This paper is interested in Swedish psychiatry during the period between 1930-1950,localized to Mariebergs hospital in Sweden. The purpose of this paper has been to testSjöstroms evidence of the pattern that he used to create three analytical concepts, roughlytranslated to; morally educative discipline-treatment, the production process and the idealinstitution citizen. Sjöström motivates that his concepts gives insight into one aspect of thepsychiatric expansion between 1860-1960 as well as creates an understanding of psychiatryas an institution. The source material for this paper has been patients' medical notes writtenby the chief physician of the institution. Via a method which mainly different from Sjöstromin its selection, categorization and more thorough presentation, this paper has seen the samepatterns which Sjöström has created his three concepts from. The ideal institution citizen,defined by its well behaved and calm behaviour emerges also in this papers quantitativecompilation of qualitative data as the clear majority. The morally educative disciplinetreatment,treatments and punishments that focuses on creating an acceptable behaviourrather than the treatment of insanity itself, can be seen in the adjective behaviouraldescriptions of the type well-behaved / badly-behaved which are dominant. The focus in thejournals is behaviour rather than mental decease symptoms such as hallucinations andtreatment is based on unaccepted behaviour rather than symptoms. Also, the sequential orderthat exists between badly-behaved behaviour and treatments, and well-behaved behaviourand rewards shows the focus on behaviour which the concept is based on. The previous tworesults together is the two parts of Sjöströms production process, that trough the morallyeducative discipline-treatment the institution creates an acceptable, quiet and well behavedideal institution citizen were the mental decease becomes secondary.

Amalie Skram (1846-1905) was born in Norway but lived in Denmark. She published several books about gender relations and built up a reputation as a naturalistic writer. In 1894, a nervous breakdown made her seek help from the famous psychiatrist Knud Pontoppidan. He sent her to an asylum, but she returned home after spending two months in psychiatric care. In 1895, Skram published two novels about the painter Else Kant, based on her own experiences but not written as autobiographies. The books, Professor Hieronimus and På Sct. Jørgen, came to be part of an ongoing debate about the rights of psychiatric patients. My purpose is to analyze the exercise of power in Skram's portrayal of psychiatry, especially the way it is gendered. The power relations are examined with concepts established by Foucault in his power analysis and with relevant medical history as a context. I treat the books as fictive narratives, that should not be seen as describing Skram's own experiences. My result actualizes several of Foucault's main concepts. Psychiatry works through the power to define – the right to give a name. Psychiatry define what madness is, and thus what normality is. The patient is, when defined as mad, also defined as unable to tell the truth about herself and the world. The treatment is a project of normalization and moral upbringing, where the patient is required to learn the norms she is thought to lack, and also to control her feelings instead of expressing them. Hysteria is the diagnosis for expressing strong feelings and can be read as an opposition to the male society, as well as the medical system. Gazes play a big part in these two books. Else is looked at by the medical, defining, gaze. She is herself observing the psychiatry and uses her gaze to look at the other patients in a way that raises questions about both abnormality and normality. In my reading, the gaze exercises power and the so called "male gaze" can also be used by women. The text is ambivalent concerning Else's possible madness. She is described as troubled and almost psychotic in the beginning, but later as sane. My conclusion is that Else gains her own form of sanity, not because of the treatment, but as a way of opposing it. Else is never made an object by the objectifying medical gaze. Instead, she creates herself as an agent and a subject. She is defined as mad, but is determined to in turn define and describe the psychiatry as a form of counter-power.

, Diss--Universität zu Köln, 2007.

Zugl.: Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 2006

Zugl.: Potsdam, Univ., Diss. u.d.T.: Klingovsky, Ulla: Didaktisch-methodische Handlungsweisen als Regierungspraktiken

Esta dissertação discute as funções desempenhadas pelo psiquiatra no sistema penal brasileiro, que são a assistência aos transtornos mentais, a avaliação da responsabilidade sobre um ato delituoso e a elaboração de laudos para a concessão do benefício da libertação progressiva a presos comuns. São apresentados os impasses advindos do contato entre justiça e ciência, demonstrando-se como, nos dois últimos casos, o psiquiatra não lida com seu objeto habitual, o doente mental, mas com um outro diverso, o indivíduo perigoso. Para conhecer e controlar este novo objeto a psiquiatria forma, junto com o judiciário, um outro poder denominado, conforme Michel Foucault, normalizador que, sob uma ótica genealógica, transcende o seu objeto original, transformando-se em meio de controle de todo o corpo social. Tendo por principal referencial teórico a obra daquele pensador francês, notadamente os textos vindos à luz nos últimos anos, com a publicação da transcrição de cursos e de outros artigos dispersos, este mecanismo de controle social é analisado, discutindo-se as transformações por que vem passando nas últimas décadas. Paralelamente, é defendida a extinção da necessidade do referendo psiquiátrico à progressão do regime prisional, como forma de corrigir um sistema que não funciona satisfatoriamente. / This dissertation outlines the functions performed by psychiatrists in Brazilian penal system. These are the assistance to mentally ill prisoners, the assessment of the responsibility over a criminal conduct and the performance of exams that allow common prisoners to benefit from progressive freedom or parole, accordingly to Brazilian Law. The dilemmas posed by the contact between justice and science are presented and is demonstrated how, in the two latter instances, the psychiatrist abandons his usual subject, the mental patient, and deals with a diverse one, the dangerous individual. To know and act upon this new subject, psychiatry sets up along with the judiciary a specific kind of power named, after Michel Foucault, normalization which, under a genealogical view, transcends its subject, becoming a means of controlling society as a whole. Having as main theoretical reference the works of the French thinker, notably the texts that came to light in the last few years, with the publishing of courses and many dispersed papers, this means of control over society is analyzed, being discussed how it has been transforming itself during the last decades. In addition, this work defends the extinction of the psychiatric exams to the progression of prison regime, aiming at the correction of system which has not been working appropriately since its introduction.

Supervision is widely acknowledged as influencing the quality of postgraduate theses, and by association, of postgraduates. Despite this, publications on conducting research offer far less guidance on managing the supervision relationship than on the practicalities of producing a thesis. In-depth, qualitative supervision studies are few and fewer still examine power in the supervision relationship. Michel Foucault’s insights are used to explore the question: How do postgraduate supervisors and their Master’s students experience the supervision relationship and how are the dynamics of interpersonal and institutional power implicated in these relationships? Foucault argues that power relations always involve resistances; these function primarily through institutionalized discourses to produce different forms of knowledge, one form of which is identity or subjectivity. Accordingly, power relations are explored in terms of thesis-as-product, person-as-product and the impact of both on the mediation of knowledge in the educational domain. Four institutionalized discourses in the university domain are examined: · Commercial educational management discourse: targets academics through issues of quality assurance, throughput, publication, research productivity and funding. · Anarchic educational leadership discourse: integrates quantum principles with commercial demands, change management strategies and meaningful participation. · Humanistic discourse: favours a pastoral ethic and is person-centered. · Holistic discourse: cultivates ecological sensibility and values the interconnectedness of all aspects of being-in-the-world. Data collected in sixteen semi-structured interviews with three matched supervisor-student pairs selected from the humanities and education faculties of one South African university, are presented as case studies. Data analysis combines grounded theory techniques with selected aspects of Foucault’s methods. A conceptual model is devised to analyse how participants use resistance strategies to interface their autonomy and dependency with their expectations, abilities, and professional and pastoral care. The research yields rich data in which several thematic correlations in interpersonal and institutional power dynamics are grounded. These include: the significance of supervisor-student matching; links between expectations, abilities, the way participants negotiate power and the quality of professional and pastoral care they experience; the benefit of personal affinity to thesis-as-product and person-as-product; and the impact of commercial demands on participants’ power relations. Participants tend to reproduce the discourses in which they are embedded and adopt or adapt aspects of contesting discourses to this end. Potential avenues are identified for improving supervision practice and for further research.

Cette recherche doctorale se propose d’interroger la valeur généalogique que Michel Foucault attribue au christianisme en se focalisant sur la problématique de la subjectivité et notamment sur la forme de vie comme enjeu de la constitution de la subjectivité. Pour ce faire elle est structurée sur la base des trois domaines généalogiques ou axes constitutifs des « foyers d’expérience » tels que Foucault lui-même les conçoit dans ses dernières recherches. Ainsi la première partie de ce travail est consacrée au problème de la vérité, notamment en ce qui concerne les formes de véridiction ; la seconde partie se concentre sur l’analyse du pouvoir ou plus précisément sur les techniques gouvernementales ; et finalement, la troisième partie se focalise sur les formes de subjectivation ou les pratiques de soi. La description et l’analyse de ces trois axes à la lumière du corpus foucaldien actuellement publié ainsi que des textes inédits comme Les aveux de la chair permettra d’envisager les réponses à deux questions centrales liées au diagnostic du présent qui traverse toute l’entreprise philosophique foucaldienne : quelle est le rôle historique du christianisme dans la configuration des formes actuelles d’assujettissement ? Peut-on trouver à l’intérieur du christianisme des phénomènes qui nous permettent de résister à ces formes d’assujettissement ? / This dissertation investigates the genealogical value that Michel Foucault assigns to Christianity focusing on the configuration of subjectivity, particularly on the way of life as a main domain in which subjectivity is constituted. More precisely, the dissertation is structured by following the three genealogical domains or constitutive areas of “focal points of experience” in Foucault’s last works. The first part tackles the problem of truth, in particular for what concerns the forms of veridiction; the second part focuses on the analysis of the forms of power, or more exactly, the techniques of governmentality; the last part approaches the forms of subjectivation or the practices of self. Based on available Foucauldian corpus and unpublished material –especially the Confessions of the Flesh (Les aveux de la chair) – the description and analysis of these three domains aim to answer two fundamental questions related to the Foucauldian diagnosis of the present: What is the historical role of Christianity in the configuration of the current forms of subjection? Are there any Christian phenomena according to which we could resist to those forms of subjection?

Esta dissertação analisa o discurso nas relações entre poder-saber na sexualidade presentes nas instituições religiosas, especialmente em Igrejas cristãs, tendo como referência teórica a obra do filósofo francês Michel Foucault. Compreender o discurso religioso sobre sexualidade a partir de Foucault é admitir que o discurso religioso é objeto de poder, presente tanto na historicidade sobre os dispositivos de poder que age sobre o corpo-sexo de cada indivíduo-humano, como na existência de prazer, seu modo de vida particular, único, singular. Examina-se, também, o modo como a sexualidade foi usada como dispositivo de poder no decorrer da história e como ela se corporifica na atualidade. Percebem-se poucas mudanças, desde a implantação do protestantismo no Brasil, graças à força com que o poder e o saber se estabeleceram no discurso elaborado pelas lideranças religiosas, que se baseavam em uma interpretação distorcida das Sagradas Escrituras. A cultura de cada grupo deve ser analisada como referência para se obter uma melhor compreensão dos atos e comportamentos de determinado grupo social e não a tomar como modelo. No que se refere à sexualidade, é necessário entender por que ela é o objeto que mais incomoda as instituições religiosas e é usada como algo que prende o indivíduo ao pecado. Onde ficam os conceitos de pecado? Como entendê-los, quando se percebe que, nas entrelinhas, muitas igrejas cristãs, ao preservar a vida, proíbem a vida, subestimando a sexualidade? Não existe uma razão ou uma verdade que possa ser usada para estabelecer uma relação autêntica. A tradição ou a sujeição não são mais que situações de fato. O que perdura é que a Igreja é composta de sujeitos, indivíduos-assujeitados. / This thesis analyzes the discourse in the relations between power-knowledge in sexuality present in the religious institutions, especially in Christian churches, having as a theoretical reference the work of the French philosopher Michel Foucault. Understanding the religious discourse about sexuality based on Foucault is to admit that the religious discourse is an object of power present in the historicity of the power devices which act on the body-sex of each individual-human, as well as in the existence of pleasure, its unique, singular, particular way of life. One will also examine the way in which sexuality was used as a power device throughout history and how it is embodied in current times. One perceives few changes since the implantation of Protestantism in Brazil, due to the strength with which the power and the knowledge were established within the discourse elaborated by the religious leaderships, which based themselves on a distorted interpretation of the Holy Scriptures. The culture of each group needs to be analyzed as a reference to obtain a better comprehension of the acts and behaviors of a certain social group and not take it as a model. With regard to sexuality, one needs to understand why it is the object which most perturbs the religious institutions and is used as something to bind the individual to sin. Where are the concepts of sin? How can one understand them, when one perceives that, in between lines, many Christian churches, when preserving life, prohibit life, underestimating sexuality? There is not just one reason or one truth which can be used to establish an authentic relation. The tradition or subjection is nothing more than fact situations. What persists is that the church is made up of subjects, subject-individuals.

Esta pesquisa procura investigar as regras que dão contornos à caligrafia que chega às escolas brasileiras hoje por meio de livros didáticos. Para analisar essas regras, foi necessário um olhar genealógico, buscando conexões com as condições de possibilidade que permitiram a enunciação, a circulação e o caráter de verdade dos discursos que hoje constituem a caligrafia que ganha visibilidade na arquitetura montada nos livros didáticos; uma arquitetura que, como discutirei, opera para fabricar escritas legíveis e ágeis, agora não mais necessariamente belas, como por muito tempo a escola brasileira primou. O estudo analisa quatro coleções de livros de caligrafia, de grande vendagem no Brasil, recomendados para uso nas séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. Totalizando dezenove volumes, as quatro coleções escolhidas para análise são: da editora Ática, Assim se aprende caligrafia; da editora Scipione, Marcha criança e Ziguezague; e da editora FTD, No capricho. Como referencial teórico, utilizo contribuições dos estudos de Michel Foucault e de outros autores pós-estruturalistas, no que se refere a possibilitar a análise dos discursos e a examinar os mecanismos que operam a normalização das escritas infantis por meio da caligrafia escolar. Conceitos como discurso, enunciado, saber, poder, normalização, estratégia e tática foram especialmente úteis ao trabalho. A pesquisa destacou três grandes táticas em movimento nos materiais analisados: 1) o funcionamento maciço de regras fornecidas pela psicomotricidade para conduzir a organização dos exercícios caligráficos; 2) a disposição em séries de complexidade crescente dos exercícios, partindo de unidades menores, como a letra, até a solicitação regular de cópias de textos em fonte cursiva; e 3) o jogo discursivo que envolve brincadeira, infância e caligrafia com vistas a interessar as crianças ao trabalho estético sobre suas escritas. Olhar para as táticas significou examinar como o poder se exerce sobre os sujeitos infantis em relação à produção de padrões estéticos de escrita. E o que fiz foi colocar em evidência determinadas operações que pretendem fazer com que a criança governe seus próprios traçados na escrita, por meio da aparelhagem fornecida pelos livros de caligrafia. / The present study aims to investigate the rules that give shape to the handwriting that is delivered to Brazilian schools through handwriting textbooks. In order to analyze such rules, I have cast a genealogical view while searching for connections to the conditions of possibility that allowed the enunciation, the circulation and the character of truth in the discourses that have construed the handwriting that gains visibility in the architecture created for the textbooks; this architecture, as will be discussed in this study, operates for the production of legible and speedy handwriting, which no longer has to be necessarily beautiful or decorative, as it had been advocated by the Brazilian school for a long time. This study analyzes four collections of handwriting textbooks that are highly popular in Brazil, and that are recommended for teaching in the first grades of Elementary School. These collections comprehend a total of nineteen volumes and are as follows: by Ática Publishers: Assim se aprende caligrafia; by Scipione Publishers: Marcha criança and Ziguezague; and by FTD Publishers: No capricho. As theoretical references, I have relied on the contribution from Michel Foucault‟s studies, as well as from other post-structuralist writers, with regard to the enabling of discourse analysis and the examination of the mechanisms that operate the normalization of children writings through school handwriting. Concepts such as discourse, statement, knowledge, power, normalization, strategy, and tactics have been especially useful for this study. The research has highlighted three major moving tactics in the material under analysis: 1) the massive functioning of the rules dictated by psychomotricity to guide the organization of handwriting exercises; 2) the disposition of exercises in series of rising complexity levels, starting from smaller units, like letters, up to the regular demand of copying texts using cursive handwriting; and 3) the discursive game that engages playing, childhood and handwriting aiming at getting the children interested in the aesthetic work applied to their handwriting. Looking into such tactics has meant investigating how power operates upon child subjects regarding the production of aesthetic writing patterns. In this sense, the contribution of this work is to highlight some operations that are intended to allow the children to self-govern their own handwriting, through the means supplied by handwriting textbooks.