Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Filosofía

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Filosofía

Abstract This is a study of law and language; in particular an investigation into the language of judgments. The focus is on judgments as texts authored by judges. The main thinkers chosen as the theoretical basis are not experts in law – Michel Foucault, Mikhail Bakhtin, Norman Fairclough and Hayden White, for example. The reason for this choice is to consider the language of law from insights outside of law. Topics such as rhetoric, narrative, critical discourse analysis, intertextuality, interpretive communities, the monologic voice, oppositional reading, and power relations are seldom found in mainstream legal literature. The position taken is that judgments are texts which are no more privileged (simply because they are legal texts) than any others that a society creates. However, judgments are viewed by some as being special societal texts, coated with a patina of mystique because they are dealing with inviolate legal principles. The patina is removed enough to suggest that judges use various linguistic processes to shape their judgments in ways no different from other authors, notwithstanding that they are writing about ‘the law’. Judges are rhetoricians who use rhetoric to shape the facts, choose the most expedient legal principle, and incorporate views of society expedient to their opinion. The thrust of this study is to locate rhetoric at work within a specific sphere. The corpus consists of forty-four cases over a seventy-five year period dealing with sexual orientation. This area of law was chosen for a number of reasons. It is self-contained and lends itself to detailed examination. The topic is emotive which means more rhetorical techniques are at play than in a fairly technical area of law. There have been significant changes in the way sexual orientation has been treated in law over the years. It is interesting to trace how rhetoric facilitated that change. Lastly, we see how a judicial hegemony deals with an apolitical, splintered minority. Any categorical conclusions are impossible in an exploration of this kind. The findings, however, indicate that judges are not as restricted as is generally considered and that their judgments are shaped by employing linguistic techniques available to writers of both fact and fiction. The intention is to provide a fresh way of reading judgments, where observations gleaned in one area can be applied to other areas of law.

La technique du contrôle non destructif (CND) par courants de Foucault (CF) est une solution envisageable pour caractériser l’état de contraintes dans un matériau magnétique. En effet, les propriétés magnétiques d’un matériau magnétique dépendent sensiblement de l’état de contraintes et, par ailleurs, les CF dépendent de la perméabilité magnétique. La technique des CF est potentiellement intéressante comparée à d’autres méthodes de CND, telles que la diffraction des rayons X, car elle est simple à mettre en œuvre, automatisable et peu coûteuse. Dans l'objectif de permettre in fine l’identification inverse de l’état de contraintes, un modèle prédisant l'évolution du signal fourni par un capteur à CF en fonction de l’état de contraintes du matériau ferromagnétique contrôlé a été élaboré dans cette thèse. Ceci implique la mise en place d’une double modélisation. D’une part, l’effet des contraintes sur la perméabilité magnétique a été modélisé par un modèle de comportement magnéto-élastique simplifié dérivé d'une approche multi-échelle. Cette approche permet de décrire la perméabilité magnétique d’un matériau soumis à un chargement multiaxial, en incluant notamment les effets d'anisotropie induite. D’autre part, un modèle reposant sur la méthode des éléments finis a été développé afin de prédire le signal fourni par un capteur à CF en fonction de la perméabilité anisotrope du matériau inspecté. Afin de valider la démarche de modélisation, un protocole expérimental de caractérisation magnétique et par CF a été mis en place. Les résultats de mesure obtenus présentent un bon accord qualitatif avec la modélisation, en l’absence de tout étalonnage. Une procédure d’étalonnage s'appuyant sur une mesure sous contraintes est nécessaire pour atteindre un accord quantitatif. Le modèle développé pourrait être utilisé pour concevoir des sondes à CF idoines et identifier les conditions opératoires optimales pour l'estimation de contraintes dans les matériaux magnétiques. Les procédures d'inversion à mettre en œuvre restent cependant un défi à relever / The non-destructive evaluation (NDE) technique by eddy current (EC) is a conceivable solution to characterize the stress state in magnetic materials. The approach relies on the high sensitivity of eddy current (EC) signals to the magnetic permeability, itself highly dependent on stress. The EC technique is potentially attractive compared to other NDE methods such as X-ray diffraction, due to its simple practical implementation, easiness of automation and low cost. In order to allow eventually the inverse identification of stress states in magnetic materials, a predictive model for the evolution of an EC probe signal as a function of stress has been developed during this thesis. The modelling is done in two steps. First, the effect of stress on the magnetic permeability is described using a simplified version of a multiscale model for magneto-elastic behaviour. This approach allows describing the effect of multiaxial mechanical loadings on the magnetic behaviour of materials including induced anisotropy effects. Then, the EC probe signal is determined as a function of the anisotropic permeability of the stressed material using the finite element method (FEM). In order to validate the modelling approach, an experimental setup for magnetic characterisation and EC measurements was developed. The measurements show a good qualitative accordance with the modelling results, in absence of any calibration. A calibration procedure based on a measurement under stress is necessary to obtain a quantitative agreement. The proposed model can be used to design efficient EC probes and to define optimal operating conditions to evaluate stress in magnetic materials. The development of inversion procedures, however, remains a challenge.

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Orientador: Celso Kraemer. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, Centro de Ciências da Educação, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau.

New ways to deal with the drug problem seems to be emerging in western countries. Sweden, however, holds on to its strict zero-tolerance approach. Within a historical perspective, this thesis aims at understanding how the Swedish drug model has developed in this direction and remained so, even in face of changes in the international arena in the form of harm reduction measures, decriminalization of consumption and legalization of light drugs. Through a discourse analysis of the drug politics debate in the two leading Swedish Newspapers, Svenska Dagbladet and Dagens Nyheter, I argue that the discourses produced in such media vehicles allow for an interpretation of the material in terms of Bourdieu’s concept of field and Foucault’s concept of discourse. The dominant players in the field defend the goal of a drug-free society by using different types of discourses, such as those that conflate the war on drugs with a defense of the nation.  Although the legitimacy of their non-medical discourse is being challenged by those who want to redefine the issue of drugs in medical terms, the dominant players’ discourse still has the power to justify their dominant positions in the field.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-30T00:13:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-12-16 / This study deals with the subjective implications of the religious precept of fasting in subjects inserted in a religious institution, from the theoretical perspective of Michel Foucault on the precept and practices of penance, specially developed in The hermeneutic of the subject and in History of sexuality. We sought to investigate the process of elaboration of the meanings attributed to the religious precept of fasting and to identify how the ascetic practices precepted, experienced in the institution, can be articulated as elements that generate subjectivity. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with young participants of the Shalom Catholic Community in Fortaleza, Ceará, randomly and voluntarily selected at the institution, whose reports were read under the discourse analysis framework. Among the aspects addressed, the institutional application of the ¿ascetic-monastic¿ model stands out, in which fasting is not meant as a mere restriction of the alimentary order, but constitutes one of the elements of a series of penitential practices aiming to dominate the carnal impulses and the renunciation of self. The exercise of this asceticism, which Foucault calls ¿self-practices¿, establishes a formulation of truth about individuals, based on two fundamental aspects of Christian spirituality: the principle of contemplation, by which the mysticism imposes itself on all social relations, establishing the sacred about human thinking and action; and the principle of obedience, by which the subject places himself in a permanent condition of dependence upon another and sacrifices of his own will. This is made possible by the affective and social support provided by the group and by learning techniques and control developed under strong hierarchical structures, by an instruments of examination of conscience and of confession systematically adopted in the religious institution. Key-words: fasting, religion, Foucault, precept, subjectivity. / Este estudo se debruça sobre as implicações subjetivas do preceito religioso do jejum em sujeitos inseridos numa instituição religiosa, a partir da perspectiva teórica de Michel Foucault acerca do preceito e das práticas de penitência, especialmente desenvolvidos em A hermenêutica do sujeito e em História da sexualidade. Buscou-se investigar o processo de elaboração de sentidos atribuídos ao preceito religioso do jejum e identificar como as práticas ascéticas preceituais, vivenciadas na instituição, podem se articular como elementos geradores de subjetividade. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com jovens participantes da Comunidade Católica Shalom em Fortaleza, Ceará, selecionados aleatoriamente e voluntariamente na instituição, cujos relatos foram lidos sob o referencial da análise do discurso. Dentre os aspectos abordados, destaca-se a aplicação institucional do modelo ¿ascético-monástico¿ pelo qual o jejum não é significado como uma mera restrição de ordem alimentar, mas se constitui como um dos elementos de uma série de práticas penitenciais visando o domínio sobre os impulsos carnais e a renúncia de si. O exercício desta ascética, que Foucault denomina como ¿práticas de si¿, institui uma formulação de verdade sobre os indivíduos, baseando-se sobre dois aspectos fundamentais da espiritualidade cristã: o princípio da contemplação, pelo qual a mística se impõe sobre todas as relações sociais, instaurando o sagrado sobre o pensar e o agir humano; e o princípio da obediência, pelo qual o sujeito se coloca numa condição permanente de dependência sob outrem e de sacrifício da própria vontade. Isto é possibilitado pelo suporte afetivo e social proporcionado pelo grupo e por técnicas de aprendizagem e controle desenvolvidas sob fortes estruturas hierárquicas, por uma complexa rede discursiva e por instrumentos de exame de consciência e de confissão sistematicamente adotados na instituição religiosa. Palavras-chave: jejum, religião, Foucault, preceito, subjetividade.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T21:02:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 17 / Milton Valente / A presente dissertação enfrentará alguns conceitos fundamentais da obra foucaultiana, tais como o poder, a soberania, a disciplina, a instituição de seqüestro, a vigilância, para aprofundar a análise naquilo que se refere ao tema da arte de governar. Nesse ponto, será a obra de Nietzsche, no recorte que lida com a temática do pecado, chamada a oferecer uma breve contribuição. Das novas formas de poder pastoral, em Foucault, até alcançar o tema do racismo de Estado, serão abordadas as doutrinas da razão de estado e da polícia, a história da verdade no âmbito das práticas judiciárias, o panoptismo e a origem da pena de prisão. Como ponto final, o tema do racismo associado à figura do inimigo – dará suporte a aproximações entre a filosofia foucaultiana e problemas contemporâneos como a violência, a suspensão de direitos de determinados grupos sociais, o recrudescimento das penas e das estruturas e instituições de vigilância e controle social / The presente paper will face some main concepts inserted in the philosophical work of Michel Foucault, such as power, sovereignty, discipline, surveillance, in the way to improve the analysis to what referes to the governing art. At this point, a specific scene of Nietzschean´s philosophy, in wich the theme of the sin takes place, will be added as a brief contribution. Between the new forms of the priest´s power, in Foucault, and the theme of State racism, other subjects will be approached, like the doctrine of State reason, the doctrine of police, the history of truth in the judicial practices, the panopticon, and the origens of the prison penalty. The final issue will face the theme of racism, wich will give support, in association to the notion of enemy, to the dialogue between the mentioned concepts of the foucaultian philosophy and some contemporary issues, connected to subjects such as violence, suspension of rights (from determinated social groups), reinforcement of penaltys, structures and institu

Esta tese possui como tema a ética e a diferença na invenção de uma docência matemática em meio à vida, em uma perspectiva pós-estruturalista. Aproxima-se das contribuições teóricas de Deleuze, Foucault e autores afins para pensar a diferença a partir da repetição da escrita de si, tomada enquanto processo inventivo de uma docência. Durante os percursos da pesquisa, utiliza-se dos conceitos de univocidade em Deleuze para tratar da diferença e da ética em Foucault para desestabilizar prescrições das verdades das ciências da educação sobre a docência em matemática. Toma-se uma criação textual de autoria própria - o Vidário de Pendurela - composto por fragmentos escritos de uma docência em meio à vida, que se tornou corpo e produziu matéria de investigação para esta tese, a fim de realizar uma experimentação filosófica pela reescrita de si. O procedimento de pesquisa se deu de modo “amaneirado”, através de um movimento filosófico, uma experimentação de pensamento para pensar a singularidade produzida na escrita e na docência, que consistiu em reescritas de si a partir dos movimentos de recolhimento, colagem, raspagem e criação, ao repetir os escritos de Pendurela, em outro estilo de escrita, diferindo sentidos. Dessa maneira, mostrou-se a invenção de uma docência, utilizando os conceitos de devir, vontade de potência e univocidade para problematizar essa invenção pela reescrita. Ao colocar em funcionamento essa maneira de pesquisar, entendido como repetição da escrita de si, toma-se o mesmo como uma experimentação filosófica para pensar a singularidade produzida na escrita e na docência. / This thesis has as its theme the ethics and the difference in the invention of a mathematical teaching in midst of life, in a poststructuralist perspective. It draws on the theoretical contributions of Deleuze, Foucault and related authors to think about the difference from the repetition of self-writing, taken as an inventive process of teaching. During the course of the research, the concepts of univocity in Deleuze are used to deal with the difference and the ethics in Foucault to destabilize prescriptions of truths of education sciences about teaching mathematics. A textual creation of its own authorship – the Vidário de Pendurela - is taken composed of written fragments of a teaching in the midst of life, which became a structure and produced research material for this thesis in order to conduct a philosophical experimentation by self-rewriting. The research procedure happened in a “certain manner” through a philosophical movement, an experimentation of thinking about the singularity produced in writing and teaching. It consisted of self rewritings from the movements of recollection, collage, scraping and creation, repeating the writings of Pendurela, in another style of writing, differing senses. Thus, the invention of a teaching action is presented, using the concepts of becoming, willpower and univocity to problematize this invention by the rewriting. By putting this manner of searching into practice, recognized as repetition of self-writing, it is possible to understand this process as a philosophical experimentation to think the singularity produced in writing and teaching.