p>