Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this study, a new modulator that is simple, robust and presents low operation costs was developed. This modulator uses compressed air to cool two small portions of the second chromatographic column of a GC×GC system. To evaluate the modulation process, solutions of alkanes C7 to C29, and pesticides (bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, esfenvalerate, fenitrotion, fipronil, trifloxystrobin and trifluralin) were analyzed by GC×GC-FID. The results showed small variations of the peaks areas, between 0.67 and 2.80% for alkanes and between 0.24 and 5.34% for pesticides. The standard deviation (SD) for the retention time in the first column (1tR) was around 0.05 min, for alkanes and pesticides. For retention times in the second column (2tR), the SD was 0.04 s for the majority of the compounds, except for cyfluthrin and permethrin (0.08 s). The linear range was between 0.1 and 5.0 mg L-1 with a coefficient of determination (r2) greater than 0.9945 for pesticides analyzed by GC×GC-FID. The GC×GC system proposed was applied in the determination of pyrethroid pesticides (bifenthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate and esfenvalerate and permethrin cis and trans) in grape samples Italy cultivar spiked at 3 levels (0.02, 0.05 and 0.5 mg kg- 1). Samples were extracted by the mini-Luke modified method (acetone method) and pesticides were quantified by GC×GC-μECD. The parameters evaluated in the validation of the method were: analytical curve, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision (in terms of repetitivity and intermediate precision) and accuracy (recovery), as well as the matrix effect on the chromatographic response. All analytical curves showed a linear range between 0.02 and 0.5 mg L-1 with r2 greater than 0.9956 and 0.9994 for the curves prepared in solvent (ethyl acetate) and matrix extract (grape), respectively. From the results obtained by calculation of the matrix effect percentage it can be concluded that the pyrethroid pesticides showed a considerable negative matrix effect. The values of method LOQ were 0.01 to 0.02 mg kg-1 for all pyrethroids. The values of recovery for the 3 spiked levels were between 94.3 and 115.2%, with good precision (RSD<18.4%), demonstrating that the performance of the mini-Luke modified method employed for the extractions is satisfactory. This study also showed that the GC×GC-μECD system using a modulator with a double jet of compressed air has potential for application in the analysis of pyrethroid pesticide residues in grapes, since it supplies low values of LOD and LOQ, and good accuracy in the analytical response. / Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um novo modulador, simples, robusto e de baixo custo de operação. Este modulador utiliza ar comprimido para resfriar duas pequenas porções da segunda coluna cromatográfica de um sistema GC×GC. Para avaliar o processo de modulação utilizaram-se soluções de alcanos C7 a C29 e pesticidas (bifentrina, ciflutrina, cipermetrina, esfenvalerato, fenitrotiona, fipronil, trifloxistrobina e trifluralina) e análise por GC×GC-FID. Os resultados mostraram pequenas variações das áreas dos picos, entre 0,67 e 2,80% para alcanos e entre 0,24 e 5,34% para pesticidas. O desvio padrão (SD) para o tempo de retenção na primeira coluna (1tR) de alcanos e pesticidas foi em torno de 0,05 min. Para o tempo de retenção na segunda coluna (2tR), o SD foi de 0,04 s para a maioria dos compostos, exceto para ciflutrina e permetrina (0,08 s). A faixa linear situou-se entre 0,1 e 5,0 mg L-1 com coeficiente de determinação (r2) maior que 0,9945 para os pesticidas analisados por GC×GC-FID. O sistema GC×GC proposto foi aplicado na determinação de pesticidas piretróides (bifentrina, cipermetrina, deltametrina, fenvalerato e esfenvalerato, e permetrina cis e trans) em amostras de uva cultivar Itália fortificadas em 3 níveis (0,02; 0,05 e 0,5 mg kg-1). As amostras foram extraídas pelo método de mini-Luke modificado (método da acetona) e os pesticidas quantificados por GC×GC-μECD. Os parâmetros avaliados de validação do método foram: curva analítica, linearidade, limite de detecção (LOD), limite de quantificação (LOQ), precisão (em termos de repetitividade e precisão intermediária) e exatidão (recuperação), bem como o efeito matriz na resposta cromatográfica. Todas as curvas analíticas apresentaram faixa linear entre 0,02 e 0,5 mg L-1 com valores de r2 maiores que 0,9956 e 0,9994 para as curvas preparadas em solvente (acetato de etila) e extrato da matriz (uva), respectivamente. A partir dos resultados obtidos através do cálculo do efeito matriz percentual concluiu-se que os pesticidas piretróides avaliados apresentaram considerável efeito matriz negativo. Os valores de LOQ do método foram de 0,01 a 0,02 mg kg-1 para todos os piretróides. A recuperação para os 3 níveis de fortificação ficou entre 94,3 e 115,2%, com boa precisão (RSD<18,4%), o que mostrou que o desempenho do método mini-Luke modificado empregado para as extrações é satisfatório. Este estudo mostrou também, que o sistema GC×GC-μECD com modulador de duplo jato de ar comprimido tem potencial para aplicação nas análises de resíduos de pesticidas piretróides em uva, uma vez que fornece baixos valores de LOD e LOQ, e boa precisão da resposta analítica.

Orientador: Glaúcia Maria Pastore / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadua de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T10:58:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Malta_LucianaGomes_D.pdf: 3416128 bytes, checksum: dec89a08c54c6d1964d67b3fdcd3b259 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A ingestão de muitas frutas convencionais, exóticas e nativas está associada com a redução do risco de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e até mesmo o câncer. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como proposta estudar atividades biológicas bem como identificar e quantificar os compostos fenólicos das frutas do Cerrado brasileiro, Guapeva (Pouteria cf. guardneriana Radlk.), Murici (Byrsonima verbascifolia Rich.) e Gabiroba (Compomanesia cambessedeana O. Berg.). Além dos compostos fenólicos, foram investigadas as atividades antioxidante, antiinflamatória, antimutagência, antigenotóxica, antiproliferativa e citotóxica. Os compostos fenólicos foram extraídos com etanol 95% e com água. Os fenólicos lipofílicos foram extraídos, a partir da fruta, com hexano. A quantificação dos compostos fenólicos foi realizada e os extratos etanólicos apresentaram melhores resultados quando comparados com os aquosos. O extrato etanólico da Gabiroba concentração de fenólicos de 4610,46 mg Ácido Gálico/100g fruta fresca, sendo superior a todos os outros extratos. Também foi realizada a quantificação dos flavonóides totais, mas apenas para os extratos etanólicos, e a semente da Guapeva apresentou o resultado mais relevante, no valor de 2915,62 mg Catequina/100g fruta fresca. Os extratos do Cerrados foram avaliados quanto a capacidade antioxidante in vitro através dos métodos 2,2- Diphenyl ¿ 1- picrylhydrazil (DPPH), Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC), Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) e Peroxyl Radical cavenging Capacity (PSC). Os resultados do teste DPPH foram expostos de duas formas diferentes, como equivalentes de Trolox onde o extrato etanólico da casca da Guapeva destacou-se por apresentar maior potencial antioxidante nos 3 tempos analisados (30, 60 e 90 minutos) e também como IC50, onde o extrato etanólico da Gabiroba apresentou melhor resultado no valor de 11,10 µg/mL de fruta fresca. Para o teste TEAC os extratos etanólicos da casca da Guapeva e a Gabiroba apresentaram maior potencial antioxidante, com resultados de 1543,53 e 1014,25 µM Trolox Equivalentes/100g fruta fresca, respectivamente. Já para os ensaios ORAC e PSC o extrato etanólico da Gabiroba apresentou maior atividade, com resultados de 43780,00 µM TE/100g de fruta e 2342,52 µM Vitamina C/100 g fruta fresca, respectivamente. A identificação e quantificação dos compostos fenólicos presentes nos extratos foram realizadas por Cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Foram identificados Ácido ferrúlico, Resveratrol, Etil galato, Catequina, Propil galato e Epicatequina. Ratos foram tratados com os extratos de frutas e o plasma foi coletado 30, 60 e 90 minutos após a gavagem para análise pelos métodos ORAC, TEAC e fenóis totais. O extrato de casca da Guapeva apresentou maior concentração de fenóis totais após trinta minutos da ingestão e o Murici após 1 hora. Através da análise TEAC, todos os extratos apresentaram maior atividade antioxidante no tempo de 30 minutos quando comparado com os demais tempos. No ensaio ORAC todos os extratos apresentaram maior potencial nos períodos de 30 e 60 minutos. A identificação dos compostos fenólicos no plasma foi determinada por Espectrometria de Massas, sendo que apenas a Catequina foi identificada no grupo que foi tratado com Gabiroba. O potencial antimutagênico/mutagênico foi determinado pelo teste in vivo de Micronúcleos. Todos os extratos mostraram-se antimutagênicos e não mutagênicos. O extrato com maior efeito protetor contra a droga Ciclofosfamida foi o Murici 400 mg extrato/kg P.C. com efeito redutor de 97,71%. A avaliação do efeito antiinflamatório foi realizada pelo teste de Edema de pata, induzido por Carragenina e todos os extratos apresentaram ação antiinflamatória. Também verificou-se que a partir da segunda hora após a injeção da Carragenina, o efeito antiinflamatório apresentado por todos extratos, aumentou. O efeito antigenotóxico foi avaliado pelo ensaio Cometa in vivo. Todos os extratos avaliados não danificaram o DNA e os que apresentaram maior proteção contra dano/lesão no DNA foram a polpa, casca e semente da Guapeva na concentração de 200 mg extrato/kg P.C. e o Murici na concentração de 400 mg extrato/kg P.C. Oito linhagens tumorais humanas foram utilizadas na determinação do potencial antiproliferativo, apenas a Guapeva casca, polpa e o Murici apresentaram início de efeito citostático. A atividade citotóxica e antiproliferativa foi avaliada em hepatocarcinoma humano (HepG2), a semente da fruta Guapeva apresentou citotoxicidade, e a casca e polpa da fruta Guapeva, assim como a Gabiroba se destacaram no potencial antiproliferativo com valores de 11,75; 12,57 e 8,35 mg/mL. O potencial antioxidante celular foi avaliado e a casca da fruta Guapeva apresentou maior atividade, no valor de 99,91 µmol Quercetina/100g fruta de fresca. De acordo com nosso conhecimento, este foi o estudo mais aprofundado sobre as propriedades biológicas das frutas do Cerrado, e que possivelmente possibilitará a utilização destes como alimento funcional / Abstract: There is an association between the conventional intake of many fruits (exotic native species) with reduced risk of chronic diseases and even cancer. In this context, this work aims to study the biological activities, identify and quantify the phenolic compounds of Cerrado's fruits, the Guapeva (Pouteria cf. Guardneriana Radlk), Murici (verbascifolia Byrsonima Rich) and Gabiroba (Compomanesia cambessedeana O. Berg). In addition, we investigated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antigenotoxic, antiproliferative and cytotoxic properties of these fruits. Phenolic compounds were extracted with 95% ethanol and water. The lipophilic phenolics were extracted from the fruit with hexane. The quantification of phenolic compounds was performed and the ethanol extracts presented better results when compared with aqueous extracts. The Gabiroba extract showed the total phenolic concentration of 4610.46 mg Gallic acid/100g fresh fruit, higher than all other analyzed extracts. Total flavonoids were also quantified, but only the ethanol extracts were used. The seed of the Guapeva presented the most relevant results, amounting to 2915.62 mg Catechin /100g fresh fruit. The Cerrado's extracts were evaluated for antioxidant capacity in vitro using the methods 2,2- Diphenyl ¿ 1- picrylhydrazil (DPPH), Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC), Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) e Peroxyl Radical cavenging Capacity (PSC). The DPPH test results were presented in two different ways, one as Trolox equivalents, in which the ethanol extract of the peel of the Guapeva resulted in the highest antioxidant potential for the three analyzed times (30, 60 and 90 minutes) and the other way as EC50, in which it was observed that the ethanol extract of Gabiroba had the best result with a value of 11.10 µg/mL of fresh fruit. From the TEAC test, ethanol extracts of the peel of Guapeva and Gabiroba showed higher antioxidant potential, the results were 1543.53 and 1014.25 uM Trolox Equivalents/100g of fresh fruit, respectively. For the ORAC and PSC tests, the ethanol extract of the Gabiroba presented the highest activity, with results of 43,780.00 µM TE/100g of fresh fruit and 2342.52 µM Vitamin C/100g of fresh fruit, respectively. The identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in the extracts were performed by high performance liquid chromatography. The following standards were identified: Ferrulic acid, resveratrol, ethyl gallate, catechin, Propyl gallate, and epicatechin. Rats were treated with the extract of fruits and plasma was collected 30, 60 and 90 min after gavage for analysis by the methods ORAC, TEAC and Total phenolics. The peel of the Guapeva extract showed the highest concentration of phenolics thirty minutes after treatment and the Murici presented the highest concentration after 1 hour of ingestion. For the TEAC test, all extracts showed higher antioxidant activity at 30 minutes compared to the other analyzed periods. For the ORAC assay, all the extracts had the greatest potential in periods between 30 and 60 minutes. The identification of phenolic compounds in plasma was determined by mass spectrometry, and only the Catechin was identified in the group of animals that received the Gabiroba extract. The antimutagenic / mutagenic test was determined by in vivo micronucleus test. None of the extracts show mutagenic properties. The extract with the greatest protective effect against Cyclophosphamide drug was the Murici at 400 mg extract / kg body weight, presenting reduction effect of 97.71%. The evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect was accomplished by testing the paw edema induced by the Carrageenan drug and it was observed that all extracts showed anti-inflammatory properties. It was also found that from the second hour after injection of Carrageenan, all extracts presented an increase of anti-inflammatory effects. The antigenotoxic effect was evaluated by Comet assay in vivo. All the extracts evaluated did not induce DNA damage, the extracts that provided greater protection against DNA damage were the pulp, peel and seed of Guapeva at 200 mg extract/kg body weight and Murici at 400 mg extract/kg body. Eight human tumor cell lines were used to determine the potential antiproliferative effects of the fruits, however just the peel, pulp of Guapeva and Murici showed cytostatic effects. The antiproliferative and cytotoxicity activities were evaluated in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2). The seeds of Guapeva presented cytotoxicity, and the peel and pulp of Guapeva, and Gabiroba showed the highest antiproliferative potential with values of 11.75, 12.57 and 8.35 mg/mL, respectively. The cellular antioxidant potential was tested and the peel of the Guapeva showed the highest activity, amounting to 99.91 µmol Quercetin/100g fresh fruit. This study furthers the investigation of the biological properties of the fruits of the Cerrado, and possibly allow the use of these as functional food / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Orientadores: Glaucia Maria Pastore, Luciana Gomes Malta / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T06:04:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pavan_Veronica_M.pdf: 1806354 bytes, checksum: 1b5d278303881581f3b4c456b216d4a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Compostos com atividade antioxidante provenientes de frutas que estão envolvidos na prevenção de várias doenças degenerativas foram investigados em diversos estudos. Para melhorar o conhecimento do processo de absorção desses compostos com atividade antioxidante (AA), este estudo avaliou a AA de extratos de Artocarpus heterophillus (jaca) e Annona marcgravii (araticum) brutos, digerido gástrico, digerido intestinal e fermentação colônica, in vitro. Os compostos fenólicos foram avaliados a partir da quantificação de fenóis totais (FT), flavonoides totais (FLT), seguida da AA, medida por métodos como Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) e Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Um importante fator que tem chamado atenção desta classe de compostos são os fenólicos que estão ligados a diferentes moléculas, como carboidratos, aminoácidos, dentre outros, que pelo seu peso molecular, tipo de ligação podem ser absorvidos ou mesmo metabolizados em diferentes regiões no sistema gastrintestinal. No extrato de araticum foi observada uma redução em FT após a digestão gástrica e subsequente aumento após a digestão intestinal, seguida de redução após a fermentação. Redução e aumento em FLT foram observados no extrato de jaca. A AA apresentou diferentes resultados para os métodos utilizados. Observou-se um aumento em TEAC para o extrato de jaca após o processo de digestão intestinal, diferente do extrato de araticum que apresentou aumento após a digestão gástrica e redução após a fermentação. Na avaliação pelo método ORAC observou-se um aumento do potencial no extrato de jaca após sofrer o processo de fermentação colônica. O extrato de araticum apresentou diferente comportamento quando comparado ao extrato de jaca, mostrando queda sucessiva na AA quando digerido e também após ser fermentado. Os carboidratos apresentaram um perfil interessante, no qual desvia do padrão estabelecido pela literatura mostrando uma redução após a digestão gástrica / Abstract: Compounds with antioxidant activity from fruits that are involved in the prevention of several degenerative diseases were investigated in several studies. To improve the knowledge of the process of absorption of these compounds with antioxidant activity (AA), this study evaluated the crude extracts of the Artocarpus heterophillus (jackfruit) and Annona marcgravii (araticum), gastric and intestinal digested and colonic fermentation in vitro. Phenolic compounds were evaluated from the quantification of total phenols (FT), total flavonoids (FLT), followed by AA, measured by method such as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). An important factor which has been highlighted to this class of phenolic compounds are the phenolics which are attached to various molecules such as carbohydrates, amino acids, among others, that at molecular weight, type of linkage can be absorbed or metabolized in different regions of the gastrointestinal system. In the araticum extract was observed a decrease in FT after gastric digestion and afterwards an increase after intestinal digestion, followed by reduction after the fermentation. Reduction and increase in FLT were observed in jackfruit extract. The AA showed different results for the method used. There was an increase in TEAC for jackfruit extract after the process of intestinal digestion, unlike araticum extract which increased after gastric digestion and reduction after the fermentation. In assessing the ORAC method there was an increased in the potential of the jackfruit extract after suffering the colonic fermentation process. The araticum extract showed different behavior compared to jackfruit extract, showing successive reduction in AA when it was digested and also after being fermented. Carbohydrates showed an interesting profile, which deviates from the standard established in the literature showing a reduction after gastric digestion / Mestrado / Ciência de Alimentos / Mestra em Ciência de Alimentos

Orientador: Glaucia Maria Pastore / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T06:59:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arruda_HenriqueSilvano_M.pdf: 2437126 bytes, checksum: 9776995b146a9a85c66a8622faee620c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Por apresentar basicamente fórmulas, o Resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The complete Abstract is available with the full electronic document / Mestrado / Ciência de Alimentos / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Algumas frutas nativas brasileiras podem ser consideradas excelentes fontes de compostos bioativos de natureza fenólica. Destacamos, dentre elas, o cambuci, o araçá, o camu-camu, a cagaita, algumas espécies de maracujá silvestres e a jabuticaba. Alguns destes compostos são capazes de inibir as enzimas do metabolismo de carboidratos in vitro. A inibição das enzimas &#945;-amilase e &#945;-glicosidase retardam e prolonga o tempo de digestão de carboidratos reduzindo, assim, a proporção e a velocidade de glicose absorvida e, consequentemente, o aumento brusco de glicose pós-prandial no plasma. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o efeito de sucos clarificados de frutas nativas brasileiras sobre a glicemia pós-prandial em seres humanos, após consumo de uma unidade de pão branco (Tipo pão francês com aproximadamente 55 g), e estudar o efeito dos compostos fenólicos purificados a partir dos sucos sobre as enzimas &#945;-amilase e &#945;-glicosidase in vitro. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que todos os sucos clarificados, excetuando-se o de maracujá-alho (Passiflora tenuifila Killip), tiveram efeito positivo sobre a glicemia pós-prandial, causando redução da quantidade total de glicose absorvida (cambuci (campomanesia phae O.Berg.), cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica DC), camu-camu (Myciaria dúbia Mc Vaugh) e araçá (Psidium guineensis Sw)), aumento no tempo para atingir a concentração sanguínea máxima de glicose (camu-camu e cambuci), diminuição na velocidade de incremento da glicose (cambuci, cagaita, camu-camu, araçá e jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora Berg)) e diminuição do incremento percentual da glicose (todos os sucos exceto o de maracujá-alho). O consumo dos sucos causou ainda aumento da capacidade antioxidante do plasma. Os compostos fenólicos purificados a partir dos sucos testados foram capazes de inibir a atividade das enzimas &#945;-amilase e &#945;-glicosidase in vitro, sendo que, excetuando-se o suco de jabuticaba, todos foram mais eficientes que a acarbose na inibição da &#945;-glicosidase / Some native Brazilian fruit can be considered excellent sources of bioactive compounds of phenolic nature. Featuring, among them, the cambuci, the araça, camu-camu, the cagaita, some species of wild passion and jabuticaba. Some of these compounds are able of inhibiting the enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in vitro. Inhibition of the enzymes &#945;-amylase and &#945;-glycosidase slow and prolongs the digestion of carbohydrates, thus reducing the rate and velocity of glucose absorbed and therefore the sudden increase of postprandial glucose in plasma. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of fruit juices clarified Brazilian native on postprandial glycemia in humans following consumption of a unit of white bread (French bread type with approximately 55 g), and study the effect of phenolic compounds purified from the juices of the enzymes &#945;-amylase and &#945;-glucosidase in vitro. The results showed that all juices clarified, except the passion fruit garlic (Passiflora tenuifila Killip), had a positive effect on postprandial glycemia, causing reduction in the total amount of glucose absorbed (cambuci (Campomanesia phae O.Berg .), cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica DC), camu-camu (Myciaria dubious Mc Vaughn) and araça (Psidium guineensis Sw)), increase in the time to reach maximum blood concentration of glucose (camu-camu and cambuci), decrease in speed of glucose increment (cambuci, cagaita, camu-camu, araça and jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora Berg)) and decreased percentage increase in glucose (all except the passion garlic fruit juices). The consumption of juice also caused an increase in plasma antioxidant capacity. Phenolic compounds purified from the juices tested were able to inhibit the activity of enzymes &#945;-amylase and &#945;-glycosidase in vitro, and, except for the juice jabuticaba, all were more efficient than acarbose in inhibiting &#945;- glycosidase

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver diferentes formulações de doces cremosos com baixo teor de sólidos solúveis, buscando novos produtos que atendam às necessidades das pessoas em dietas de restrição de açúcares, com as mesmas características sensoriais dos doces cremosos com teor elevado de sólidos solúveis. Analisou-se a vida útil destes produtos por monitoramento de componentes físicos, químicos e microbiológicos. As etapas consideradas durante a fase de desenvolvimento do produto foram: formulação; medição e ajuste do pH; medição do teor de sólidos solúveis; concentração; envasamento; resfriamento e armazenamento. Na fase de desenvolvimento de produto foram testados blends dos seguintes edulcorantes: aspartame e acesulfame-K; sacarina, ciclamato e acesulfame-K; sacarina, ciclamato e aspartame; sacarina, ciclamato e esteviosídeo e para as análises sensoriais e testes de vida útil foram utilizados aspartame, acesulfame-K blend de aspartame e acesulfame-K e blend de sacarina e ciclamato. Foram testadas pectinas de baixo teor de metoxilas (BTM) com baixa, média e alta reatividade ao cálcio, utilizando-se dosagem específica de cálcio para cada tipo de pectina. As características sensoriais, analisadas na fase de desenvolvimento de produto foram: doçura, aroma, cor, consistência e impressão global. Foram testadas formulações de doces cremosos diet, de goiaba, laranja, figo, banana, abóbora, mamão, coco e batata-doce. Foram aprovadas formulações de goiaba, laranja e figo para a análise sensorial e testes de vida útil. Nesta etapa, as análises físicas e químicas seguiram a mesma metodologia realizada na fase de desenvolvimento de produto, sendo analisado além de pH e sólidos solúveis; acidez titulável, ratio, viscosidade e coloração. Após a determinação da melhor combinação de edulcorantes e sua dosagem para cada tipo de fruta, através de análise sensorial, foi analisada a vida útil em 5 períodos de armazenamento (1, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias) a 40ºC, sendo realizadas analises microbiológicas para bolores e leveduras, de acordo com a legislação brasileira RDC 12 da ANVISA e contagem de bactérias láticas. Como resultado para a implantação do processamento de doces diet, a melhor formulação foi a seguinte: 75 % de polpa de fruta; a combinação de sacarina e ciclamato, com poder edulcorante equivalente a 200; 15 % de agentes de corpo sorbitol e maltodextrina (1:2); 0,5 % de pectina de baixa reatividade com 198 mg de cálcio livre / grama de pectina para doce de laranja e 0,5 % de pectina de média reatividade com 106 mg de cálcio livre / grama de pectina para os doces de figo; 0,5 % de pectina de alta reatividade com 40 mg de cálcio livre / grama de pectina para os doces de goiaba; 0,1 % de sorbato de potássio para todos os doces, de acordo com a legislação vigente. Os resultados das análises de vida útil demonstram que os produtos desenvolvidos suportam condições extremas de armazenamento por pelo menos 28 dias. / The work aims to evaluate the physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of different formulations of jellies with low soluble solids, looking for developing new products that assists the needs of people in non-sugar diet, trying to maintain the sensory characteristics of the jellies with high soluble solids. The product shelf-life was analyzed by monitoring physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. The stages considered during the product development stage were: formulation; measurement and adjustment of pH; measurement of soluble solids; concentration; filling; cooling and storage. In the first stage blends of the following high intensity sweeteners were used: aspartame and acesulfame-K; saccharin, cyclamate and acesulfame-K; saccharin cyclamate and aspartame; saccharin, cyclamate and esteviosídeo. The low methoxyl (LM) pectin types with low, medium and high reactivity were tested using a specific dosage of calcium for each LM pectin. The sensory characteristics, analyzed in the product development stage were: sweetness, fragrance, color, consistence and global impression. Guava, orange, fig, banana, pumpkin, papaya, coconut, and sweet potato were tested to produce non-sugar jellies formulations. For the shelf-life stage, analysis were made with guava, orange and fig, in formulations containing blends of high intensity sweeteners (aspartame; acesulfame-K; aspartame and acesulfame-K; saccharin and cyclamate) with sorbitol and maltodextrin (1:2). For this stage, the physical and chemical analyses followed the same procedures of the product development stage, being analyzed besides pH and soluble solids; titratable acidity, ratio, viscosity and coloration. After the determination of the best blend of sweeteners (saccharin and cyclamate) and its dosage for each fruit, the shelf-life period was evaluated in 5 storage periods (1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days) at 40°C, being accomplished microbiological analyses for counting of molds and yeasts, according to the Brazilian legislation RDC 12 of ANVISA and count of lactic acid bacteria. As result for diet jellies production, the best formulation is: 75% of fruit pulp; a blend of saccharin and cyclamate, in a proportion according to the amount to be produced; 10% of maltodextrin; 5% of sorbitol; 0,5% of low reactivity pectin with 198 mg of calcium / gram of pectin for orange jelly, 0,5% of medium reactivity pectin with 106 mg of calcium / gram of pectin for fig jellies and 0,5% of medium reactivity pectin with 40 mg of calcium / gram of pectin for guava jellies; and 0,1% of preservative in the form of potassium sorbato for all jellies, according to Brazilian legislation. The shelf-life analysis shows that the products support extreme condition of storage for at least 28 days.

This thesis sets out to design and execute an in-depth study of the True Fruits controversial advertisements by applying Encoding/Decoding as a theoretical model. It aims at examining visual rhetoric and through Critical Discourse Analysis understanding the cause and effect of the controversial True Fruits advertisements in their 2017 campaign. The research attempts to answer the question: ‘What happened on social media after True Fruits published their controversial advertisements in 2017?’. The thesis presents an analysis of True Fruits´ visual rhetoric in #jetztösterreichts campaign advertisements and then reveals consumer responses to it on social media in 2017. Thus, the thesis presents a comprehensive review of the relevant literature leading toward the key themes of German advertisement, controversial advertisement, and the representation of immigration in advertisements. Towards the end, it states the final remarks concluding the entire discussion and reflects upon the attempts that True Fruits made to communicate a political message and how consumers in social media responded to it.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Plant Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013 / Two phytonematicides were researched and developed from fermented crude extracts of wild watermelon (Cucumis africanus) and wild cucumber (Cucumis myriocarpus) fruits for use as alternatives to methyl bromide in managing root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production. Fruits of C. africanus contain cucurbitacin B (C32H48O8), while those of C. myriocarpus contain cucurbitacin A, which comprises cucumin (C27H40O9) and leptodermin (C27H38O8). Phytonematicides from C. africanus and C. myriocarpus fruits are referred to as nemafric-B and nemarioc-A, respectively. The two phytonematicides, due to their origin from plant species with allelochemicals, have high potential of being phytotoxic to crops. The use of the Curve-fitting Allelochemical Response Dosage (CARD) computer-based model assisted in the establishment of concentrations which were stimulatory to growth of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants, while exhibiting nematoxic properties to Meloidogyne species. The two phytonematicides were developed from crude extracts of fruits dried at 52˚C in air-forced ovens and ground in a Wiley mill through 1-mm-opening sieves. However, equipment for drying and grinding fruits would not be accessible to smallholder farmers who wished to prepare their own products on-farm. The objective of this study therefore, was to determine whether nemafric-BL and nemarioc-AL produced from fresh fruit of the two Cucumis species would be suitable for use (i.e. non phytotoxic) in tomato production for managing population densities of M. incognita race 2. In order to distinguish the products of fresh (F) fruits from those of dried (D) fruits, they were code-named nemafricF-BL or nemariocF-BL and nemafricD-BL or nemariocD AL, respectively, where G and L denoted granular and liquid formulations, respectively. Tomato cv. ‘Floradade’ seedlings were infested with 3 000 eggs and second-stage xv juveniles of M. incognita race 2. An equivalent of 40 g and 80 g dried fruit mass of nemafric-B and nemarioc-A, namely, 284 g and 411 g fresh fruit mass for nemafric-B and nemarioc-A, respectively, were separately fermented using EMROSA effective micro-organisms mixed with 16 L chlorine-free tapwater in 20 L container for 14 days at ± 25˚C, allowing pH to gradually decline to ± 3.7. Separate experiments for each product run concurrently. Treatments, namely, 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64% concentrations, where for instance, 2% = 20 ml/1000 ml x 100, were arranged in a randomised complete block design, with 10 replications. Blocking in the greenhouse was done for wind direction which was regularly erected by fans for cooling down the greenhouse. At 56 days after weekly application of each treatment, flower number, fruit number, dry shoot mass, dry root mass, dry fruit mass, plant height, stem diameter and nematode numbers were each subjected to analysis of variance. Nematode data were, prior to analysis, transformed using log10(x + 1), but untransformed data were reported. Using the sum of squares, nemafric-BL and nemarioc-AL treatments affected dry root mass, dry shoot mass, flowers number, fruit number, plant height and stem diameter. Nemafric-BL contributed 67%, 78%, 58%, 43%, 60% and 26%, while nemarioc-AL contributed 71%, 61%, 19%, 35%, 34% and 24% to total treatment variation of the six respective variables. Plant variables with significant (P ≤ 0.05) treatment effects were further subjected to the CARD model to generate seven biological indices, with three distinct phases, namely, stimulation, neutral and inhibition phases. Using the quantified stimulation phase, the mean concentration stimulation range (MCSR) was computed for each variable using two biological indices, namely, threshold stimulation point (Dm) and saturation point (Rh). The CARD model explained 98%, 99%, 98% and 98% of the quadratic models of dry root mass, dry shoot mass, plant height and stem diameter, xvi respectively, against increasing concentrations of nemarioc-AL. Similarly, the CARD model explained 99%, 96%, 84% and 93% of total treatment variation in the respective plant variables. The integrated MCSR [MSCR = Dm + (Rh/2)] for nemafric-BL on tomato plants was 7%, while that for nemarioc-AL was 4%. In the CARD model, the overall sensitivities (∑k) of tomato plants exposed to nemafric-BL and nemarioc-AL were 3 units and 5 units, respectively. Tomato plants were therefore, less sensitive to nemarioc-AL since it had higher ∑k value than nemafric-BL. At 4% nemarioc-AL and at 7% nemafric-BL, the two phytonematicides were each highly suppressive to population densities of M. incognita race 2. In conclusion, on the basis of non-phytotoxicity of the computed MCSR values and their suppressive effects on population densities of M. incognita race 2, the smallholder farmers could produce nemafric-BL and nemarioc-AL phytonematicides on-farm. However, the production of the two products from fresh fruits would not be sustainable since fruits of the two Cucumis species are highly seasonal due to the high incidence of post-harvest decays. / The Land Bank Chair of Agriculture – University of Limpopo, Limpopo Agro-processing Technology Station,and the Flemish Interuniversity Council of Belgium

abstract: Background: Children’s fruit and vegetable consumption in the United States is lower than recommended. School lunch is an opportunity for students to be exposed to fruits and vegetables and potentially increase their daily intake. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between tray color and fruit and vegetable selection, consumption, and waste at lunch. Methods: Study participants (n=1469) were elementary and middle school students who ate school lunch on the day of data collection. Photographs and weights (to nearest 2 g) were taken of fruits and vegetables on students’ trays before and after lunch. Trained research assistants viewed photographs and sorted trays into variable categories: color of main tray, presence/absence of secondary fruit/vegetable container, and color of secondary fruit/vegetable container. Fruit and vegetable selection, consumption, and waste were calculated using tray weights. Negative binomial regression models adjusted for gender, grade level, race/ethnicity, free/reduced price lunch status, and within-school similarities were used to examine relationships between tray color and fruit and vegetable selection, consumption, and waste. Results: Findings indicated that students with a light tray selected (IRR= 0.44), consumed (IRR=0.73) and wasted (IRR=0.81) less fruit and vegetables. Students without a secondary fruit/vegetable container selected (IRR=0.66) and consumed (IRR=0.49) less fruit and vegetables compared to those with a secondary container. Light or clear secondary fruit and vegetable containers were related to increased selection (IRR=2.06 light, 2.30 clear) and consumption (IRR=1.95 light, 2.78 clear) compared to dark secondary containers, while light secondary containers were related to decreased waste (IRR= 0.57). Conclusion: Tray color may influence fruit and vegetable selection, consumption, and waste among students eating school lunch. Further research is needed to determine if there is a cause and effect relationship. If so, adjusting container colors may be a practical intervention for schools hoping to increase fruit and vegetable intake among students. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2020

High fruit and vegetable (FV) intake is associated with healthy weights and decreased risk of chronic disease. Yet, adolescent FV intakes fall below national recommendations. Few studies involve racial/ethnic minority adolescents in formative research, despite their increased risk of poor FV intake. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to describe the type and frequency of FV intake of urban multicultural young adolescents, and to examine their attitudes and beliefs towards increased consumption of FV. A convenience sample (n=79) of racially diverse (e.g., 31% Hispanic/Latino, 27.4% Black/African American) grade seven students, participated in our study comprised of a self-administered survey with culturally adapted FV food frequency questionnaire (FVFFQ) and focus group discussions. The FVFFQ revealed that hand fruit was the most highly consumed fruit among our students, while consumption of vegetables was more evenly distributed. Preferred FV among racial/ethnic population groups ranged with Hispanic/Latino identifying citrus, leafy green vegetables preferred by Black/African American, tropical fruit by Asian and Whites reporting cooked vegetables. Availability of preferred vegetables as school significantly influenced vegetable intake (p=0.038). Family attitudes towards vegetables also influenced student FV behaviors (diet diversity (DD) score, p=0.008; FV self-efficacy scores, p=0.019). The median DD score (73%) indicated moderate compliance with national FV intake recommendations among students with red, orange, and ‘other’ vegetables requiring the most improvement in intake. Focus group discussions revealed important barriers to FV intake, including a preference for consuming ‘junk food’ for snacks over FV, a lack of availability of preferred vegetables at school, and parental financial constraints, which limited availability of preferred produce at homes. Students’ suggested strategies to motivate increased FV intake included greater incentives and modeling from parents, improved recipes and taste tests for vegetables served at school and greater availability of culturally diverse produce represented in school menu. Students emphasized social media for FV promotion targeted at adolescents. Overall, our findings suggest young adolescents are open to increased FV intake, but require a supportive home and school environment, with access to cultural and preferred produce; students indicated a keen interest in involvement with FV promotion initiatives undertaken in their school.