Amphibians globally are declining with roughly a third facing extinction due primarily to threats linked to human impacts. One way in which this is being combated is by captive breeding programs. Nordens Ark in Sweden, in collaboration with other organizations, is attempting to breed one of the most threatened frogs for future reintroduction to the wild. The mountain chicken (Leptodactylus fallax) has unique characteristics related to its reproduction which make it challenging to breed successful offspring. Using Nordens Ark’s data on environmental conditions within breeding enclosures, this study attempts to determine which extrinsic factors are having the most influence on reproduction, in order to increase the success of the captive breeding program. Multiple linear regression analysis and model simplification using Stepwise regression and Akaike information criterion (AIC) were performed in order to determine which explanatory variables had the most influence in relation to foam nests. A reduced model with significant values for explanatory variables was deemed the best model based on the dataset. Of the 14 environmental variables tested, minimum temperature after nest construction had the most influence on foam nest length. When compared to wild habitats, temperatures within enclosures may be too high or lack seasonal cyclical patterns. Barometric pressure and humidity also had influence on foam nests, but the relationships between these environmental conditions is difficult to parse. Food supplements were also a significant factor and suggest that lack of vitamins or nutrients can have a negative effect on reproductive success. Ensuring the optimal conditions can be difficult for captive breeding programs, especially as amphibians are under-represented and face biases in conservation and research.

Les peignes de longueurs d'onde, produisant des dizaines de porteuses optiques régulièrement espacées à partir d'une seule source laser, présentent un grand intérêt pour les systèmes de communication à haut débit. Ce travail de thèse porte sur les peignes générés par les diodes laser à blocage de modes basées sur des nanostructures semi-conductrices à basse dimensionnalité. Dans cette étude, les performances en verrouillage de modes de lasers Fabry-Pérot mono-section basés sur différents systèmes de matériaux sont comparées sur la base de la largeur du spectre optique d'émission et de la capacité à produire des impulsions courtes à faible gigue temporelle. En remarquant que les lasers à base de bâtonnets quantiques InAs sur InP présentent de meilleures caractéristiques par rapport aux autres matériaux examinés, leurs propriétés spécifiques en termes de stabilité des peignes de fréquences optiques et de chirp des impulsions sont étudiées plus en détail. Le chirp est d'abord étudié par la technique FROG (frequency-resolved optical gating). Ensuite, la dispersion chromatique du matériau laser est évaluée afin de vérifier si elle peut expliquer les grandes valeurs de chirp mesurées par FROG. Pour cela la technique de réflectométrie optique dans le domaine fréquentiel est utilisée et ses capacités uniques de mesure ont été étudiées et validées. Enfin, ces lasers sont employés avec succès pour les transmissions haut débit à l'aide de la technique de modulation optique OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing) en détection directe. Débits de l'ordre du térabit par seconde, ainsi que le faible coût de l’architecture du système, sont très prometteurs pour les data centers / Optical frequency combs, generating tens of equally spaced optical carriers from a single laser source, are very attractive for next-generation wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) communication systems. This PhD thesis presents a study on the optical frequency combs generated by mode-locked laser diodes based on low-dimensional semiconductor nanostructures. In this work, the mode-locking performances of single-section Fabry-Pérot lasers based on different material systems are compared on the basis of the optical spectrum width, the timing jitter and pulse generation capabilities. Then, noticing that InAs quantum dashes grown on InP exhibit on average better characteristics than other examined materials, their unique properties in terms of comb stability and pulse chirp are studied in more detail. Laser chirp, in particular, is first investigated by frequency resolved optical gating (FROG) characterizations. Then, chromatic dispersion of the laser material is assessed in order to verify whether it can account for the large chirp values measured by FROG. For that, a high sensitivity optical frequency-domain reflectometry setup is used and its measurement capabilities are extensively studied and validated. Finally, the combs generated by quantum dash mode-locked lasers are successfully employed for high data rate transmissions using direct-detection optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. Terabit per second capacities, as well as the low cost of this system architecture, appear to be particularly promising for future datacom applications

Daten der amtlichen Statistik deuten auf eine Überrepräsentation von Kindern mit ausländischer Staatsbürgerschaft an Förderschulen hin. Dies wird in der Literatur häufig als Hinweis auf eine Benachteiligung von Kindern mit Zuwanderungshintergrund (ZHG) gedeutet. Hier anknüpfend geht die vorliegende Arbeit in drei Teilstudien der Frage nach, inwiefern die Diagnose eines sonderpädagogischen Förderbedarfs im Schwerpunkt Lernen (SPF-L) und die besuchte Schulart mit dem ZHG eines Kindes zusammenhängen. Teilstudie I zeigt anhand logistischer Regressionsanalysen, dass Kinder aus zugewanderten Familien unter Berücksichtigung der sozialen Herkunft, der kognitiven Grundfähigkeiten und der schulischen Kompetenzen seltener einen diagnostizierten SPF-L aufweisen und seltener eine Förderschule besuchen als Kinder ohne ZHG. Vertiefend werden zwei Erklärungen für diese Befunde näher betrachtet: Eine Erklärung für die geringere Diagnosehäufigkeit eines SPF-L liegt in der Klassenzusammensetzung. Diese bildet den Referenzrahmen für die Leistungsbeurteilung und könnte somit auch bei der Einleitung von Diagnoseverfahren bedeutsam sein. Teilstudie II untersucht daher, inwiefern die Diagnose eines SPF-L mit der zuwanderungsbezogenen, der sozialen und der leistungsbezogenen Klassenzusammensetzung assoziiert ist. Logistische Mehrebenen-Regressionsanalysen weisen auf entsprechende Zusammenhänge hin. Zur Erklärung des selteneren Förderschulbesuchs von Kindern mit ZHG könnten Schulwahlmotive von Eltern beitragen. Teilstudie III zeigt daher anhand von Strukturgleichungsanalysen, dass sich Schulwahlmotive nach Schulart und ZHG unterscheiden und dass diese Motive den Zusammenhang zwischen einem ZHG und der besuchten Schulart vollständig mediieren. Die Dissertation leistet einen Beitrag zur empirischen Fundierung der Diskussion über Objektivität bei der Einleitung von Diagnoseverfahren und die Relevanz von Hintergrundmerkmalen für die Diagnose eines SPF-L und Schulartentscheidungen. / Data from official statistics indicate that children with migrant background are overrepresented in special schools. In previous studies this finding has often been interpreted as an indication of ethnic discrimination. The present thesis investigates in three studies whether the migrant background of a child is associated with special educational needs in the area of learning (SEN-L) and with the type of school attended. The results of logistic regression analyses in Study I indicate that controlling for differences in social background, cognitive abilities and academic achievement, children with migrant background are less likely to have diagnosed SEN-L and to attend a special school than non-migrant children. Two explanations for these findings are examined in more detail: One possible explanation for the lower frequency of SEN-L diagnosis could be found in the effects of classroom composition which forms a frame of reference for achievement assessment. This may also be relevant for the initiation of diagnostic procedures. Study II investigates whether a SEN-L is associated with the migrant, socioeconomic, and academic classroom composition. Multilevel logistic regression models confirmed the relationship between classroom composition and SEN-L. One possible explanation for the finding that children with migrant background are less likely to attend a special school in the area of learning than comparable children without migrant background could lie in parents' motives for school choice. Study III therefore uses structural equation analysis to show that the parent’s motives for school choice differ according to school type and migrant background and also mediate the relationship between migrant background and school type. The thesis contributes to the empirical foundation of the discussion on objectivity in the initiation of diagnostic procedures by examining the relevance of background characteristics for the diagnosis of SEN-L and decisions on the school type.

L'eugénol (2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) phénol), produit dérivé du clou de girofle (Eugenia aromatica), fut tout d’abord utilisé en application topique à des fins d’analgésie dentaire. Il produit également une anesthésie chirurgicale lorsque administré en immersion chez les poissons. L’eugénol agit sur les récepteurs vanilloïdes, sensibles à la chaleur, aux protons et à certaines molécules lipidiques. Ces récepteurs jouent un rôle important dans le mécanisme de l’inflammation et de l’hyperalgésie. L’eugénol pourrait également produire ses effets par antagonisme des récepteurs glutamaergiques (NMDA) et par son activation des récepteurs GABAergiques. Considérant que l’eugénol produit des effets analgésiques et anesthésiques, des études de pharmacocinétique et de pharmacodynamie furent réalisées chez la grenouille (Xenopus laevis), le poisson (Oncorhynchus mykiss) et le rat (Rattus norvegicus). Les résultats démontrent que l’eugénol administré par immersion à une dose efficace permet d’atteindre une anesthésie chirurgicale chez les grenouilles (350 mg/L) et les poissons (75 mg/L). Suite à des analyses plasmatiques par LC/MS/MS, la pharmacocinétique des grenouilles, des poissons et des rats montre que la drogue est éliminée et qu’il pourrait y avoir une recirculation entérohépathique plus importante chez la grenouille et le rat. La longue demi-vie chez le rat suggère aussi une accumulation dans les tissus après des administrations répétées. Suite à l’administration intraveineuse d’une dose de 20 mg/kg chez le rat, l’eugénol induit une anesthésie chirurgicale pour une très courte période de temps variant autour de 167 s. Les résultats de sensibilité thermique confirment l’efficacité de l’eugénol pour réduire l’hyperalgésie induite chez des rats neuropathiques. L’effet pharmacologique de l’eugénol a démontré une augmentation progressive constante de l’analgésie sur une période de cinq jours de traitements journaliers. En conclusion, l’eugénol possède des propriétés analgésiques et anesthésiques chez la grenouille africaine à griffes (Xenopus laevis), le poisson (Oncorhynchus mykiss) et le rat (Rattus norvegicus). / Eugenol (2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) phenol), derived from cloves, was first used as a topical agent for dental analgesia by dentistry practitioners, and subsequently to induce surgical anaesthesia by immersion in fish. Eugenol binds to vanilloid receptors, which are sensitive to heat, protons and certains lipid molecules. These receptors also play an important role in the mechanisms of inflammation, as well as hyperalgesia (Kanai 2005, and Crotright 2004). Eugenol could also produce its effects via its antagonistic interactions with glutamaergiques receptors (NMDA), and agonistic interactions with GABAergic receptors. Considering that eugenol has analgesic and anesthetic effects, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies were performed in frogs (Xenopus laevis), fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and rats (Rattus norvegicus). Results show that a surgical anesthetic dose was observed for frogs (350 mg/L) and fish (75 mg/L) with a eugenol solution. Pharmacokinetics were evaluated following LC/MS/MS plasma analysis of frogs, fish and rats. Results show that eugenol was eliminated in all species and that an enterohepathic recirculation was apparent for frogs and rats. The long half-life in rats suggests an accumulation in tissues following repeated administrations. Following an intravenous administration 20 mg/kg of eugenol, a surgical anesthesia of approximately 167 sec was observed in rats. Hargreave’s test results, evaluating hyperalgesia, show that eugenol reduced pain perception in a rat model of neuropathic pain. This pharmacological effect showed an increasing progression of the analgesia over the 5 days of daily treatments. In conclusion, eugenol has analgesic and anesthetic properties in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis), trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and rats (Rattus norvegicus).

This thesis works to establish a literary theory and cultural studies as a theoretical lens with which we can view harmful emerging pop culture phenomena like the so-called alt right. The premise is supposed in three parts, with the first being a simple introduction to the Pepe character and how he is grounded in literary studies through a comparison of Sherlock Holmes and his early fandom. The second part is a survey of the legacy of Jim Crow and I present the evidence that Pepe is very much Crow’s spiritual successor in their shared preoccupation with white anxiety. The third is a discussion of language in which I bridge the use of memes as language with how that language effectively communicates. Ultimately, Pepe the Frog is able to tap into the pop culture collective through a democratizing of language facilitated by digital spaces on the internet, and his proliferation is made readily viral by the racist language he speaks through ala Jim Crow era anxieties.

L'eugénol (2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) phénol), produit dérivé du clou de girofle (Eugenia aromatica), fut tout d’abord utilisé en application topique à des fins d’analgésie dentaire. Il produit également une anesthésie chirurgicale lorsque administré en immersion chez les poissons. L’eugénol agit sur les récepteurs vanilloïdes, sensibles à la chaleur, aux protons et à certaines molécules lipidiques. Ces récepteurs jouent un rôle important dans le mécanisme de l’inflammation et de l’hyperalgésie. L’eugénol pourrait également produire ses effets par antagonisme des récepteurs glutamaergiques (NMDA) et par son activation des récepteurs GABAergiques. Considérant que l’eugénol produit des effets analgésiques et anesthésiques, des études de pharmacocinétique et de pharmacodynamie furent réalisées chez la grenouille (Xenopus laevis), le poisson (Oncorhynchus mykiss) et le rat (Rattus norvegicus). Les résultats démontrent que l’eugénol administré par immersion à une dose efficace permet d’atteindre une anesthésie chirurgicale chez les grenouilles (350 mg/L) et les poissons (75 mg/L). Suite à des analyses plasmatiques par LC/MS/MS, la pharmacocinétique des grenouilles, des poissons et des rats montre que la drogue est éliminée et qu’il pourrait y avoir une recirculation entérohépathique plus importante chez la grenouille et le rat. La longue demi-vie chez le rat suggère aussi une accumulation dans les tissus après des administrations répétées. Suite à l’administration intraveineuse d’une dose de 20 mg/kg chez le rat, l’eugénol induit une anesthésie chirurgicale pour une très courte période de temps variant autour de 167 s. Les résultats de sensibilité thermique confirment l’efficacité de l’eugénol pour réduire l’hyperalgésie induite chez des rats neuropathiques. L’effet pharmacologique de l’eugénol a démontré une augmentation progressive constante de l’analgésie sur une période de cinq jours de traitements journaliers. En conclusion, l’eugénol possède des propriétés analgésiques et anesthésiques chez la grenouille africaine à griffes (Xenopus laevis), le poisson (Oncorhynchus mykiss) et le rat (Rattus norvegicus). / Eugenol (2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) phenol), derived from cloves, was first used as a topical agent for dental analgesia by dentistry practitioners, and subsequently to induce surgical anaesthesia by immersion in fish. Eugenol binds to vanilloid receptors, which are sensitive to heat, protons and certains lipid molecules. These receptors also play an important role in the mechanisms of inflammation, as well as hyperalgesia (Kanai 2005, and Crotright 2004). Eugenol could also produce its effects via its antagonistic interactions with glutamaergiques receptors (NMDA), and agonistic interactions with GABAergic receptors. Considering that eugenol has analgesic and anesthetic effects, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies were performed in frogs (Xenopus laevis), fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and rats (Rattus norvegicus). Results show that a surgical anesthetic dose was observed for frogs (350 mg/L) and fish (75 mg/L) with a eugenol solution. Pharmacokinetics were evaluated following LC/MS/MS plasma analysis of frogs, fish and rats. Results show that eugenol was eliminated in all species and that an enterohepathic recirculation was apparent for frogs and rats. The long half-life in rats suggests an accumulation in tissues following repeated administrations. Following an intravenous administration 20 mg/kg of eugenol, a surgical anesthesia of approximately 167 sec was observed in rats. Hargreave’s test results, evaluating hyperalgesia, show that eugenol reduced pain perception in a rat model of neuropathic pain. This pharmacological effect showed an increasing progression of the analgesia over the 5 days of daily treatments. In conclusion, eugenol has analgesic and anesthetic properties in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis), trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and rats (Rattus norvegicus).

L’eugénol permet d’induire une anesthésie chirurgicale chez la grenouille africaine à griffes (Xenopus laevis) sans causer de lésions chez des grosses grenouilles (90-140g). Le premier objectif de la présente étude était de déterminer la durée de l’anesthésie et d’évaluer la dépression du système nerveux central ainsi que les changements de saturation en oxygène et de fréquence cardiaque chez des petites (7.5 ± 2.1 g) et moyennes (29.2 ± 7.4 g) grenouilles Xenopus laevis en fonction du temps d’exposition à un bain d’eugénol de 350 µL/L. Suite à une immersion de 5 ou 10 minutes, la réponse au test à l’acide acétique, au réflexe de retrait et au réflexe de retournement était absente pendant 1 heure (petites grenouilles) et 0,5 heure (moyennes) et l’anesthésie chirurgicale durait au maximum 15 et 30 minutes chez les petites et moyennes grenouilles respectivement. La saturation en oxygène n’était pas affectée de façon significative, mais la fréquence cardiaque était diminuée jusqu’à 1 heure post-immersion dans les deux groupes. Le deuxième objectif était de déterminer la toxicité de l’eugénol chez des grenouilles de taille moyenne après une ou trois administrations à une dose anesthésique, avec ou sans période de récupération d’une semaine. Histologiquement, il y avait de l’apoptose tubulaire rénale et des membranes hyalines pulmonaires après une administration, et de la nécrose hépatique et des hémorragies dans les tissus adipeux après trois administrations. Ces résultats suggèrent que le poids corporel est un paramètre important à considérer lors de l’anesthésie de grenouilles Xenopus laevis par immersion dans l’eugénol. / Eugenol has been shown to induce surgical anesthesia in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) without causing lesions after a single administration in large frogs (90-140g). The first objective of this study was to determine the duration of anesthesia in small (7.5 ± 2.1 g) and medium (29.2 ± 7.4 g) Xenopus laevis frogs and evaluate CNS depression and changes in oxygen saturation and heart rate relative to exposure time in a eugenol bath (350 µL/L). After immersion for 5 or 10 minutes, no responses to the acetic acid test (AAT), withdrawal reflex, and righting reflex were seen for 1 h (small frogs) or 0.5 h (medium frogs), and small and medium frogs were under surgical anesthesia for a maximum of 15 and 30 minutes respectively. Oxygen saturation was not significantly affected by anesthesia, but heart rate was depressed for as long as 1 hour post-exposure in both groups of frogs. The second objective was to determine the toxicity of eugenol in medium frogs after one or three administrations at anesthetic doses, with or without a 1 week recovery period. Histopathology revealed renal tubular apoptosis and pulmonary hyaline membranes after 1 administration, as well as hepatic necrosis and adipose tissue hemorrhages after 3 administrations. These results suggest that body weight is an important parameter to consider when using a eugenol bath for anesthesia of Xenopus laevis frogs.

No description available.

The thesis consists of two main parts: a theoretical one which includes a separate chapter about the Jizera Mountains as a whole, introducing their geological structure, climate, botanical and zoological species and three public figures connected with the Jizera Mountains. The second part is a practical one. The first chapter which is divided into ten sub-chapters, introduces typical vertebrates, especially those which can be included in education at primary schools and grammar schools. The next chapter mentions nature trails which are later suggested as enriching elements in zoological excursions. These must follow the official paths within the nature conservation area. Certain thought in this thesis is also given to the SPA (Special Protection Area) established to protect the black grouse and the boreal owl. The last but one chapter involves selected centres of ecological education and other organisations organising programmes focused on vertebrates. Then there is classification of primary and secondary education with emphasizing a short survey of which biology textbooks are used at primary schools around Jablonec nad Nisou. Education at secondary schools is supplemented with international researches called PISA and TIMSS serving as a base for the last chapter, which is about enquiry based...

Many polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic. As a result, their effects on aquatic biota and ecosystems are of great concern. Research on PACs in aquatic biota often overlooks the role of amphibians, alkylated PACs, and sediment as an uptake route. In order to study the accumulation and toxicokinetics of PACs following sediment and aqueous exposure, and to compare the bioaccumulation potentials of parent and alkyl PACs, two accumulation-elimination experiments using wood frog tadpoles (Lithobates sylvaticus) of Gosner stage 28-32 were conducted (one evaluating exposure to contaminated sediment and water, and the other to contaminated water alone). A complementary field study was then conducted near Fort McMurray, Alberta to assess PAC body burdens in field-collected amphibian larvae, and to determine whether PAC body burdens are related to exposure to sediment and/or water in the field. The results of our studies showed that PAC concentrations and uptake rates in wood frog tadpoles were highest when they were exposed to PAC-contaminated sediment. Consequently, we determined that the dominant route of exposure of wood frog tadpoles to PACs is sediment rather than water. This finding supports other studies that have shown dietary uptake to be an important route of PAC exposure in other aquatic organisms. In both the laboratory and field study, alkyl PAC concentrations exceeded those of parent PACs in wood frog tadpoles, which also demonstrated petrogenic PAC profiles. Interestingly, parent PACs seemed to have greater bioaccumulation potential than alkyl PACs in the laboratory-exposed wood frog tadpoles (in relation to sediment), possibly due to greater bioavailability or lower metabolism of parent PACs or alternatively, due to a saturation in uptake of alkyl PACs. Nevertheless, only a few compounds, including anthracene, fluoranthene, retene, and C1-benzofluoranthenes/benzopyrenes, were found to have higher bioaccumulation potentials. Lithobates sylvaticus tadpoles seemed to be efficient at eliminating and metabolizing both parent and alkyl PACs. However, the elimination of some compounds, such as C4-naphthalenes, was not as efficient. Furthermore, C3-fluorenes and C2-dibenzothiophenes were isolated as potential markers of amphibian larvae exposure to PAC-contaminated sediment due to their positive correlation with the wetland sediment concentrations. Additional field collections in the Athabasca oil sands are warranted to verify the utility of these markers in the natural environment. Evidently, this thesis highlights the importance of including sediment exposure and alkylated PACs in toxicological and field studies of benthic and epibenthic organisms. The results of this study are the largest, most comprehensive set of toxicokinetic and bioaccumulation information of PACs (52 analytes) in the amphibian larvae Lithobates sylvaticus obtained to date.