[pt] Muitas suspensões de partículas se comportam como materiais tixotrópicos e estão presente em muitos processos industriais, incluindo aplicações de revestimentos de filmes finos. Especificamente, operações de extrusão de fluidos tixotrópicos estão envolvidos na produção de eletrodos de baterias. Na maioria dos casos, o escoamento de suspensões de partículas é descrito por modelos independentes no tempo, que assumem que a viscosidade como uma função somente da taxa local de deformação local. No entanto, a viscosidade dos fluidos tixotrópicos é associada com a evolução do seu nível de microestruturação que não muda instantaneamente com a tensão (ou taxa de deformação). No caso da imposição de uma tensão constante (ou taxa de cisalhamento), a microstrutura evolui até alcançar um estado de equilíbrio, porém este processo leva tempo. Mesmo em escoamentos em regime permanente, o líquido escoa através de regiões onde tem mudanças significativas nos níveis de tensão, sendo assim o escoamento transiente de um ponto de vista Lagrangiano. Então, assumir que a viscosidade, em todo ponto do escoamento, é à viscosidade em regime permanente pode gerar uma descrição errada do escoamento. A magnitude relativa do tempo de resposta do líquido e do seu tempo de residência torna-se num parâmetro importante, especialmente em escoamentos em pequena escala com tempos de residência muito curtos. O escoamento de um líquido tixotrópico através de um microcapilar com constrição e no processo de revestimento por extrusão foram analisados aqui, usando dois modelos reológicos: um modelo independente no tempo (TIM) e um modelo tixotrópico que leva em conta a resposta transiente do líquido. O conjunto de equações não lineares foi resolvido utilizando o método de Galerkin/SUPG de elementos finitos. Os resultados mostram que o uso de um modelo simples TIM para descrever materiais tixotrópicos, como suspensões de partículas, pode levar a erros muito significativos na predição do comportamento de escoamento. Além disso, os modelos independentes no tempo não têm a capacidade de predizer certos fenômenos de escoamento, como a histerese, que pode gerar escoamentos instáveis. Essas imprecisões indicam a necessidade de usar um modelo mais completo que considere a resposta transiente do líquido. / [en] Many particle suspensions behave as thixotropic-viscous materials and they are present in different industrial processes, including coating applications. Specifically, the production of battery electrodes involves slot coating of a thixotropic liquid. In most cases, the flow of slurries and other particle suspensions is described by using a time-independent model that assumes the viscosity to be solely a function of the local deformation rate. However, the viscosity of thixotropic fluids is associated to the evolution of its microstructuring level, which does not change instantaneously with the shear stress (or deformation rate). In the case of imposing constant shear stress (or shear rate), the microstructure evolves until reaching an equilibrium state; but this process takes time. Even in a steady-state flow, the liquid flows through regions where there are significant changes in the levels of shear stress and the flow is transient in a Lagrangian point of view. Therefore, assuming that the viscosity at each point of the flow is the steady-state viscosity described by a time-independent model may lead to an inaccurate flow description. The relative magnitude of the characteristic response time of the liquid and the residence time of the flow becomes an important parameter. This is particularly relevant in small scale flows with very small residence time. Flows of a thixotropic-viscous liquid through a constricted microcapillary and in a slot coating process were analyzed here using two rheological models: a time-independent model (TIM) and a thixotropic model that takes into account the liquid time-dependent response. The resulting set of fully coupled, non-linear equations was solved by the Galerkin and SUPG Finite Element Method. The results show that the use of a TIM to describe thixotropic viscous materials, such as some particle suspensions, can lead to very large errors on the predicted flow behavior. Furthermore, time-independent models are not able to predict complex flow phenomena, like hysteresis, which could lead to unstable flows. These inaccuracies highlight the need for a more complete model that takes into account time-dependency of the flowing liquid in a certain range of flow parameters.

In an attempt to demonstrate Spain's obligation to recover its ignored historic memory, Almudena Grandes evokes the poetry of a man whose past itself has been manipulated, misused and partially forgotten: the great poet Antonio Machado. In this study I examine the use of the famous "two Spain" imagery from Machado's "Españolito" as a tool for subverting many erroneous concepts about the war that, according to Grandes, are still prevalent in Spanish society. I also examine how this "two Spain" conflict demonstrates the crossroads that faces the third generation of Spaniards after the Civil War: that of collectively remaining in silence or turning openly to the past. To capture this conflict Grandes uses images of water and ice as symbols of the fluidity (or lack of fluidity) of time, images similarly used by Machado throughout much of his poetry. As Ãlvaro, the protagonist, progressively discovers the past his father had so desperately tried to hide, his heart breaks free of the ice that had surrounded his life. His example demonstrates the actions that Grandes desires for a society that still suffers from the effects of the prevailing historic ignorance: that of turning to the past for a foundation on which to build. By evoking Machado´s name and exploring similar imageries, Grandes not only strengthens him as a defender of the Republic but suggests that the only way for Spain to become normal again is to turn to the Republic and its ideals and build upon what they started and what has been overlooked since the Civil War.

The mechanism of microparticle shedding from the plasma membrane of calcium-loaded cells has been investigated in erythrocytes and platelets. Recent studies have revealed the physiological and clinical importance of microparticle release from nucleated cells such as lymphocytes and endothelium. The experiments of this study were designed to address whether simple mechanisms discovered in platelets and erythrocytes also apply to the more complex nucleated cells. Four such mechanisms were addressed: potassium efflux, transbilayer phosphatidylserine migration, cytoskeleton degradation, and membrane lipid order. The rate and amount of microparticle release in the presence of a calcium ionophore, ionomycin, was assayed by light scatter at 500 nm. To inhibit the calcium-activated potassium current, cells were exposed to 1 mM quinine or a high-potassium buffer. Both interventions substantially attenuated microparticle shedding induced by ionomycin. Microparticle release was also greatly reduced in a lymphocyte cell line deficient in the expression of scramblase, the enzyme responsible for calcium-stimulated phosphatidylserine migration to the cell surface. This result indicated that such phosphatidylserine exposure is also required for microparticle shedding. The importance of cytoskeletal rearrangement was evaluated through the use of E64-d, a calpain inhibitor, which appeared to have no affect on release. Thus, if cytoskeleton degradation is important for microparticle release, a different enzyme or protein must be involved. Finally, the effect of membrane physical properties was addressed by varying the experimental temperature (32–42 °C). A significant positive trend in the rate of microparticle release as a function of temperature was observed. Fluorescence experiments with trimethylammoniumdiphenylhexatriene and patman revealed significant differences in the level of apparent membrane order along that temperature range. Ionomycin treatment appeared to cause further disordering of the membrane, although the magnitude of this change was minimally temperature-sensitive. Thus, it was concluded that microparticle release depends more on the initial level of membrane order than on the change imposed by calcium uptake. In general, mechanisms involved in particle release from platelets and erythrocytes appeared relevant tolymphocytes with the exception of the hydrolytic enzyme involved in cytoskeletal degradation.

No description available.

This ethnographic study investigates the process of placemaking in the context of the newly built Al-Hamd Mosque as a Muslim place of worship in Uppsala, Sweden. I consider how access to space e.g., a mosque or a prayer room, affects the religious practices of Muslims in their everyday life at work, school, or in public. I explore how people navigate other spaces, both physical and social, and what ‘strategies’ and ‘tactics’ are used to maintain their religious practice.  I suggest the need for two concepts of consensus in relation to placemaking. The first is what I call community consensus which occurs among Muslim actors in the process of establishing a place such as Al-Hamd Mosque. I explore rituals such as the Taleem sessions (religious seminars) and khutba al jumah (Friday sermon) to analyse negotiations and contestations that take place in such a process. It involves the organising of different actors through hierarchical and power relations to maintain or contest a system of regularities at the mosque. I argue that as a melting pot, multiple systems of order negotiate with one another at Al-Hamd Mosque to create and maintain the community consensus, while protecting the space from impurities. The second form of consensus I call public consensus, is the access to agreements, acceptance, and shared understanding vis-à-vis practising religion in public places in the broader Swedish society. I explore how the lack of public consensus calls for individuals to come up with ‘tactics,’ while groups, in the form of mosque associations, to come up with ‘strategies’ to create places of religious practice. The fluidity of religious practice and the adoption of alternative practices become key tactics assumed by individuals in performing different rituals and practices as they navigate a lack of public consensus in Sweden.

附屬於台鐵的《暢流》半月刊（1950~1991）是一本為火車乘客、鐵路員工發行的綜合性雜誌，講求「消閒」與「興趣」，內容五花八門，包括詩詞、遊記、書畫金石、人物軼聞、歷史掌故、文化探源、海外新知、文學創作等，堪稱一般大眾居家旅行必備良伴。本研究藉由細讀《暢流》，管窺戰後二十年間的文學文化生產的情況，一方面爬梳《暢流》的發展史及其週邊，一方面由文學研究的角度出發，指出《暢流》的特色、文學史上的定位，以及《暢流》所代表的美學取向。 　　本研究首先交代《暢流》刊史，分從：一、組織面上，說明《暢流》發行單位與歷任主事者的更迭與改組；二、經營面上，說明《暢流》的行銷方式、普及情形、售價調整、叢書出版等概況；三、編輯面上，點出編輯和作者的互動關係，闡釋編輯方針、刊物內容、讀者反應之間的交流與影響。接著，本研究聚焦《暢流》的形式與內容，追溯其承襲日本明治末期及中國民初以來鐵路附屬雜誌之脈絡，並在與同時代報刊的各種功能、類型對比下，照見《暢流》的綜合性。 　　本研究的第二部分，著重以「日常生活理論」分析《暢流》的旅遊書寫與生活新知。在外省人士以「由景點至風景線」的趨勢逐步認識台灣的同時，旅遊活動的頻繁複寫，使我們見到個體在現代的日常世界中，藉著「移動」所呈現的豐沛活力。另外，差異性不斷地展現在《暢流》的旅遊書寫中，展現在旅人對異地風俗、景觀的敏銳感知當中，於是，旅遊書寫的「非常」意義也由此展開。更重要的是，文本中橫貫公路、福隆海水浴場這些「地點神話」的建構過程裡可以得見，隨著五○年代中期以後台海情勢緊張、反共話語沸騰，同時期的《暢流》卻因為滿眼盡是遊山玩水的旅人，遂勾勒出一個現代化社會的輪廓：即連長年備戰的離島空間，都褪去反攻戰略跳板的色彩，而更接近於現代性不斷滲透、施展其神力的實驗場。另一方面，《暢流》的生活常識、科學新知則是時人在濃厚現代性的環境下，對「日常」萬象的期許與再現。 　　承上，本研究的第三部分由日常生活理論提示的「變動」、「流動」出發，析論《暢流》的文學作品內涵及其美學特徵。第一，本研究標舉「日常生活書寫」作為思考五○年代台灣文學的新框架，其具體文本內涵則包括購物活動、鄰里角力、社群關係的解散或重組、對愛情的質詰、以及寫實的社會百態等。第二，《暢流》的日常生活書寫顯示：所謂「反共」集體意識很可能是一種虛張聲勢，當脫去政治框架，「日常」仍將獲得普遍的關注。另外，在現代性的介入使日常不斷流變的歷程裡，「懷鄉」不再只是政治話語的附屬品，而成為日常書寫的同質異構體。 　　對《暢流》的全面探析，有助調校關於五○、六○年代社會實況的刻板印象。在看似政治掛帥、反共聲浪不斷的外象之下，現代性的滲透、現代生活的浮現，一一成為不宜忽略的面向。由此，五○、六○年代台灣文學的文藝美學、活動板塊、評價定位等，將再次走入評家論者的視野，亟待進一步的詮釋。 / With the research strategy of close reading and the methodology of Everyday life and culture theory, this thesis focuses on the Chang-Liou Fortnightly(1950-1991) to discover its developmental history, significant characteristics, and representative position in modern Taiwanese Literature. Aiming at the staff and the passengers, the Chang-Liou Fortnightly is an affiliated comprehensive magazine to the Taiwan Railway Administration, which includes classical poetry, travel notes, traditional Chinese painting, calligraphy, and graphic arts, anecdotes, general knowledge, science and technology, overseas experience, literary works and creative writings, etc. In the first place, this thesis explicates the developmental history of the Chang-Liou Fortnightly in three aspects: 1, at the organizational level; 2, at the management level; and 3, at the editing level. The second part of study borrows a lot from Everyday life and culture theory to analyze the travel notes and the common knowledge in the Chang-Liou. While the mainlanders build a gradual understanding into Taiwan by the sequence which is named as “from scenic spots to landscape”, the frequent replication of tourism activities shows rich vitality in the course of moving and commuting. In addition, we can indicate a strong “non-everydayness” from the observation on local scenery and customs out of the travel notes. Above all, the emergency of “location myth” surrounding the Central Cross-Island Highway and the Fulung Beach for example reflect a modern image and also reveal a modern atmosphere during the martial law period. On the other hand, general knowledge, science and technology, and overseas experience all together outline the “everydayness” in the Chang-Liou. The third part of this thesis, Chapter 4, discuss the meaning, the connotation and the text feature of the literary works especially those written by women writers. In view of “flowing” and “changing” hinted by Everyday life Theory, literary works in the Chang-Liou present a distinctive array of themes including shopping, neighborhood wrestling, interpersonal relation restructuring, questioning love, and investigating social issue. Besides, under the framework of “Everyday life writing”, the widespread perspective on taking the 1950s Taiwanese literature as anti-communist literature requires further reading and revaluation. Therefore, so-called nostalgic prose is no longer the product of political discourse, but another type of practice on Everyday life writing. Studying the Chang-Liou on the Everyday life Theory basis improves the formation of railway magazine history and helps recognize how modernity influences everyday life during the first two decades in postwar Taiwan, so as to urge existing interpretations of 1950s Taiwanese literature and modern Taiwanese female literature to make certain alterations. Although purpose of the magazine is for leisure and for interests, the Chang-Liou expresses serious concern on literature, culture, and society, that is definitely a key notion for further research.

O. oeni est une bactérie lactique responsable de la fermentation malolactique des vins. Un des mécanismes impliqués dans la survie de O. oeni dans ce milieu requière la synthèse de la protéine de stress de faible masse moléculaire (sHsp) Lo18. Cette sHsp exerce une activité de chaperon sur des substrats protéiques et lipidiques.Des variations de pH (5 à 9) ont permis de moduler l’oligomérisation de Lo18 in vitro et de démontrer que sa plasticité oligomérique est un élément clé pour ses activités. Des observations de la sHsp par microscopie électronique ont montré que Lo18 s’organise à pH 5 en un 16-mère composé de deux anneaux superposés ayant comme structure de base probable un dimère.La réponse adaptative de O. oeni a également été caractérisée suite à des stress fluidifiant sa membrane plasmique. Une étude transcriptomique a révélé une augmentation du taux de transcrits pour des gènes dont les produits interviennent dans la biosynthèse des acides gras membranaires saturés et insaturés lors d’un stress à l’alcool benzylique. Des approches physiologique, moléculaire et structurale ont permis de proposer un modèle décrivant l’action chronologique de Lo18 en lien avec ses deux activités de chaperon en réponse à un stress éthanol. Dès l’application du stress, Lo18 est fortement synthétisée et agit préférentiellement à la membrane sous une forme quaternaire simplifiée. O. oeni modifie alors sa composition en acides gras membranaires, affectant ainsi l’affinité de Lo18 pour la membrane ainsi que ses activités.Les résultats obtenus permettent non seulement, de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement et le rôle de Lo18 dans la réponse au stress de O. oeni mais aussi de mettre en exergue les mécanismes d’adaptation préservant l’intégrité de sa membrane cellulaire, élément essentiel dans la survie et la performance des ferments malolactiques dans le vin / Oenococcus oeni is a lactic acid bacterium which is able to perform malolactic fermentation in wine. The synthesis of the small heat-shock protein (sHsp) Lo18 is one of the mechanisms involved in O. oeni survival in wine. Lo18 possess a chaperone activity on both protein and lipid substrates. pH variations in the range 5-9 were used to modulated Lo18 oligomerization in vitro and indicated that oligomer plasticity is essential for its activities. Electron microscopy studies showed that Lo18 is organised in a double-ring of stacked octamers to form a 16-mer structure at pH 5. The dimer observed at basic pH is thought to be the building block leading to oligomerization.The adaptive response of O. oeni to stress fluidizing its cytoplasmic membrane was also investigated. A transcriptomic study indicated an increase of the transcript level of genes involved in biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated membrane fatty acids during benzylalcohol stress. On the basis of physiological, molecular and structural approaches, a model describing the first steps of O. oeni response to ethanol stress was proposed. In the early steps of the stress, Lo18 is synthesised and addressed to the membrane under a simplified structure. During the course of adaptation to the presence of ethanol, changes of the phospholipids content occur. This affects Lo18 activities and its affinity for O. oeni membrane.The results allow us to better understand the activities and the role of Lo18 in stress response of O. oeni and highlight the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of membrane integrity, a crucial event for malolactic starter performance in wine

Cette recherche comparative entre le droit français et le droit chinois est particulièrement consacrée au dixième anniversaire de l’ordonnance française du 23 mars 2006 et de la LDR (Loi chinoise sur les droits réels) du 16 mars 2007 qui représente la première réforme chinoise complète du droit des sûretés réelles. A partir des principes directeurs des sûretés réelles, tant préférentielles qu’exclusives, une analyse approfondie de l’influence de la simplification sur le droit des sûretés réelles, en France comme en Chine, s’est poursuivie tout en prenant compte la renaissance des propriétés-sûretés et la prospective du droit de la rétention. D’ailleurs, certaines institutions ou techniques d’autres pays occidentaux ont été inclues dans l’analyse comparative pour montrer les divers aspects et aussi l’attractivité du droit français.En se basant sur une même théorie juridique, les législateurs français et chinois ont, certes, choisi des techniques différentes pour contourner des difficultés identiques. Mais la tendance de simplification du droit des sûretés réelles mobilières, qui favorise la sécurité de la « contractualisation » des sûretés réelles mobilières, dans les deux pays, restera une convergence indéniable. Ainsi, il y aurait lieu de croire que le législateur chinois va prendre en compte les techniques françaises dans les futures réformes portant sur les sûretés réelles mobilières qui doivent toujours caractérisées par la sécurité, la simplicité et la rapidité. / This comparative research between French law and Chinese law is particularly devoted to the tenth anniversary of the French ordinance of 23 March 2006 and the LDR (Chinese property law) of 16 March 2007 which is the first complete Chinese law which reforms the Chinese Security Interest. Departure from guiding principles of different security interest, both preferential than exclusive, an in-depth analysis of the impact of simplification on the security laws, in France as in China, continued while taking account of the rebirth of the properties-securities and the prospective of liens. Moreover, some institutions or techniques of other Western countries have been included in the comparative analysis to show the different aspects and also the attractiveness of the French law.Based on the same legal theory, French and Chinese legislators have certainly chosen different techniques to overcome the same difficulties. But the simplification of guarantee laws, which promotes the safety of "contractualization" of security interest in both countries will remain an undeniable convergence. Thus, there is reason to believe that the Chinese legislator will take into account the French techniques in future reforms in the security rights that are always characterized by safety, simplicity and speed.

Children begin to develop their understanding of gender in preschool, yet there is a dearth of research focused on understanding how preschool teachers affect the gender identity development of young children. Guided by Rokeach's belief systems theory, this qualitative case study explored the pedagogical strategies and perceptions of 4 Sacramento County, California preschool educators related to the gender identity development of young children. Interview data were collected and coded to derive 12 participant-specific themes and 3 common intersecting themes, which showed that teachers' perspectives on gender identity development were influenced by social rules, biases, and a lack of pedagogical knowledge related to more expansive definitions of gender. As a result of the lack of pedagogical knowledge, there was only 1 gender-related instructional strategy concerning gender roles, and this strategy was used by only 1 of the 4 respondents. Although they may have shown confusion relating to aspects of gender, these preschool teachers demonstrated a genuine interest in learning how to create safe spaces for gender exploration in the preschool classroom. These findings have led to the creation of a professional development series designed to educate preschool teachers about gender identity development, provide them with opportunities to develop curricula, and allow them to reflect upon their cisgender-related biases. Educators, administrators, and policymakers may find it useful to apply the results of this study and resultant project when creating educational programs and college-level curricula and policies. The results could also help educators create affirmative educational environments for all children, regardless of their biological sex, gender identity, or gender expression.

This study comprises a close reading and textual analysis of The Sentients of Orion, a space opera series by Australian author Marianne de Pierres, with a view to investigating the representations of gender in modern, popular science fiction by women authors. I hypothesise that de Pierres will pose a fictional enquiry into gender, based on the richness of science fiction by women, but that a closer examination of physical and emotional intimacy (both positive and negative) in these ‘less literary works’ will prove de Pierres’ gender enquiry to be superficial and inconsistent in nature. My main approach is a qualitative exploration of selected incidents through the theoretical lenses of feminist literary criticism, gender theory and, where applicable, queer theory. While I draw eclectically on these interpretive paradigms, my approach is most closely aligned with poststructuralist feminism. Proving the first part of my hypothesis, my findings show that de Pierres does pose an enquiry into gender through her portrayal of plot and character. The particular focus on the intimacies involving the heroine, women, men, and alien characters, proves the second part of my hypothesis incorrect as it reveals how de Pierres not only deeply and consistently challenges the heteronormative status quo, questioning dynamics in relationships, gender roles, ageism, sexism and societal stereotypes, but also provides possible alternatives. / English Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (English)