Objetivos. Evaluar el estado nutricional, los patrones alimentarios y de actividad física en escolares del Cercado de Lima. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal. La muestra incluyó escolares del 1.° a 4.° grado de primaria de cuatro instituciones educativas públicas ubicadas en el Cercado de Lima. Las variables de estudio fueron el estado nutricional, nivel de hemoglobina, los patrones de consumo de alimentos y de actividad física. Se calcularon los porcentajes de las variables cualitativas y medidas de tendencia central para las cuantitativas, en el análisis bivariado se aplicó la prueba t y la prueba de Chi cuadrado para analizar las diferencias según sexo. Resultados. De 824 escolares incluidos en el estudio, se encontró un 24% con obesidad, mientras que el sobrepeso afectó al 22%, la proporción de talla baja fue de 5% y la de anemia fue 11,9%, en todos los casos no hubo diferencias significativas según sexo. Más del 40% de escolares consumían 2 o más veces a la semana galletas saladas, jugos envasados y/o gaseosas. Además, el 28% de escolares eran sedentarios, encontrándose diferencias significativas según sexo (p<0,05). Conclusiones. La obesidad es un problema vigente, con mayor frecuencia que el sobrepeso y que juntos afectan a casi el 50% de los escolares del estudio. Asimismo, se evidencia que existen patrones de sedentarismo y consumo frecuente de alimentos con alto contenido de azúcar, sal y/o grasas. / Objectives. To assess the nutritional status, physical activity, and eating habits of schoolchildren in Cercado de Lima (Lima district). Materials and methods. Cross-sectional descriptive study. The sample included schoolchildren from first to fourth grade in four public elementary schools located in Cercado de Lima. The study variables were nutritional status, hemoglobin dose, physical activity, and eating habits. The percentages of the qualitative variables and central tendency measures for quantitative ones were calculated. The t-test and chi-squared test were applied to analyze differences between both genders. Results. Of 824 schoolchildren included in the study, 24% were obese, 22% were overweight, 5% had short stature, and 11.9% had anemia; in all instances, there were no substantial gender differences. More than 40% of schoolchildren would eat crackers and drink packaged juice and/or soda two or more times a week. In addition, 28% of schoolchildren were inactive; there were significant differences in both genders (P<0.05). Conclusions. Obesity is an ongoing problem with higher rates than overweight and, together, the aforementioned problems affect almost 50% of schoolchildren surveyed. Similarly, the study revealed patterns associated with a sedentary lifestyle and frequent consumption of foods with high levels of sugar, salt, and/or fats.

Cette thèse étudie les conditions de taxation indirecte optimale qui permettent d'améliorer l'adéquation de la ration alimentaire des ménages français aux recommandations nutritionnelles. L'approche adoptée exige d'estimer un système complet de demande alimentaire afin de mettre à jour les élasticités-prix. Les comportements de consommation alimentaire des ménages sont décrits par une forme fonctionnelle AI (Deaton et Muellbauer, 1980). Deux spécifications quadratique et dynamique autorisant, respectivement, de possibles non-linéarités des courbes d'Engel et la persistance d'habitudes de consommation sont testées. L'estimation se fait par les moindres carrés linéaires itérés (Blundell et Robin, 1999) sur données de pseudo-panel. Une base de données s'étalant sur 156 périodes de 4 semaines, de 1996 à 2007, a été constituée par l'aggrégation en 8 cohortes de ménages et le regroupement de coupes transversales issues de TNS Worldpanel. Dans la lignée des mécanismes théoriques de taxation optimale initiée par Ramsey (1927), un application à un objectif de politique nutritionnelle permet de dériver les variations de prix, ou taux de taxe, optimales. Chacune apparait comme une fonction des élasticités-prix, directes et croisées, de la demande et d'indicateurs d'adéquation aux recommandations. L'impact des variations de prix sur l'adéquation aux recommandations nutritionnelles du panier alimentaire, ainsi les taux de taxation de produits optimaux sont estimés. L'incidence de ces scénarios de politique sur le bien-être des ménages et les inégalités nutritionnelles est abordée dans un dernier chapitre. / This thesis aims at simulating optimal prices satisfying public health recommendations in terms of nutrient adequacy. This implies to estimate a complete food demand system in order to compute price elasticities. Food consumption behaviors are described by an AI functional form (Deaton and Muellbauer, 1980). The demand system is estimated using the Iterated Least Square Estimator developed by Blundell and Robin (1999). Augmented specifications to control for, respectively, non-linearities in expenditure patterns and habit persistence are tested. We use French household expenditure data drawn from TNS Worldpanel covering 156 periods of 4 weeks from 1996 to 2007. Given the nature of our data, households are split into 8 cohorts. Issues afferent to pseudo-panel data are presented. Nutrient adequacy is defined using three nutrient only-based indicators: the MAR (Mean Adequacy Ratio), the LIM (Score des Composés à Limiter) and the SAIN (Score d'Adéquation Individuel aux recommandations Nutritionnelles). Optimal prices are derived following Ramsey's approach to optimal taxation; Maximizing social welfare under nutritional constraints results in optimal price variations or tax rates, each defined as a function of all direct and cross price elasticities and the above mentioned indicator for all food groups. Further developments allow to estimate the impacts of price variations on nutrient adequacy. Incidence on social welfare and nutritional inequalities is assessed in a last chapter.

Master of Science / Department of Agricultural Economics / Vincent R. Amanor-Boadu / Changes in consumer preferences have frequently created markets for new products. Recently these changes in consumer preferences have been brought on by people we term as "ethical consumers." These consumers demand is driven by the extrinsic characteristics of the products they purchase. In this thesis we analyze consumer demand theory for its application to ethical consumers, we determine the demographic factors that influence the emergence of the ethical consumer, and we classify ethical consumers by the categories of extrinsic factors influencing their consumption decisions. We explore the theory of Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Our theory tells us that as people reach the self-actualizing stage in Maslow's Hierarchy they have the income and education to make their purchase decisions based on how it will effect others and the environment. We found higher income levels and educational attainment to be characteristics of our ethical consumer. We also found that the reasons these ethical consumers are purchasing ethical products fall into five categories, environment, social justice, biodiversity, and religious. This paper develops a theory on Ethical consumers, determining the demographics of the consumer and their motivations for their ethical purchases. Future research may look at using this information to create a demand theory for ethical consumers.

Orientadores: Elisabete Salay, Marina Vieira da Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T02:46:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fietz_VivianRahmeier_D.pdf: 1483478 bytes, checksum: 6117dd47e3549e782564839b2d6d5b57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Os assentamentos rurais foram criados no Brasil visando à promoção de um novo modelo de desenvolvimento agrícola. No entanto, as condições de vida dos moradores dessa forma de organização social ainda são pouco estudadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de avaliar as condições socioeconômicas e demográficas, o estado nutricional e o consumo de alimentos de adultos e idosos, moradores em assentamento rural do Mato Grosso do Sul (MS). A pesquisa foi realizada no Assentamento Itamarati, localizado em Ponta Porã, MS. Participaram da amostra indivíduos com idade entre 20 e 69 anos, pertencentes a famílias dos quatro movimentos sociais que compõem o assentamento. O sorteio das unidades domiciliares foi realizado por amostragem aleatória estratificada simples, sendo os dados coletados por meio de entrevistas. Integraram a pesquisa 117 unidades domiciliares, envolvendo 217 pessoas (105 do gênero feminino e 112 do masculino). Os dados de consumo foram obtidos por meio do método Recordatório de 24 horas. Utilizou-se o software Nutwin para o cálculo do conteúdo de energia e nutrientes e os valores foram comparados com as DRI¿s ou RDA¿s vigentes para indivíduos adultos saudáveis, segundo estágio de vida e gênero. Para o cálculo do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), foram adotados os níveis críticos preconizados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Verificou-se que a maioria dos entrevistados era casada e apresentaram média de 43 anos de idade e 5,2 anos de estudos. Entre as assentadas observou-se a média de 2,7 filhos por mulher. O rendimento médio mensal das famílias alcançou R$ 354,70. A participação do autoconsumo no rendimento familiar totalizou uma média diária per capita de R$ 1,27 e os alimentos que participaram de forma mais expressiva foram: carnes (bovina, frango e suína), feijão, leite e derivados, mandioca e abóbora. As residências possuíam, em média, 4,2 cômodos e não dispunham de energia elétrica. A água de 95% dos domicílios provinha de poços ¿tipo caipira¿ e 68% da água para consumo humano não recebia nenhum tipo de tratamento. Os valores médios de IMC para as mulheres foram maiores que dos homens. A sobrepeso nas mulheres concentrou-se no estrato de idade acima de 30 anos e de obesidade acima de 40. No grupamento masculino, o sobrepeso e obesidade foram maiores nos estratos de idade de 40 a 49 anos. A proporção média de energia ingerida, proveniente de proteínas, carboidratos e lipídios foi, respectivamente, de 15,5, 54,4 e 30,1% para as mulheres e de 15,5, 54,9 e 29,6% para os homens. Houve adequação de 78,8% das dietas. Observou-se consumo reduzido de vitaminas, principalmente, da A, E, C e folato. O consumo de cálcio para ambos os gêneros, e de ferro para as mulheres em idade fértil, mostraram-se inferiores aos preconizados. A ingestão média de sódio ultrapassou em torno de quatro vezes o valor preconizado. Para os demais minerais também se verificou inadequação, porém em proporções menores. As médias do consumo de colesterol foram muito acima das recomendações e o de fibras ficou abaixo do preconizado, para ambos gêneros. Os cereais forneceram a maior contribuição de energia e também de carboidratos. As carnes e os embutidos foram identificados como as principais fontes de proteína e lipídios. A participação da banha de porco e do toucinho na dieta dos assentados foi superior às médias nacionais. A contribuição das frutas e verduras no consumo alimentar, foi pouco expressiva, sendo as raízes e tubérculos identificados como principais fontes de vitamina C. O grupo do leite e derivados representou a principal fonte de cálcio dos assentados. Cerca de 50% do ferro consumido, por ambos os gêneros, foi proveniente dos cereais. Devido à dieta e estilo de vida adotados, infere-se que os indivíduos da amostra podem estar sujeitos a carências nutricionais e ao desenvolvimento de osteoporose, hipertensão arterial e demais doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Portanto, ressalta-se a importância de estimular os assentados a diminuir o consumo de alimentos de origem animal e incrementar a produção e ingestão de frutas, leguminosas, cereais e hortaliças. Estes resultados apontam a necessidade de implementação, entre outras estratégias, de um programa de educação nutricional no Assentamento Itamarati. Além disso, considerando que a curto prazo, provavelmente, haverá aumento expressivo da população do Assentamento, chama-se a atenção sobre a importância de se rever as intervenções sanitárias, ambientais, entre outras, e de incrementar a produção para autoconsumo visando, prioritariamente, uma dieta mais variada e a segurança alimentar e nutricional das famílias / Abstract: Rural settlements were established in Brazil in order to promote a new model of agricultural development. The life condition of residents of that social organization form is still little known. The objective of this work was to evaluate the social-economic and demographic conditions, nutritional state and the food consumption of adults and older people that live in rural settlement of South Mato Grosso (MS). This research was carried out at the Itamarati Settlement, which is located in Ponta Porã, MS. Individuals that participated of the sample were between 20 and 69 years old, belonging to families of four social movements that compound the settlement. Draft of home unit was done by simple randomized stratified sampling, which data were collected by interviews. A sample was 117 home units form the research which involved 217 persons (105 of feminine gender and 112 of masculine). Consumption data were obtained by the 24-hour Dietary Recall method. The Nutwin software was used to calculate energy, nutrients and the values were compared with DRIs or RDAs established for healthy adults, according life stage and gender. For calculating Body Mass Index (BMI), critical levels established by World Health Organization were adopted. It was verified that the most interviewed people were married with a mean age of 43 years and had 5.2 years of schooling. Among settled women, the average number of children per woman was 2.7. Average monthly income of families reached R$ 354.70. Participation of auto-consumption in the family income resulted in a per capita daily average of R$ 1.27 and foods that are present in an expressive way were: meat (beef, chicken and pork), beans, milk and their products, manioc and squash. Residences had, on the average, 4.2 rooms lacking electricity. Water in 95% of the residences was of the ¿caipira¿ type wells and 68% of water for human consumption did not receive any treatment. Average values of BMI for women were higher than for men. Pre-obesity in women concentrated in age stratum above 30 years old and obesity above 40 years. In the male group, pre-obesity and obesity were higher in age stratum from 40 to 49 of age. Average proportions of ingested energy from proteins, carbohydrates and lipids were, respectively, 15.5, 54.4 and 30.1% for women and 15.5, 54.9 and 29.6% for men. There was adequacy in 78.8% of the diets. Reduced consumption of vitamins, mainly A, E and C and folate, was observed. Calcium consumption for both genders and of iron for women in fertile age, were inferior to established requirements. Average sodium ingestion was around four times higher than are the recommended amounts. For other minerals, it was verified to be a low intake, but in a smaller proportion. Average cholesterol consumption was very higher than the recommendation, whereas that fiber was smaller than recommended for both genders. Cereals were the principal sources of both energy and carbohydrates. Meats and sausages were identified as the main sources of protein and lipids. The participation of pork fat and bacon fat in the diet of settlers was superior to the national averages. The contribution of fruits and vegetables to the food intake was little and roots and tubers were identified as main sources of vitamin C. Milk and its products showed to be the main source of calcium of the settlers. About 50% of the consumed iron, for both genders, was from cereals. Due to the adopted diet and it was concluded life style that sampled individuals were prone to nutritional imbalance and the developing osteoporosis, hypertension and all chronic non transmissible diseases. Therefore, on could distinguish the importance of stimulating settlers to decrease the consumption of foods of animal origin, salt and increasing the production and consumption of fruits, leguminous, cereals and vegetables. Those results showed the need of establishing, among other strategies, a program of nutritional education in Itamarati Settlement. Besides, considering that in a short period of time, probably, there will be an expressive increase in population at the settlement, attention is called to the importance of reevaluating sanitary, environmental, interventions and increase the production for self-consumption with the aim of, providing, a more varied diet capable of bringing food and nutritional security to these families / Doutorado / Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos / Doutor em Alimentos e Nutrição

Orientador: Maria Antonia Martins Galeazzi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T16:18:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Frozi_DanielaSanches_M.pdf: 3727638 bytes, checksum: cfc56c1bf3a10e9b3bff86ac20e11d8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: A segurança alimentar e nutricional é um marco dentro da política de alimentação e nutrição no Brasil, alcançando nos últimos anos espaço importante no planejamento de medidas de intervenção. O consumo alimentar é considerado como uma das metodologias indiretas usadas para diagnosticar o estado nutricional de uma população. A relação entre dieta e seus efeitos na saúde humana é importante por permitir traçar um perfil epidemiológico que explique a relação entre causa e efeito dos diferentes distúrbios alimentares decorrentes de carências ou excessos nutricionais. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a situação de segurança alimentar e nutricional das famílias no município de Campinas (SP) considerando o consumo protéico e calórico e a relação entre adequação energética e o consumo de vitamina A, ferro e cálcio, visando também examinar o contexto socioeconômico e político relacionado à época histórica do estudo. Iniciou-se a pesquisa pela revisão bibliográfica sobre o estado de bem-estar social e sobre as políticas de alimentação, com um breve histórico. Foram utilizados os dados gerados pelo Estudo Multicêntrico de Consumo Alimentar, estudo do tipo transversal, realizado em outubro de 1996. A amostra foi composta por 899 famílias com 3648 membros para verificar o consumo de energia e proteína. Para o consumo dos micronutrientes a amostra constou de 672 famílias diagnosticadas como tendo consumo adequado de energia. Para o tratamento dos dados utilizou-se análise estatística descritiva para as variáveis relacionadas à caracterização das famílias e de seu consumo alimentar. Salienta-se que, após a introdução do Plano Real, houve imediata melhora no acesso aos alimentos em decorrência do aumento da renda da população. No caso do município de Campinas, as famílias com mais de quatro membros e com renda per capita até dois salários mínimos tiveram menor consumo energético ao passo que apresentaram menor consumo protéico as famílias chefiadas por mulheres e também as chefiadas por jovens. Foi encontrada, para todos os micronutrientes estudados, alta prevalência do baixo consumo desses em relação à densidade nutricional. Políticas públicas que consideram a composição familiar parecem representar uma boa opção na definição da vulnerabilidade e insegurança alimentar e nutricional a que estão expostas as famílias. É necessário considerar ainda que o consumo adequado de energia não garante níveis seguros para o estado nutricional de uma população e que a preocupação em saciar hoje a fome de energia poderá significar amanhã um quadro crônico de carências nutricionais ao lado dos excessos energéticos / Abstract: Food and Nutritional Security is a hallmark of the Food and Nutrition policy in Brazil, and in recent years it has gained relevance in the planning of intervention measures. Food consumption is seen as one of the indirect methodologies used for the diagnosis of a population's nutritional status. The relation between diet and its effects on human health is important for designing an epidemiological profile to explain causes and effects of different eating disorders resulting from nutritional lacks or excesses. Our purpose was to evaluate the Food and Nutritional Security of families from the municipality of Campinas (SP) first, by evaluating the caloric and proteic intake, and, second, by evaluating the relation between this consumption and the consumption of micro-nutrients such as vitamin A, iron and ca1cium. We also set out to examine the social, political and economic context of the period in which the study took place. The first step in the research was a bibliographic review and the writing of a brief history of the Welfare State and Food Policies in recent Brazilian history. Also a descriptive analysis was made with the variables related to the identification of the families and their food consumption. The study was transversal and was held in October 1996, making use of data from a multi-centric study about food consumption and a sample composed of 899 families with a total of 3648 individuals in order to verify their energy and protein consumption. The sample for the consumption of micro-nutrients involved 672 families diagnosed as having adequate caloric consumption. It's important to note that after the implementation of the Real Currency Plan, there was an immediate improvement in access to food due to the population' s increased income. ln the municipality of Campinas, families with over 4 members and with more than 2 minimum wage salaries had a lower caloric consumption, whereas families supported by women and by younger individuals presented a lower level of protein consumption. We found, in relation to all the micro-nutrients under study, a high prevalence of low consumption of the nutrients in relation to the nutritional density of the diet. Public policies that consider the family composition seem to represent a better alternative for defining vulnerability to food and nutritional unsafety. It is necessary to consider that adequate energy consumption does not guarantee a safe nutritional condition, and that seeking to satisfy hunger today may lead to an accumulation of chronic nutritional deficiencies- and excess energetic intake tomorrow / Mestrado / Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

Orientador: Marilisa Berti de Azevedo Barros / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T19:46:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbosa_LhaisdePaula_M.pdf: 791897 bytes, checksum: 09592e243e99dc95526c900c976e262a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O consumo de gorduras é essencial na alimentação humana. Os lipídios contribuem ativamente como precursores na síntese de hormônios, fazem parte da estrutura das membranas celulares, compõe a bile, participam da resposta autoimune e do transporte de vitaminas lipossolúveis e garantem o aporte energético da dieta. Contudo, o excesso na ingestão deste nutriente representa risco para o desenvolvimento de uma série de doenças crônicas e o aumento da ingestão de gorduras na dieta das populações foi uma característica marcante no processo de transição nutricional. O objetivo desta dissertação foi analisar o perfil de ingestão de gordura segundo escolaridade e sexo na população adulta residente no município de Campinas. Trata-se de estudo transversal de base populacional que avaliou a dieta de 949 adultos residentes na área urbana do município de Campinas por meio do instrumento Recordatório de 24 horas (R24h). A composição nutricional da dieta foi calculada a partir do software NDS-R versão 2007 e para a análise dos dados foram calculadas as proporções e estimadas as médias com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% utilizando os modelos lineares generalizados, com base na distribuição do tipo Gamma, para variáveis assimétricas. Como resultados, pode-se observar que a dieta apresentou-se normoglicídica, normolipídica e normoproteica, segundo as recomendações do IOM de 2005, tanto para homens quanto para mulheres e em todos os estratos de escolaridade. Sobre o consumo dos diferentes tipos de gordura, quando analisados por sexo e escolaridade, foi verificado para o sexo masculino maior consumo de gordura total, gordura saturada, gordura monoinsaturada e gordura trans entre os mais escolarizados. Entre as mulheres, foi observado maior consumo de gordura saturada e menor consumo de gorduras poliinsaturadas nos estratos de maior escolaridade. Os resultados do estudo mostraram que, em linhas gerais, o consumo de determinados tipos de gordura é elevado na população estudada e que as gorduras mais consumidas foram àquelas com potencial de prejudicar a saúde: gordura saturada e gordura trans. Pode-se dizer diante dos resultados encontrados que o nível de escolaridade está associado à maior ingestão de gorduras na alimentação já que os indivíduos mais escolarizados, de um modo geral, apresentaram maior consumo médio de gorduras. Estes resultados podem sinalizar uma etapa do processo de transição nutricional em que as populações mais favorecidas apresentam piores indicadores para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Por esta razão faz-se necessária a realização de inquéritos alimentares periódicos a fim de monitorar a tendência deste comportamento na população / Abstract: The intake of fat is essential in human nutrition. Lipids actively contribute as precursors in the synthesis of hormones; they are part of the structure of cell membranes and bile, participate in autoimmune response and in the transport of fat-soluble vitamins and ensure the energy intake of the diet. However, the excess intake of this nutrient represents a risk for the development of several chronic diseases and the increased intake of fats in the population diet was a remarkable feature in the nutritional transition process. The aim of this dissertation was to analyse the fat intake profile according to the education and sex in the adult population living in the city of Campinas. This is a cross-sectional population-based study which evaluate the diet of 949 adults living in the urban area of Campinas through the instrument 24-hours Recall (R24h). The nutritional composition of the diet was calculated with the NDS-R software version 2007 and for the data analysis was calculated the proportions and estimated the means with its respective confidence interval of 95% using the generalized linear models, based in the distribution of Gamma type, for the asymmetric variables. As results, it could be observed the diet was normal for carbohydrates, fats and proteins, according to the 2005 IOM recommendations, for both men and women and in all educational strata. For the intake of different types of fat, when analysed by sex and education, it was verified for male a greater intake of total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat and trans fat among the more educated. Among women, it was observed a greater intake of saturated fat and lower intake of polyunsaturated fat in the more educated strata. The results of the study show that, in general, the intake of certain types of fat is high in the population evaluated and the most consumed fats were those with potential to jeopardize health: saturated and trans fat. Thus, the results affirm that education is associated with a greater intake of fat since the most educated, in general, had a greater mean intake of fat. This results can signalize a stage in the process of nutritional transition where the most rich population have the worst indicators for noncommunicable chronic diseases. Therefore it is necessary to perform regular food surveys to monitor this behavior trend in the population / Mestrado / Epidemiologia / Mestra em Saúde Coletiva

A doença de Cronh é uma doença inflamatória intestinal que, por ter como seus sintomas mais comuns a diarreia, a dor abdominal e febre, a perda de peso e a desnutrição são os distúrbios nutricionais mais prevalentes, como resultado de muitos fatores, como a diminuição da ingestão, má absorção, aumento das perdas intestinais e aumento da demanda energética, podendo comprometer o estado nutricional e a qualidade de vida, tornando-se importante estudar o perfil dietético e o nutricional desses pacientes. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o consumo alimentar e o estado nutricional de portadores de doença de Crohn acompanhados em ambulatório do HCFMUSP. A avaliação do estado nutricional foi baseada em exames bioquímicos, composição corporal e pelo IMC; a avaliação do consumo alimentar foi feita pelo Registro Alimentar de 3 dias alternados, e a adequação da ingestão avaliada de acordo com referências nacionais e internacionais. Participaram do estudo 217 pacientes e 65 controles. Entre os pacientes, 54,4% foram classificados em eutrofia, porém o IMC médio ficou abaixo dos controles (23,8 vs 26,9kg/m2, p=0). O IMC dos pacientes com ressecção intestinal foi menor daqueles sem ressecção (23,1 vs 24,4kg/m2, p=0,045). A deficiência de vitamina B12 foi de 19% entre os pacientes e 9% entre os controles, sendo mais comum naqueles pacientes com localização ileal (23%) e com ressecção intestinal (23%). Os níveis de vitamina B12 foram correlacionados negativamente com a PCR (r=-0,13, p=0,059). A insuficiência de 25-hidroxivitamina D foi de 63% entre os pacientes e 74% entre os controles, sendo mais comum nos pacientes com PCR > 3mg/l (69%) e, a deficiência foi de 6% entre os pacientes e 3% entre os controles, sendo que aqueles com deficiência apresentam mais tempo de doença (13,9 anos). Os pacientes tiveram menores níveis de colesterol (163,9 vs 180,7mg/dl, p=0,001) e de LDL (83,9 vs 109,9mg/dl, p=0) e maiores de HDL (56,6 vs 51,1mg/dl, p=0,026) e triglicérides (121,7 vs 100,7mg/dl, p=0,091) que os controles, acontecendo o mesmo naqueles pacientes com ressecção intestinal. Apresentaram anemia 20% dos pacientes e apenas 3% dos controles, sendo mais comum naqueles pacientes com PCR > 3mg/l (25%) e com ressecção intestinal (23%). Apesar de 54,4% dos pacientes não atingirem 90% da necessidade de consumo energética, essa inadequação foi mais comum nos controles (89%). Pacientes e controles tiveram singelas adequações ao consumo de macronutrientes e fibras, porém o alto consumo de proteínas foi maior nos controles. O consumo de colesterol foi maior e o de fibras, menor nos pacientes em atividade. A inadequação do consumo de micronutrientes foi alta e equivalente entre pacientes e controles para vitamina D, E e Ca, sendo maior nos pacientes para Se, Zn e as vitaminas B1, B3, B6, B12 e C. Houve altas prevalências de pacientes e controles com baixo consumo de \"cereais, tubérculos e raízes\", frutas, hortaliças e lácteos, e com alto consumo de \"carnes e ovos\", \"açúcares e doces\" e \"óleos e gorduras\". Apesar de a qualidade da dieta não diferir muito entre pacientes e controles, tendo até uma maior proporção destes com baixo consumo energético, e de o estado nutricional dos pacientes estar melhorando, pelas características da doença, eles continuam em risco nutricional, sendo de vital importância o monitoramento nutricional, principalmente daqueles que apresentam maior risco nutricional, os pacientes em atividade, com PCR > 3mg/l, com ressecções intestinais e com maior tempo de doença / Crohn\'s disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease whose most common symptoms are diarrhea, abdominal pain and fever. As a result, weight loss and malnutrition are the most prevalent nutritional disorders due to many factors: decreased intake, poor absorption, increased intestinal losses and increased energy demand. As many factors may compromise the nutritional status and quality of life of these patients, it is important to study their dietary and nutritional profile. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the dietary intake and nutritional status of Crohn\'s disease outpatients. The nutritional status was based on biochemical tests, body composition and body mass index. Food intake was evaluated by an alternate three-day Food Record, and the adequacy of intake was evaluated according to national and international references. The study included 217 patients and 65 controls. Out of the patients, 54.4% were classified as normal-weight, but the mean body mass index was lower than controls (23.8 vs. 26.9 kg/m2, p = 0). The body mass index of patients with bowel resection was lower than those without resection (23.1 vs. 24.4 kg/m2, p = 0.045). Vitamin B12 deficiency was 19% among patients and 9% among controls, being more common in patients with the disease located in the ileum (23%) and bowel resection (23%). Vitamin B12 levels were negatively correlated with CRP (r = -0.13, p = 0.059). The 25- hydroxyvitamin D insufficiency was 63% among patients and 74% among controls, and was more common in patients with CRP > 3mg / l (69%), whereas the deficiency reported was 6% among patients and 3% among controls, and those who presented with deficiency had the disease over long periods of time (13.9 years). Patients had lower cholesterol levels (163.9 vs. 180.7 mg/dl, p = 0.001) and LDL (83.9 vs. 109.9 mg/dl, p = 0) and higher HDL (56.6 vs. 51.1 mg/dl, p = 0.026) and triglycerides (121.7 vs. 100.7 mg/dl, p = 0.091) than controls, and the same was reported in those patients with intestinal resection. Anemia was present in 20% of patients and only 3% of controls, being more common in those patients with CRP > 3mg/l (25%) and bowel resection (23%). Although 54.4% of patients did not attain 90% of estimated energy requirement, this inadequacy was more common in controls (89%). Patients and controls had modestly adequate consumption for macronutrients and fiber, but higher protein intake than controls. Active patients had higher intake of cholesterol but lower intake of fibers. Inadequate intake of micronutrients was high and similar between patients and controls for vitamin D, E and calcium, and higher in patients for selenium, zinc and vitamins B1, B3, B6, B12 and C. There was a high prevalence of patients and controls with low consumption of \"cereals, tubers and roots\", fruit, vegetables and dairy products, and high consumption of \"meat and eggs\", \"sugars and sweets\" and \"oils and fats\". Although the quality of the diet did not differ greatly between patients and controls, and considering that there was a high proportion of controls with low energy intake and that the CD patients\' nutritional status improved due to the characteristics of the disease, these patients remain at nutritional risk. Therefore, it is imperative to continuously monitor their nutritional status, mainly those presenting with higher nutritional risk, patients with active CD, CRP > 3mg/l, bowel resection and those with CD over long periods of time

A deficiência de micronutrientes é um problema a ser enfrentado mundialmente. O ferro é um mineral essencial para a homeostase celular, importante no transporte de oxigênio, na síntese de DNA e no metabolismo energético. O ácido fólico é uma vitamina essencial para a síntese dos ácidos nucléicos sendo muito importante na gravidez. Para prevenir a deficiência de ferro e ácido fólico no Brasil, em 2002, o Ministério da Saúde - MS, por meio da RDC No344, determinou a fortificação mandatória das farinhas de trigo e milho com ferro e ácido fólico. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o consumo de alimentos elaborados à base de farinha de trigo a fim de identificar qual a contribuição desses alimentos para a ingestão de ferro e ácido fólico, além de identificar qual o consumo desses micronutrientes pela população, relacionando os aspectos demográficos e socioeconômicos. Utilizou-se como base de dados as informações do bloco consumo alimentar da POF 2008-2009, realizada pelo IBGE, envolvendo 34.003 indivíduos com idade de 10 anos ou mais. A média da ingestão diária de ferro da população brasileira foi 11,62mg e para o folato 278,07&mu;g. O maior consumo (médio) de ferro (12,43mg) foi encontrado na dieta da população dos estados do sudeste (Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo e Rio de Janeiro) e o menor valor, 10,77mg, na região Nordeste. O maior valor de folato (308,22&mu;g) foi observado para Região Sudeste (excetuando-se o estado de São Paulo) e o menor valor (36,96&mu;g), foi identificado para a região Norte. Quando se considera a ingestão de acordo com os estratos etários, o menor consumo de ferro e ácido fólico foi identificado entre os indivíduos mais velhos (71 anos ou mais). Comparando o consumo de ácido fólico e ferro entre os beneficiários e não beneficiários do PBF, são notados valores menores para beneficiários do PBF. Observa-se que o ferro proveniente da farinha de trigo representa uma média de 16,87% do total de ferro consumido pela população por meio da dieta alimentar nas regiões Norte, Nordeste, Sul, Sudeste (exceto São Paulo) e Centro-Oeste, já o ácido fólico proveniente da farinha de trigo, representa uma média de 25,33% do total de ferro consumido pela população por meio da dieta alimentar nas regiões citadas acima. No Estado de São Paulo, a participação da farinha de trigo no total do consumo de ferro e ácido fólico é maior, contribuindo com 24,44% e 37,51%, respectivamente. Esses resultados mostram que a estratégia de fortificação mandatória das farinhas de trigo e milho com ferro e ácido fólico deve ser avaliada com cautela considerando a variação do consumo dos indivíduos em função dos níveis socioeconômicos, idade, sexo e, principalmente, entre regiões do Brasil. Mesmo após a determinação de novos parâmetros para a fortificação, há a necessidade do monitoramento constante por parte do MS a fim acompanhar a efetividade do programa para evitar que parte da população esteja consumindo ferro e ácido fólico em excesso. / Micronutrient deficiency is a problem to be faced worldwide. Iron is an essential mineral for cellular homeostasis, important to oxygen transport, DNA synthesis and energy metabolism. Folic acid is an essential vitamin for a nucleic acid symptom being very important in pregnancy. To prevent a deficiency of iron and folic acid in Brazil, in 2002, the Ministry of Health, through RDC No344, determined the mandatory fortification of wheat and corn flours with iron and folic acid. The objective of the study was to evaluate the consumption of processed wheat flour foods in order to identify the participation of these foods in the intake of iron and folic acid, as well as to identify the consumption of these micronutrients by the population, relating the demographic and socioeconomic variables. Data from the Food Consumption Block of the Household Budget Survey (POF 2008-2009), carried out by the IBGE, involving 34.003 individuals, with at least 10 years-old. The average daily iron intake was 11.62mg and for folate, the mean daily ingested value was 278.07&mu;g. The highest iron intake (12.43mg) was found in the diet of the population of the southeastern states (Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro) and the lowest value, 10.77mg, in the Northeast region. The highest value of folate (308.22&mu;g) was observed for the Southeast Region (except for the state of São Paulo) and the lowest value (36.96&mu;g) was identified for the North region. When intake is considered according to age groups, the lowest intake of iron and folic acid was identified among older individuals (71 years or older). Comparing the consumption of folic acid and iron among the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of the PBF, smaller values are noticed for beneficiaries of the PBF. It is observed that iron from wheat flour represents an average of 16.87% of the total iron consumed by the population through the diet in the North, Northeast, South, Southeast (except São Paulo) and Central-West regions, while folic acid from wheat flour represents an average of 25.33% of the total iron consumed by the population through the diet in the regions mentioned above. In the State of São Paulo, the share of wheat flour in total consumption of iron and folic acid is higher, contributing 24.44% and 37.51%, respectivelyThese results show that the mandatory fortification strategy of wheat and corn flours with folic acid may lead to an excessive intake of iron by certain groups of the population. Even after determining new parameters for fortification, there is a need for constant monitoring by the MS in order to monitor the effectiveness of the program to avoid that part of the population is consuming iron and excess folic acid.

Modern food systems are characterized by unsustainable models of mono-production and industrialization. These dominant practices lead to social and environmental negative externalities such as poor health outcomes, environmental degradation and biodiversity loss. A more holistic approach to food systems is required that acknowledges the social-ecological complexities of food systems and ultimately (re)connects humans to the biosphere.  Eco-gastronomy is put forward as a possible approach to achieving more sustainability in the food system. This study uses social-ecological systems thinking, resilience theory, social innovation literature and transition theory to understand the transformative potential of eco-gastronomic food processing initiatives for more sustainable food systems. It is set greater Cape Town area, where thirteen semi-structured interviews with eco-gastronomic niche food professionals were conducted and analyzed, applying a case study approach to describe the identity and transformative potential across the different cases through an innovations boundary framework, as well as multilevel interactions and scaling strategies.  This paper shows how niche eco-gastronomic initiatives in the Greater Cape Town area have successfully created new interactions between humans and the environment. They are highly interconnected among each other, as network building is a key business strategy given the low institutional support for these small-scale businesses. Exchange with the regime of large-scale producers remains limited. Instead, niche actors mainly focus on scaling out and scaling deep to achieve transformation, fostering the further development of the eco-gastronomic sector as well as engaging in a conversation that should alter producers’ and consumers’ production perceptions and beliefs.  Since the initiatives are still in a start-up phase, further research should better our understanding of the resilience of alternative food systems and niche-regime dynamics. They nevertheless provide seeds for social-ecological transformation in the Capetonian food system, showing that care for the social-ecological environment of food can result in more tasty and equitable meals.

<div>With the rise of individuals’ interests in travelling for a meaningful experience, travelers today not only immerse themselves in consuming food for pleasure but also seek to gain meaningful outcomes. In particular, local food consumption experiences can facilitate travelers to enhance their sense of competence and perceived personal growth, referred to as eudaimonic wellbeing. As travelers experience the culture of the destination and enjoy the sense of exoticness through consumption of local food, they can recognize their capabilities and learn better about themselves through contrast with others. Yet, limited knowledge exists on the higher-level outcomes of such an experience and the process through which travelers encounter local food.</div><div><br></div><div>Therefore, the first study proposed to understand the procedures through which travelers experience local food, utilizing symbolic interactionism as a theoretical perspective. According to symbolic interactionists, role-playing is a paramount process that shapes individuals’ behaviors and experiences (Hewitt, 1976). Accordingly, this study outlined the role-playing process for each role-taking (taking the role of others to understand their role and associated expectations) and role-making (playing their own role and acting based on related expectations). In role-taking, four themes were identified including Utilization of Symbolic Cues, Imitating, Simulation of Other’s Position, and Comparison with Expected Characteristic of a Role. For role-making processes, three themes emerged including Performance of One’s Regular Role, Disassociation of Self from One’s Role, and Creation of a Desired Role. As such, various role-playing activities were identified as critical means through which travelers determine their behavior and appraisal of their local food consumption experience. Such a finding is valuable in extending the existing literature that mostly paid attention to cognition or emotion as the procedures through which people construct their experience (Hume, Mort, Liesch, & Winzar, 2006).</div><div><br></div><div>To understand the higher-level outcome of local food consumption experience that relates to eudaimonic wellbeing, the second study investigated changes in self-concept based on travelers’ encounters with local food. Individuals’ food choice behaviors or food practices have been identified as important bearers of their identity in the general food consumption literature (Valli & Traill, 2005). Yet, travelers’ food consumption activities have been mostly viewed merely as a pleasurable pursuit in the food and tourism studies (Kivela & Crotts, 2006). In line with the characteristic of one’s self-concept being subject to change (Festinger, 1954), the second study explored whether and how travelers modify their self-concept through their local food consumption experiences. The findings showed that self-concept change took place in terms of two themes of General Self-Concept and Eating Self-Concept. Within General Self-Concept, four aspects of self-concept appeared to have changed or emerged including Superiority, Satisfaction, Cultural Competency, and Appreciation. As for Eating Self-Concept, it was found that travelers’ self-concept changes involved Mindful Eating, International Food Expertise, and Eating Characteristics. Some of the factors that caused these self-concept modifications include the characteristic of local food experience being challenging, representative of local culture and identity, and exotic. Therefore, the findings are valuable in demonstrating local food consumption experience as a case in which people can change how they view themselves, what specifically change, and how they change based on their encounters with local food.</div><div><br></div><div>The third study aimed to investigate emotional bonding with the place, place attachment, as another outcome that is associated with eudaimonic wellbeing. Attention was paid to how travelers’ psychological comfort plays a role in their place attachment development. In addition, such an influence of psychological comfort on place attachment was explored by comparing Koreans and Americans to contrast possible cultural differences between the two groups regarding the degree to which comfort is valued in forming their place attachment level. Specifically, comfort was measured for three major elements of the local food consumption experience including atmospherics, interaction with service providers, and food. The findings showed that comfort with all three elements can influence travelers’ place attachment levels and that individuals from different cultures can vary in the degree to which comfort shapes their place attachment levels. Thus, this study expands our knowledge by proposing comfort with local food consumption experience as a critical trigger of emotional bonding development between travelers and the travel destination.</div><div><br></div><div>The synthesis of these key findings from the three studies explicates how travelers’ eudaimonic wellbeing can be enhanced from an overarching viewpoint. In line with the basic premise of self-determination theory which suggests that one’s eudaimonic wellbeing is promoted when three psychological needs (competence, autonomy, and relatedness) are satisfied (Deci & Ryan, 1985), propositions were outlined regarding how these psychological needs can be met through role-playing activity, self-concept change, and place attachment development based on consuming local food. As one’s general wellbeing comprises both hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing (Ryff & Keyes, 1995), the linkage proposed between local food consumption experience and eudaimonic wellbeing complements the current view that has been focused on hedonic aspects of travelers’ local dining experience.</div>