Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2018-2019 / La canneberge, petit fruit riche en composés phénoliques dont les anthocyanes et les proanthocyanidines, a de nombreux effets positifs sur la santé humaine. La consommation de jus de canneberge brut est un moyen d’en bénéficier, mais ce produit n’est pas toujours attrayant pour les consommateurs en raison de son manque de palatabilité et des possibles effets secondaires qu’il peut entraîner. Pour limiter ces désagréments, il est possible de désacidifier le jus de canneberge brut et parmi les méthodes actuellement disponibles, l’électrodialyse avec membranes bipolaires est particulièrement prometteuse. Jusqu’à présent les essais de désacidification du jus de canneberge par électrodialyse avec membranes bipolaires ont été réalisés sur des cellules à l’échelle laboratoire et en utilisant une nouvelle solution de récupération des acides organiques d’un essai à l’autre, ce qui limite son application à l’échelle industrielle. Le but de cette étude était, dans une optique d’industrialisation future, de tester le procédé à long terme sur une cellule semi-industrielle et de l’améliorer en réutilisant la solution de récupération d’un essai de désacidification à l’autre. Ainsi, des essais de désacidification du jus de canneberge ont été réalisés pour comptabiliser un total de 95 heures d’utilisation de la cellule semi-industrielle, sans poser de problème majeur au niveau de la résistance globale du système. De plus, le fait de réutiliser la solution de récupération des acides organiques n’a pas eu d’impact sur les caractéristiques physico-chimiques du jus désacidifié, et a permis des gains d’énergie allant jusqu’à 42,9 % après trois réutilisations, en plus de réduire les effluents du procédé. Ainsi, la mise à plus grande échelle et l’amélioration du procédé de désacidification du jus de canneberge par électrodialyse avec membranes bipolaires ont été concluantes et le transfert de la technologie en industrie est la prochaine étape à envisager. / Cranberry, a berry rich in phenolic compounds as anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins, has many beneficial effects on human health. To consume raw cranberry juice is a way to benefit from them, but that product presents a lack of palatability and can cause some side effects. To limit those inconveniences, raw juice can be deacidified and among all methods currently available, electrodialysis with bipolar membranes is very promising. Until now, essays to deacidify cranberry juice by electrodialysis with bipolar membranes were performed on laboratory scale cells using a fresh recovery solution from a deacidification essay to another. The aim of this work was to test the process on a larger scale for a longer period of time and to improve it by reusing the same recovery solution. Deacidification essays were performed in batch for a total of 95 hours on a semi-industrial cell and there was no major impact on the system global resistance. Furthermore, reusing the same recovery solution had no effect on the physicochemical properties of the deacidified juice, and energy savings up to 42.9% were recorded while the amount of waste produced was reduced. These positive results suggest the possibility to transfer the process at larger scale. Therefore, the next logical step for this project would be to scale-up the technology in factories for the industrial production of deacidified cranberry juice.

Vu l'incidence des maladies chroniques, une transition vers une alimentation plus diversifiée intégrant les petits fruits, dont la baie d'aronia, pourrait être bénéfique. Une meilleure connaissance de l'effet préventif de la baie d'aronia sur ces maladies et leurs principaux déterminants est donc requise. Les bénéfices découlant de la consommation des baies de cet arbuste reposent sur leur teneur en polyphénols et l'activité métabolique du microbiote intestinal. Cet examen de la portée s'intéresse au genre Aronia et à ses espèces associées. Il vise à identifier, à partir de la littérature scientifique et grise en santé, les effets préventifs de la baie d'aronia sur la santé cardiométabolique et ses principaux déterminants. Cet examen s'appuie sur le manuel du JBI. Les bases de données exploitées sont : MEDLINE, FSTA, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, CAB Abstracts, WOS, ABI/INFORM global, Academic Search Premier, et ClinicalTrials.gov pour la littérature grise. Les données retenues sont réunies dans deux principaux tableaux synthèses sous forme de cartographie. Des 2 204 articles répertoriés, 318 ont été retenus pour la deuxième sélection (proportion d'accord - 85,76 % et κ - 0,71) ; et 21, finalement. Chez l'animal, les baies d'aronia ont produit un effet favorable sur 40 % des (bio)marqueurs cardiométaboliques mesurés à une moyenne des DMJ de polyphénols et d'anthocyanes de 205,13 et de 46,62 mg/kg de p.c. moyen, respectivement. Chez l'humain, un effet positif a été noté pour 33 % des (bio)marqueurs investigués à une moyenne des DMJ de polyphénols et d'anthocyanes de 15,38 et de 2,37 mg/kg p.c. moyen, respectivement. Dans une perspective de santé publique, les baies d'aronia contribueraient à l'amélioration de l'état de santé de la population, donc à la prévention de certaines maladies cardiométaboliques et à la diminution des inégalités de santé. Cette étude pourrait orienter les futures recherches sur l'aronia dans certaines populations ou différents contextes socioéconomiques. / Given the incidence of chronic diseases, a transition to a more varied diet incorporating berries, including the aronia berry, could be beneficial. A better knowledge of the preventive effect of the aronia berry on these diseases and their main determinants is therefore required. The benefits resulting from the consumption of the berries of this shrub are based on their polyphenol content and the metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiota. This scoping review focuses on the genus Aronia and its associated species. The aim is to identify, from scientific and gray health literature, the preventive effects of the aronia berry on cardiometabolic health and its main determinants. This scoping review is based on the JBI manual. The databases used are: MEDLINE, FSTA, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, CAB Abstracts, WOS, ABI/INFORM global, Academic Search Premier, and ClinicalTrials.gov for gray literature. The data retained are brought together in two main summary tables in the form of a map. From 2,204 articles listed, 318 were retained for the second selection (proportion of agreement - 85.76% and κ - 0.71); and 21, finally. In animals, aronia berries produced a favorable effect on 40% of cardiometabolic (bio)markers measured at an average of mean daily doses (ADD) of polyphenols and anthocyanins of 205.13 and 46.62 mg/kg mean body weight (mbw), respectively. In humans, a positive effect was noted for 33% of the (bio)markers investigated at an average ADD of polyphenols and anthocyanins of 15.38 and 2.37 mg/kg mbw, specifically. From a public health perspective, aronia berries would contribute to improve the state of health of the population, therefore to the prevention of certain cardiometabolic diseases and to the reduction of health inequalities. This study could guide future research on chokeberry in certain populations or different socioeconomic contexts.

Denrées peu visibles dans les circulations marchandes qui sont amorcées dans le vaste espace atlantique dès le XVe siècle, les fruits sont des produits fragiles et mouvants. Les agrumes, les ananas et les bananes sont appréciés des Européens pour leurs vertus gustatives, et lors du « virage atlantique » de l’empire portugais (v. 1550-v. 1650) les circulations de ces fruits sont plus intenses. En s’attachant aux objets – et plus particulièrement des objets qui se transforment constamment – et aux séries de significations qui leur sont attribués quand ils sont échangés et qu’ils circulent, l’approche globale est nécessairement multisituée. Toute tentative d’homogénéisation du phénomène n’en donne qu’une lecture partiale et partielle. L'approche gustative permet de retracer ces multiples facettes des circulations : le goût, comme un univers de correspondances entre les choses et les sensibilités, est d'une part une raison qui explique la circulation précoce des fruits tropicaux dans l'Atlantique. D'autre part c'est un critère à travers lequel les Européens identifient les fruits nouveaux et se les approprient. / As hidden commodities in the circulations that have emerged in the Atlantic world since the fifteenth century, fruits are fragile and unstable products. Citrus fruits, pineapples and bananas are estimated by the Europeans for their gustative virtues, and during the “Atlantic wave” of the Portuguese empire (1550-1650) the circulations of these fruits are more intense. We intend to examine the multiple series of significations given to these mutant objects as they are transported in the Atlantic. Indeed, when they are transported across the different climatic zones that define the Atlantic world, the taste of these fruits changes inevitably. Furthermore, the encounters between the Europeans and the multiple societies of the Atlantic bring to light more uses and more tastes of these fruits. At the endmultiple societies met by the Europeans give multiple pieces of knowledge about these new flavours. So the global approach of fruits has inevitably to be multisituated. Any attempt of homogenization of the phenomenon gives only a partial reading. The gustative approach allows to redraw these multiple facets of circulations.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:26:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Otavia.pdf: 6108896 bytes, checksum: 1bc89117025db99b2526c9dd3935b18e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-09 / This research is a visual-discursive analysis of the characters Tohru, Isuzu, Akito and Ritsu, present in the shojo manga Fruits Basket (1998-2006), by the Japanese author Natsuki Takaya (1973 - ). The main objective is to investigate how the female characters are represented visually and verbally in shojo manga, through the analysis of these four characters. The theoretical support is the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) by Fairclough (2001), Van Dijk (1993, 2008) and Wodak (2000, 2004), the Grammar of Visual Design by Kress and van Leeuwen (1998), Gender Studies by Butler (1998, 2008), Haraway (2004) and de Lauretis (1994), and Japanese pop culture by Gravett (2006), Luyten (1985, 2002, 2005) and Sato (2005, 2007). The research is divided into two chapters: the first chapter consists of the theoretical framework, addressing a bibliographic review of the forementioned areas, and the second chapter contains the methodology and the two parts of the analysis - representation and performance. The study concludes that, despite being a way of disseminating traditional values, the shojo manga presents itself, albeit very lightly, as a subversive space for normative gender relations / Este trabalho constitui uma análise visual-discursiva das personagens Tohru, Isuzu, Akito e Ritsu, presentes no shojo mangá Fruits Basket (1998-2006), da mangaká japonesa Natsuki Takaya (1973 -). O objetivo principal é investigar como são representadas visual e verbalmente as personagens femininas nos mangás shojo, por meio da análise dessas quatro personagens. A fundamentação teórica busca sustentação na Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD) de Fairclough (2001), Van Dijk (1993, 2008) e Wodak (2000, 2004), na Gramática Visual de Kress e van Leeuwen (1998), nos Estudos de Gênero de Butler (1998, 2008), Haraway (2004) e de Lauretis (1994) e na cultura pop japonesa de Gravett (2006), Luyten (1985, 2002, 2005) e Sato (2005, 2007). O trabalho encontra-se dividido em dois capítulos, constituindo o primeiro o referencial teórico, abordando uma revisão bibliográfica dos fundamentos acima citados, e o segundo capítulo contemplando a metodologia e as duas partes da análise representação e performance. O estudo conclui que apesar de serem um meio de disseminar valores tradicionais, os shojo mangás apresentam-se, ainda que de maneira tímida, como um espaço subversivo para as relações normativas de gênero

O amadurecimento é um processo complexo formado por alterações metabólicas, que ocorrem após o fruto atingir a sua maturidade fisiológica. O tomate é um fruto climatérico, usado como modelo para estudo do papel do etileno durante o amadurecimento. A pimenta é um fruto não-climatérico, pertencente à mesma família que o tomate, e por conta disso, pode apresentar similaridades no desenvolvimento de diversos atributos de qualidade durante o amadurecimento, como o aroma. A maioria dos compostos voláteis em frutos deriva dos carboidratos, lipídeos e aminoácidos, sendo a via das lipoxigenases a responsável pela formação de voláteis C6. Devido a sua importância no processo de regulação do amadurecimento em frutos, o etileno possui um papel fundamental para a formação do aroma, no entanto, outros hormônios como o metil jasmonato (MeJA), também possuem um papel importante nesse processo. O presente trabalho visa avaliar os papéis dos hormônios etileno e MeJA na formação dos compostos voláteis do aroma em tomate Grape (Solanum lycopersicum) e pimenta malagueta (Capsicum frutescens) durante o amadurecimento. Os frutos foram tratados com MeJA, Etileno, 1MCP e MeJA+1MCP, com posteriores análises de voláteis e níveis dos transcritos de genes para as enzimas lipoxigenase (LOX), álcool desidrogenase (ADH) e hidroperóxido liase (HPL), que participam da formação dos voláteis derivados da via dos ácidos graxos. Os resultados mostraram que os tratamentos hormonais causaram mudanças claras na composição do aroma de pimenta e tomate, mas muitos desses resultados deixaram evidente a natureza climatérica e não-climatérica desses frutos. Diferentemente do que aconteceu em pimenta, foi possível visualizar uma íntima relação entre MeJA e etileno na formação do aroma em tomate, principalmente nos voláteis derivados da via dos carotenoides. Em tomate, foi possível observar que a expressão dos transcritos dos genes da via dos ácidos graxos, LOX, ADH e HPL, e da via dos carotenoides, CCD1A e CCD1B, foi diminuída pela ação de 1MCP, mesmo quando esteve associado à MeJA. O tratamento com MeJA aumentou voláteis C6 em pimenta e tomate. Particularmente em tomate, essa elevação foi associada ao aumento na expressão de LOXC e HPL, um dia após a aplicação do hormônio. Quando o tomate se tornou completamente maduro, não foram constatadas tantas diferenças em relação aos outros tratamentos, exceto pelo aumento evidente dos compostos derivados da via dos carotenoides, beta-ionona e 6-metil-5-hepten-2-ol. No primeiro dia de tratamento com MeJA em pimenta, verificou-se um aumento evidente nos níveis da maioria dos ésteres, inclusive os hexílicos de cadeia alifática, que são derivados dos voláteis C6 da via dos ácidos graxos. Além disso, também apresentaram aumento evidente, logo no primeiro dia após o tratamento com MeJA, os compostos 2-isobutil-3-metoxipirazina e 3-careno, sendo esses dois últimos os compostos que fornecem a nota aromática mais característica de pimenta. Quando as pimentas amadureceram completamente, constatou-se um aumento estatisticamente significativo, proporcionado por MeJA, nos voláteis C6 (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, 3-hexen-1-ol e hexanal, sendo esse último um dos grandes contribuidores para o aroma desse fruto. / Ripening is a complex process formed by metabolic changes that occur after fruit physiological maturity. Tomato is a climacteric fruit, used as a model to study the role of ethylene during ripening. Pepper is a non-climacteric fruit, belonging to the same family as the tomato, and because of this, may present similarities in the development of several attributes of quality during maturation, such as aroma. Most of volatile compounds in fruits derives from carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids, and lipoxygenases pathway is responsible for C6 volatiles production. Due to its importance in the fruit ripening regulation process, ethylene plays an important role in aroma production; however, other hormones, such as methyl jasmonate (MeJA), also play a significant role during fruit ripening. The present work aims to evaluate the roles of ethylene and MeJA hormones in the formation of aroma compounds in tomato Grape (Solanum lycopersicum) and chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens) during ripening. Fruits were treated with MeJA, Ethylene, 1MCP in MeJA+1MCP, followed by analysis of volatile compounds and levels of gene transcripts for the enzymes lipoxygenase (LOX), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL), which participate of production of volatile compounds derived from the fatty acid pathway. The results showed that hormonal treatments caused changes in pepper and tomato aroma composition, but many of these results made evident the climacteric and non-climacteric nature of these fruits. Unlike what happened in pepper, it was possible to visualize an intimate relationship between MeJA and ethylene under the tomato aroma compounds, mainly in the formation of carotenoid-derived volatiles. In tomato, it was possible to observe that the expression of the fatty acid pathway gene transcripts, LOX, ADH and HPL, and carotenoid pathway, CCD1A and CCD1B, were reduced by 1MCP action, even when it was associated with MeJA. MeJA treatment increased C6 volatiles in pepper and tomato. Particularly in tomato, this elevation was associated with an increase in the LOXC and HPL expression, one day after the hormone treatment. When tomato became fully mature, there were not so many differences compared to the other treatments, except for the evident increase of the carotenoid-derived volatile compounds, beta-ionone and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol. On the first day of treatment with MeJA in pepper, there was a clear increase in the levels of most esters, including the aliphatic chain hexils, which are derived from the C6 volatiles of the fatty acid pathway. In addition, 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine and 3-carene compounds also showed evident increase, the first two days after treatment with MeJA, the latter two being the compounds that provide the most characteristic aromatic note of pepper. When the peppers reach their complete maturation, there was an increase, under MeJA treatment, in the C6 volatiles (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, 3-hexen-1-ol and hexanal, which is one of the most important aroma compounds in peppers.

Os alimentos fornecem não somente nutrientes essenciais necessários para a vida, mas também compostos bioativos com propriedades biológicas ditas promotoras da saúde, tais como atividades antioxidante, antiinflamatória e anticarcinogênica de nutrientes como as vitaminas C, A e E, e de compostos fenólicos como os flavonóides. De maneira geral, a capacidade antioxidante de frutos e hortaliças está relacionada aos teores destes compostos, que impedem a ação dos radicais livres e são o foco de interesse deste trabalho. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar fontes potenciais de compostos bioativos através da determinação dos teores de flavonóides, ácido elágico, vitamina C, capacidade antioxidante e inibição de α-glicosidase e α-amilase de frutas e polpas de frutas nativas. Foram analisadas 16 frutas e 6 polpas congeladas de frutas nativas, e destas, camu-camu, cupuaçu, coquinho azedo e cagaita mostraram-se excelentes fontes de vitamina C. Camu-camu, cambuci, uxi e tucumã e as polpas de cambuci, cagaita, coquinho azedo e araçá foram as amostras que apresentaram melhor capacidade antioxidante. Os flavonóides de maior incidência entre as amostras foram quercetina e caempferol. O ácido elágico foi detectado apenas em umbu, camu-camu, cagaita, araçá e cambuci e o teor variou de 218 a 512 mg/100 g de amostra seca. Cambuci e cagaita foram as amostras mais eficientes em inibir α-glicosidase e α-amilase. Em suma, este trabalho mostrou que as frutas nativas brasileiras também podem ser consideradas boas fontes de compostos bioativos. / Foods provide not only essential nutrients for life, but also bioactive compounds with health-promoting properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypocholesterolemic activities, which have been related with vitamins A, C and E and phenolics compounds such as flavonoids. In general, antioxidant capacity of fruits and vegetables is linked to the amount of these compounds, which are effective against free radicals. Therefore, the aim of this work was to identify potential sources of bioactive compounds through determination of flavonoids, ellagic acid and vitamin C contents, antioxidant capacity and α-lucosidase and α-amylase inhibition by native fruits and commercial frozen pulps. In this study, 16 native fruits and 6 commercial frozen pulps were analyzed, and camu-camu, cupuaçu, coquinho azedo and cagaita showed themselves as excellent vitamin C sources. Camu-camu, cambuci, uxi and tucumã and commercial frozen pulps of cambuci, cagaita, coquinho azedo and araçá were the samples that presented the highest antioxidant capacity. Quercetin and kaempferol derivatives were the main flavonoids present in most of the samples. Ellagic acid was detected only in umbu, camu-camu, cagaita, araçá and cambuci and the content ranged from 218 to 512 mg/100 g (DW). Cambuci and cagaita showed the highest α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity. According to our results, native Brazilian fruits can also be considered as good sources of bioactive compounds.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Plant protection)) --University of Limpopo, 2013. / Studies were initiated to investigate (1) the aggressiveness of the citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb) isolates from two provinces in South Africa (2 experiements ) and (2) the biotype of T. semipenetrans in South Africa. In the aggressive study, isolates from Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces were used on Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) and rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri) seedling rootstocks under greenhouse conditions (18 experiements). Each seedling was inoculated with 0, 10 000, 20 000, 30 000 and 40 000 J2s of T. semipenetrans isolates, which were arranged in a randomised complete block design, with six replications. At 120 days, the reproductive factor of T. semipenetrans isolate from Mpumalanga Province was significantly higher than that from Limpopo Province. Similarly, due to its higher relative impact on the reproductive factor values, the Mpumalanga isolate reduced plant growth variables more than the Limpopo isolate. Consequently, the Mpumalanga isolate was viewed as being more aggressive than the Limpopo isolate, suggesting that there might be genetic variability and/or adaptation in populations from the two locations. A national study, comprising T. semipenetrans isolates from 18 citrus-producing district municipalities in South Africa was then initiated under greenhouse conditions using isolates from each district – for a total of 18 separate experiments. Three differential hosts, viz. rough lemon, P. trifoliata and olive (Olea europaea), served as treatments, arranged in a randomised complete block design, with 15 replications. Initially, an orchard was randomly selected in each of the six citrus-producing provinces, viz. Eastern Cape, KwaZulu Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North West and Western Cape. Three-month old differential host seedlings were inoculated with approximately 10 000 J2s of T. semipenetrans and allowed to establish and grow under greenhouse conditions. At 120 days, penetration indices and standardised reproductive potentials/g roots demonstrated that T. semipenetrans failed to reproduce and develop on olive, but reproduced and developed on the other two hosts. Using T. semipenetrans biotype classification system, findings suggested that the biotype in citrus-producing district municipalities was Poncirus biotype. This biotype reproduces on P. trifoliata and hybrid rootstocks, which therefore, suggested that trifoliate orange and its hybrid rootstocks were not suitable for use in managing population nematode densities of T. semipenetrans in South Africa. In conclusion, results of this study demonstrated that the South African T. semipenetrans biotype was Poncirus, which suggested different management decisions and strategies for the citrus industry with regard to the management of this nematode. / By National Research Foundation, National Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and the Land Bank Chair of Agriculture − University of Limpopo,

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:28:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 costa_mp_me_arafcf.pdf: 1334435 bytes, checksum: a6810c10bd79167dae53bd49da948c46 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / pesquisa de produtos naturais é uma fonte importante de informações para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos que tenham ação em diferentes processos oxidativos teciduais. Estudou-se o potencial antioxidante das frutas exóticas e tropicais araçá, atemóia, bunchósia, cajá-manga, canistel, carissa, falsomangostão, jambo-vermelho, jatobá, jenipapo, jujuba, mangostão, massala, pitaya. Buscou-se a interação das amostras com as espécies reativas de oxigênio sob ensaios modelos. Todas as amostras foram eficientes com as espécies estudadas como ABTS, DPPH, HOCl, H2O2, O2 • - , determinação de fenóis, flavonóides; mostrou-se ainda que as amostras tiveram um potencial favorável com relação a células, no caso, eritrócitos quando em presença de radicais livres e outras espécies reativas. Na pesquisa da ação de frutas e outros produtos naturais em processos oxidativos modelo deve-se buscar possíveis efeitos protetores e agressores aos sistemas biológicos / The search for natural products is an important source of information for the development of new drugs that have action in different tissue oxidative processes. Studied the antioxidant potential of fruit and exotic tropical guava, atemoya Bunchosia, caja-manga, Pouteria campechiana, Carissa, false mangosteen, wax jambu, jatoba, jenipapo, jujube, mangosteen, masala, pitaya. We attempted to sample the interaction with the reactive oxygen species under test models. All samples were efficient in the studied species such as ABTS, DPPH, HOCl, H2O2, O2 • -, determination of phenols, flavonoids, showed also that the samples had a positive potential with respect to cells, in this case, when in erythrocytes presence of free radicals and other reactive species. In search of action of fruits and other natural products in oxidation processes model should seek protective effects and possible attackers to biological systems

En raison de sa richesse en ressources génétiques, et des utilisations traditionnelles locales qui en sont faites, la biodiversité végétale issue du bassin amazonien constitue une véritable source de principes actifs à valoriser. L’espèce Euterpe oleracea Mart., vernaculairement appelée baie d’açai, qui connaît un intérêt scientifique important, est le parfait exemple de ressources naturelles bioactives valorisées issues de cette zone géographique. Les études scientifiques lui confèrent de très nombreuses propriétés biologiques, mais, la plus connue et la plus médiatisée est sa capacité antioxydante liée majoritairement à sa composition polyphénolique. En Guyane française, on peut parler de « diversité » au sein de la famille des Palmiers puisque plus de 75 espèces y ont été recensées. Parmi lesquelles, on peut citer une espèce très commune ayant des propriétés surtout alimentaires, et dont la connaissance phytochimique reste, à l’heure actuelle, très limitée : l’Oenocarpus bataua Mart dit patawa. Ce sujet de thèse de doctorat s’articule autour de la mesure de l’activité antioxydante du fruit mûr de ce palmier, et de la détermination des polyphénols responsables de cette dernière. La singularité de ce travail réside dans l’étude des différentes composantes tissulaires du fruit : mésocarpe, épicarpe et mélange épicarpe/mésocarpe (MEM). Dans un premier temps, les conditions les plus favorables d’extraction de biomolécules (notamment de l’épicarpe et du mésocarpe) ont été définies à l’aide du test DPPH. Les tests préliminaires effectués sur les tissus pris séparément, ont conduit à sélectionner un mélange acétone/eau (70/30, v/v) pour révéler, au mieux, la capacité antioxydante de chaque partie du fruit. Une étape de délipidation initiale s’est avérée nécessaire dans le cas de l’étude du mésocarpe. La confirmation de l’activité antioxydante a été réalisée au moyen d’autres tests d’activité chimique (TEAC, FRAP, ORAC), et a été complétée par l’utilisation d’un test d’activité biologique (KRL) en raison de ses mécanismes réactionnels plus complets. Il en ressort que le tissu végétal le plus antioxydant est le mésocarpe qui contient des proanthocyanidines, famille de composés phénoliques connue pour ses nombreuses activités biologiques.Le même travail a été effectué sur les tissus regroupés (fruit global ou MEM). Ainsi, a été retenue l’utilisation du solvant mixte acétone/eau sans étape de délipidation initiale. La capacité antioxydante du fruit étudié a été comparée à celle de l’açai, espèce choisie comme référence. Il s’avère que les extraits d’açai ont une activité antioxydante très supérieure à celle du patawa lorsqu’ils sont testés vis-à-vis de l’ORAC et du KRL. Le tissu mésocarpe a, lui, démontré une capacité antioxydante supérieure à celle de l’açai. Ces résultats sont à associer avec la composition phytochimique propre à chaque fruit. La composition polyphénolique du fruit de patawa, déterminée par UPLC/MSn, supposerait la présence d’anthocyanes, de tanins condensés, de stilbènes et d’acides phénoliques. Ces travaux, qui méritent d’être approfondis, en particulier pour le mésocarpe, ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives d’utilisation du fruit patawa, en particulier l’incorporation de composés phénoliques issus du mésocarpe dans des formulations galéniques ayant attrait aux domaines de la Nutrition, de la Cosmétique et de la Pharmaceutique. / Due to its wealth in genetic resources, and to traditional uses, plant biodiversity issued from the Amazonian Basin is a real source of active process to valorize. The specie Euterpeoleracea Mart., usually called acai berry, which is experiencing a huge scientific interest, is the perfect example of valued natural bioactive resources from the geographic area. Scientific studies give it many biological properties, but the most known is its antioxidant property mainly due to its polyphenolic composition. In French Guiana, we can use the term “diversity” within the palm family with more than 75 species identified. Among them is a common species, Oenocarpus bataua Mart., called “Patawa”, mainly with alimentary properties but for which knowledge of phytochemical properties is until now very poor. The present research deals with determining the antioxidant activity of this palm fruit and with the identification of the polyphenols responsible for it.The uniqueness of this work lays in the study of the different tissue components of this fruit namely the mesocarp, the epicarp and mixing epicarp / mesocarp (MEM). In a first time, the most favorable extraction conditions of biomolecules (particularly of the epicarp and mesocarp) were defined using the DPPH test. The preliminary tests performed on those tissues taken separately, have led to select an acetone / water (70/30, v / v) to reveal, at best, the antioxidant capacity of each part of the fruit. An initial defatting step was necessary in the case of the study of the mesocarp. The confirmation of the antioxidant activity was carried out by other tests of chemical activity (TEAC, FRAP, ORAC), and was supplemented by the use of a bioassay (KRL) due to its more complete reaction mechanisms. Results point out that the most antioxidant tissue is the mesocarp that contains proanthocyanidins, phenolics of a chemical family known for its numerous biological activities.The same work was performed on tissues combined (overall result). The mixed solvent acetone / water, without initial defatting step, has been selected. The antioxidant capacity of fruit was compared to that of the Acai specie chosen as a reference. It turns out that acai extracts have antioxidant activity much greater than that of Patawa when tested vis-à-vis of ORAC and KRL. In contrary, mesocarp tissue has a greater antioxidant capacity than that of Acai. These results can be associated with the phytochemical composition of each fruit. The polyphenolic composition of the fruit of Patawa determined by UPLC / MSn, reflects the presence of anthocyanins, condensed tannins, stilbene and phenolic acids. This work, which deserves to be deepened, especially for the mesocarp tissue, opens new prospects for the use of Patawa fruit, especially the incorporation of phenolic compounds from the mesocarp in pharmaceutical formulations linked to the fields of Nutrition, of Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals.

La pathologie de l'obésité est définie comme un excès de masse grasse corporelle pouvant nuire à la santé. Elle constitue un véritable problème de santé publique dans de nombreux pays et à La Réunion. Dans l'organisme, c'est au niveau du tissu adipeux que le stockage de gras se localise, plus précisément dans les cellules adipeuses (adipocytes) provenant elles-mêmes de la maturation de cellules précurseurs appelées préadipocytes. Chez le sujet obèse, le tissu adipeux stockant un excès de gras est le siège d'un stress oxydatif et d'une inflammation chronique qui concourent à la résistance à l'insuline et au développement du diabète et de ses complications vasculaires. De nombreuses études montrent les propriétés antioxydantes et anti-inflammatoires des produits végétaux riches en polyphénols et soulignent leur intérêt dans le cadre de stratégies innovantes vis-à-vis de l'obésité et de ses complications. La Réunion présente une multitude de ressources végétales comme les fruits tropicaux et de nombreuses plantes à parfums, aromatiques et médicinales qui exerceraient des effets bénéfiques pour la santé. Toutefois, il manque encore des données scientifiques pour les valider. L'objectif du travail de thèse était d'évaluer l'impact d'extraits riches en polyphénols antioxydants issus du curcuma et de fruits tropicaux de La Réunion sur la réponse métabolique et inflammatoire de la cellule adipeuse, en situation de stress oxydatif dans le contexte de la pathologie de l'obésité. Pour ce faire, le curcuma et neuf fruits tropicaux de La Réunion, à savoir l'ananas Victoria, la banane (grosse et petite variétés), le fruit de la passion, le letchi, la mangue (Américaine et José) et la papaye (Solo et Colombo) ont été sélectionnés. Nos résultats ont mis en évidence une variabilité du profil glucidique et des teneurs en micronutriments de type vitamine C, caroténoïdes et polyphénols. Pour la plupart des extraits végétaux étudiés, les polyphénols représentaient les antioxydants les plus abondants et leur présence a conféré aux extraits végétaux diverses propriétés biologiques. Celles-ci ont été explorées sur le modèle in vitro de cellules adipeuses 3T3-L1 exposées aux extraits végétaux riches en polyphénols, en situation de stress oxydatif induit par l'agent H2O2 ou des acides gras de type acides linoléique et arachidonique. Nos résultats ont mis en évidence les propriétés antioxydantes et anti-inflammatoires des extraits végétaux, ainsi que leur capacité à améliorer la réponse à l'insuline des cellules en terme d'accumulation de gras. De plus, tous les extraits végétaux ont exercé un effet protecteur contre la sur-production de molécules pro-inflammatoires induites en situation de stress oxydatif. Plusieurs cibles moléculaires ont été identifiées, dont les enzymes antioxydantes superoxyde dismutase et catalase, les facteurs de transcription PPAR-γ et NF-κB, ainsi que les adipokines de type adiponectine, IL-6, TNF-α et MCP-1. En conclusion, ce travail de thèse a permis de mettre en évidence le potentiel bioactif d'extraits riches en polyphénols issus du curcuma et des fruits tropicaux sur la réponse métabolique et inflammatoire de la cellule adipeuse, en situation de stress oxydatif dans le contexte de la pathologie de l'obésité. L'utilisation des modèles expérimentaux développés au cours de ce travail de thèse permettra de poursuivre l'exploration des voies moléculaires impliquées et d'identifier de possibles cibles thérapeutiques. / Obesity is defined as an excessive fat accumulation and has been related to several major complications such as type 2 diabetes and vascular disorders. In obese patients, adipose cells responsible for fat storage are the targets of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation which contribute to insulin resistance and the onset of diabetes. Here, our objective was to evaluate the impact of polyphenol-rich extracts from Curcuma longa spice and tropical fruits from Reunion Island in France on the metabolic and inflammatory response of adipose cells exposed to oxidative stress mediated by H2O2 or free fatty acids comprising both linoleic and arachidonic acids. Our data led to demonstrate the abundance of polyphenols from Curcuma longa spice and the tropical fruits selected, and their free radical-scavenging capacities. Polyphenol-rich plant extracts were also able to protect 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipocytes against oxidative stress, by regulating the production of reactive oxygen species and major adipocytokines, antioxidant enzymes and transcriptional factors involved in the metabolic and inflammatory response of the adipose tissue. Further work needs to be developed on animal models and then in obese subjects to identify and validate new therapeutic targets.