RUNX2 belongs to the RUNT domain family of transcription factors of which three have been identified in humans (RUNX1, RUNX2 and RUNX3). RUNX proteins are vital for metazoan development and participate in the regulation of cellular differentiation and cell cycle progression (Coffman, 2003). RUNX2 is required for proper bone formation by driving the differentiation of osteoblasts from mesenchymal progenitors during development (Ducy et al, 1997; Komori et al, 1997; Otto et al, 1997). RUNX2 is also vital for chondrocyte maturation by promoting the differentiation of chondrocytes to the hypertrophic phenotype (Enomoto et al, 2000). The consequences of completely disrupting the RUNX2 locus in mice provided compelling and conclusive evidence for the biological importance of RUNX2 where knockout mice died shortly after birth with a complete lack of bone formation (Komori et al, 1997; Otto et al, 1997). A further indication of the requisite role of RUNX2 in skeletal development was the discovery that RUNX2 haploinsufficiency in humans and mice caused the skeletal syndrome Cleidocranial Dysplasia (CCD) (Mundlos et al, 1997; Lee et al, 1997). A unique feature of RUNX2 is the consecutive polyglutamine and polyalanine tracts (Q/A domain). Mutations causing CCD have been observed in the Q/A domain of RUNX2 (Mundlos et al, 1997). The Q/A domain is an essential part of RUNX2 and participates in transactivation function (Thirunavukkarasu et al, 1998). Previous genotyping studies conducted in our laboratory identified several rare RUNX2 Q/A variants in addition to a frequently occurring 18 base pair deletion of the polyalanine tract termed the 11Ala allele. Analysis of serum parameters in 78 Osteoarthritis patients revealed the 11Ala allele was associated with significantly decreased osteocalcin. Furthermore, analysis of 11Ala allele frequencies within a Geelong Osteoporosis Study (GOS) fracture cohort and an appropriate age matched control group revealed the 11Ala allele was significantly overrepresented in fracture cases indicating an association with increased fracture risk. To further investigate the 11Ala allele and rare Q/A variants, 747 DNA samples from the Southeast Queensland bone study were genotyped using PCR and PAGE. The experiment served two purposes: 1) to detect additional rare Q/A variants to enrich the population of already identified mutants and 2) have an independent assessment of the effect of the 11Ala allele on fracture to either support or refute our previous observation which indicated the 11Ala allele was associated with an increased risk of fracture in the GOS. From the 747 samples genotyped, 665 were WT, 76 were heterozygous for the 11Ala allele, 5 were homozygous for the 11Ala allele and 1 was heterozygous for a rare 21 bp deletion of the polyglutamine tract. Chi-square analysis of RUNX2 genotype distributions within fracture and non-fracture groups in the Southeast Queensland bone study revealed that individuals that carried at least one copy of the 11Ala allele were enriched in the fracture group (p = 0.16, OR = 1.712). The OR of 1.712 was of similar magnitude to the OR observed in the GOS case-control investigation (OR = 1.9) providing support for the original study. Monte-Carlo simulations were used to combine the results from the GOS and the Southeast Queensland bone study. The simulations were conducted with 10000 iterations and demonstrated that the maximum probability of obtaining both study results by chance was less than 5 times in two hundred (p < 0.025) suggesting that the 11Ala allele of RUNX2 was associated with an increased fracture risk. The second element of the research involved the analysis of rare RUNX2 Q/A variants identified from multiple epidemiological studies of bone. Q/A repeat variants were derived from four populations: the GOS, an Aberdeen cohort, CAIFOS and a Sydney twin study. Collectively, a total of 20 rare glutamine and one alanine variants were identified from 4361 subjects. All RUNX2 Q/A variants were heterozygous for a mutant allele and a wild type allele. Analysis of incident fracture during a five year follow up period in the CAIFOS revealed that Q-variants (n = 8) were significantly more likely to have fractured compared to non-carriers (p = 0.026, OR 4.932 95% CI 1.2 to 20.1). Bone density data as measured by quantitative ultrasound was available for CAIFOS. Analysis of BUA and SOS Z-scores revealed that Q-repeat variants had significantly lower BUA (p = 0.031, mean Z-score of -0.79) and a trend for lower SOS (p = 0.190, mean Z-score of -0.69). BMD data was available for all four populations. To normalize the data across the four studies, FN BMD data was converted into Z-scores and the effect of the Q/A variants on BMD was analysed using a one sample approach. The analysis revealed Q/A variants had significantly lower FN BMD (p = 0.0003) presenting with a 0.65 SD decrease. Quantitative transactivation analysis was conducted on RUNX2 proteins harbouring rare glutamine mutations and the 11Ala allele. RUNX2 proteins containing a glutamine deletion (16Q), a glutamine insertion (30Q) and the 11Ala allele were overexpressed in NIH3T3 and HEK293 cells and their ability to transactivate a known target promoter was assessed. The 16Q and 30Q had significantly decreased reporter activity compared to WT in NIH3T3 cells (p = 0.002 and 0.016, for 16Q and 30Q, respectively). In contrast 11Ala RUNX2 did not show significantly different promoter activation potential (p = 0.54). Similar results were obtained in HEK293 cells where both the 16Q and 30Q RUNX2 displayed decreased reporter activity (p=0.007 and 0.066 for 16Q and 30Q respectively) whereas the 11Ala allele had no material effect on RUNX2 function (p = 0.20). The RUNX2 gene target reporter assay provided evidence to suggest that variation within the glutamine tract of RUNX2 was capable of altering the ability of RUNX2 to activate a known target promoter. In contrast, the 11Ala allele showed no variation in RUNX2 activity. The third feature of the research served the purpose of identifying potential RUNX2 gene targets with particular emphasis on discovering genes cooperatively regulated by RUNX2 and the powerful bone promoting agent BMP2. The experiment was conducted by creating stably transfected NIH3T3 cells lines overexpressing RUNX2 or BMP2 or both RUNX2 and BMP2. Microarray analysis revealed very few genes were differentially regulated between standard NIH3T3 cells and cells overexpressing RUNX2. The results were confirmed via RT-PCR analysis which demonstrated that the known RUNX2 gene targets Osteocalcin and Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 were modestly induced 2.5 fold (p = 0.00017) and 2.1 fold (p = 0.002) respectively in addition to identifying only two genes (IGF-II and SCYA11) that were differentially regulated greater than 10 fold. IGF-II and SYCA11 were significantly down-regulated 27.6 fold (p = 1.95 x 10-6) and 10.1 fold (p = 0.0002) respectively. The results provided support for the notion that RUNX2 on its own was not sufficient for optimal gene expression and required the presence of additional factors. To discover genes cooperatively regulated by RUNX2 and BMP2, microarray gene expression analysis was performed on standard NIH3T3 cells and NIH3T3 cells stably transfected with both RUNX2 and BMP2. Comparison of the gene expression profiles revealed the presence of a large number of differentially regulated genes. Four genes EHOX, CCL9, CSF2 and OSF-1 were chosen to be further characterized via RT-PCR. Sequential RT-PCR analysis on cDNA derived from control cells and cells stably transfected with either RUNX2, BMP2 or both RUNX2/BMP2 revealed that EHOX and CSF2 were cooperatively induced by RUNX2 and BMP2 whereas CCL9 and OSF-1 were suppressed by BMP2. The overexpression of both RUNX2 and BMP2 in NIH3T3 fibroblasts provided a powerful model upon which to discover potential RUNX2 gene targets and also identify genes synergistically regulated by BMP2 and RUNX2. The fourth element of the research investigated the role of RUNX2 in the ascorbic acid mediated induction of MMP-13 mRNA. The study was carried out using NIH3T3 cell lines stably transfected with BMP2, RUNX2 and both BMP2 and RUNX2. The cell lines were grown to confluence and subsequently cultured for a further 12 days in standard media or in media supplemented with AA. RT-PCR analysis was used to assess MMP-13 mRNA expression. The RT-PCR results demonstrated that AA was not sufficient for inducing MMP-13 mRNA in NIH3T3 cells. In contrast RUNX2 significantly induced MMP-13 levels 85 fold in the absence of AA (p = 0.0055) and upregulated MMP-13 mRNA levels 254 fold in the presence of AA (p = 0.0017). The results demonstrated that RUNX2 was essential for the AA mediated induction of MMP-13 mRNA in NIH3T3 cells. The effect of BMP2 on MMP-13 expression was also investigated. BMP2 induced MMP-13 mRNA transcripts a modest 3.8 fold in the presence of AA (p = 0.0027). When both RUNX2 and BMP2 were overexpressed in the presence of AA, MMP-13 mRNA levels were induced a massive 4026 fold (p = 8.7 x 10-4) compared to control cells. The investigation revealed that RUNX2 was an essential factor for the AA mediated induction of MMP-13 and that RUNX2 and BMP2 functionally cooperated to regulate MMP-13 mRNA levels.

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-25T14:20:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EduardoCP_TESE.pdf: 2355961 bytes, checksum: 8690e3719791c5d601f48f7ac2d5517a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-25T14:45:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 EduardoCP_TESE.pdf: 2355961 bytes, checksum: 8690e3719791c5d601f48f7ac2d5517a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T14:46:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EduardoCP_TESE.pdf: 2355961 bytes, checksum: 8690e3719791c5d601f48f7ac2d5517a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The use of water-repellent polymer in agriculture has been growing in recent years because it has the capacity to retain and provide water slowly to the plants and still be a conditioner for soils. However, the lack of studies for the guava crop and its ideal dose for use in substrates makes its use limited in this context. Another important aspect of guava culture is the study of diversity, which is one of the most important indicators evaluated by plant breeders in the initial phase of a breeding program. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of different hydrogel doses and irrigation shifts on the growth of guinea - pig grafts and to evaluate the diversity of guava accesses using morphoagronomic descriptors for qualitative variables in the plant and qualitative and quantitative variables in the fruits. In the experiment I, the experimental design was a randomized block design, with four replications, in the 4 x 3 factorial scheme, corresponding to four doses of the Biogel Aqua Plus® hydrogelent polymer (0.0, 1.0, 2.5 e 5.0 g L-1) and three irrigation shifts (T1 - daily irrigation; T2 - irrigation on alternate days and T3 - irrigation every two days). The following variables were evaluated: height of the portagrafts (cm); Lap diameter (mm); Number of leaves per plant; Dry shoot mass (g), root dry mass weight (g) and total dry weight weight (g); Height / diameter ratio of the neck; Dry height / dry matter ratio; Dry mass ratio of aerial part / root dry mass and content index of chlorophyll. The 1g L-1 dose of the hydrogel incorporated into the substrate is indicated for the production of guinea-pig portagrafts and with the incorporation thereof, irrigation of the guinea-pig portagrafts can be performed frequently within one day. In the experiment II, the morphoagronomic descriptors were evaluated in 84 accessions of seminiferous guava trees cultivated at the experimental farm of UFERSA (Alagoinha), in the region of Mossoró-RN. We evaluated 26 descriptors in the plant, observed in four quadrants. The evaluation through morphoagronomic descriptors showed a partial agreement between the clusters methods studied. The technique of genetic dissimilarity using multicastropic characteristics was effective to investigate the diversity among the accessions of guava trees, showing that the population has wide genetic variability. The evaluation through morphoagronomic descriptors showed a partial agreement between the clusters methods studied. The technique of genetic dissimilarity using multicastropic characteristics was effective to investigate the diversity among the accessions of guava trees, showing that the population has wide genetic variability. In the experiment III, the quality and the morphoagronomic characteristics of fruits of 37 guinea-fowl accesses propagated semen, cultivated in the experimental farm of Ufersa (Alagoinha), in the region of Mossoró-RN, were evaluated. Five fruits were collected from each access and transported to the UFERSA post-harvest laboratory at the CPVSA. For the quality variables, 11 parameters were evaluated. Morphological variables were analyzed according to 13 descriptors. The Tocher optimization clustering methods and the UPGMA method demonstrated wide divergence in the division of groups into the quantitative characteristics. In the grouping carried out for the qualitative variables, the Tocher and UPGMA methods observed great variability among the accessions. The fruit length, fruit weight, firmness, septal shape, fruit shape and color of the epidermis were the main contributors to dissimilarity among the accessions / A utilização do polímero hidrorretentor na agricultura vem crescendo nos últimos anos pelo fato de ter a capacidade de reter e disponibilizar água lentamente para as plantas e ainda ser um condicionador para os solos. Porém, a falta de estudos para a cultura da goiaba e sua dose ideal para utilização nos substratos torna seu uso limitado nesse contexto. Outro aspecto importante da cultura da goiabeira é o estudo da diversidade, que é um dos mais importantes indicadores avaliados por melhoristas de plantas na fase inicial de um programa de melhoramento genético. Portanto, necessita-se de algumas atividades para caracterizá-los. Frente ao exposto, teve-se por objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses de hidrogel e turnos de rega na produção de portaenxertos de goiabeira, avaliar os descritores multicategóricos/morfoagrônomicos como método de avaliação da diversidade genética. No experimento I, o delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, no esquema fatorial 4 x 3, correspondendo a quatro doses do polímero hidrorretentor Biogel Aqua Plus® (hidrogel) (0,0; 1,0; 2,5 e 5,0 g L-1) e três turnos de rega (T1 - irrigação diária; T2 - irrigação em dias alternados e T3 - irrigação a cada dois dias). Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: altura dos portaenxertos (cm); diâmetro do colo (mm); número de folhas por planta; massa seca da parte aérea (g), peso da massa seca das raízes (g) e peso da massa seca total (g); relação altura/diâmetro do colo; relação altura/massa seca da parte aérea; relação massa seca da parte aérea/massa seca da raiz e o índice de conteúdo de clorofila. A dose de 1g L-1 do hidrogel incorporado ao substrato é indicada para a produção de portaenxertos de goiabeira, e com sua incorporação a irrigação dos portaenxertos de goiabeira pode ser realizada com frequência em intervalo de um dia. No experimento II, foram avaliados os descritores morfoagronômicos em 84 acessos de goiabeiras propagadas seminalmente, cultivadas na fazenda experimental da Ufersa (Alagoinha), na região de Mossoró-RN. Foram avaliados 26 descritores na planta, observados em quatro quadrantes. A avaliação através de descritores morfoagronômicos mostrou uma concordância parcial entre os métodos de agrupamentos estudados. A técnica de dissimilaridade genética utilizando características multicategóricas foi eficaz para investigar a diversidade entre os acessos de goiabeiras, mostrando que a população possui ampla variabilidade genética. No experimento III, avaliou-se a qualidade e as características morfoagronômicas de frutos de 37 acessos de goiabeira propagadas seminalmente, cultivadas na fazenda experimental da Ufersa (Alagoinha), na região de Mossoró-RN. Foram colhidos cinco frutos de cada acesso e transportados para o laboratório de pós-colheita da Ufersa, no CPVSA. Para as variáveis de qualidade, avaliou-se 11 parâmetros. As variáveis morfológicas foram analisadas de acordo com 13 descritores. Os métodos de agrupamento de otimização de Tocher e o método UPGMA demonstraram ampla divergência na divisão dos grupos para as características quantitativas. No agrupamento realizado para as variáveis qualitativas os métodos de Tocher e UPGMA observaram grande variabilidade entre os acessos. Os caracteres comprimento do fruto, peso do fruto, firmeza, formato das sépalas, forma do fruto e coloração da epiderme foram os que mais contribuíram para a dissimilaridade entre os acessos / 2017-07-24

Candida species have emerged as the second most common cause of vulvovaginitis in the world, producing infections that can cause unwanted symptoms such as itching, discharge, dyspareunia and burning. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic variability and the antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida yeasts isolated from vaginal secretions of patients Maceió - Alagoas. The yeasts were collected weekly in the sector of five clinical microbiology laboratories located in the city of Maceió between March and December 2010. For each isolate was performed through a purification of seeding a suspension of yeast in YPD solid medium. DNA extraction was performed by phenol / chloroform and identification by PCR with primers species specific for C.albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis. The patients with vaginal candidiasis were evaluated for the presence of symptoms and risk factors for acquiring the disease. The patterns of sensitivity to ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole and amphotericin B were evaluated according to CLSI standards (M27-A2).Molecular typing was used in the microsatellite (GTG) 5 and the fragments separated on 1.5% agarose gel at 75 volts / cm for 120 minutes, stained with ethidium bromide and viewed on photodocumentation system. Banding patterns were analyzed by BioNumerics 6.5 soltware to obtain electropherogram using the similarity coefficient Jacard. We obtained 296 isolates of Candida yeasts, and C. albicans (82.45%) the most frequent species, followed by C. glabrata with 7.75%, C. parapsilosis with 4.05%, C. tropicalis witn 3.75% and C. krusei 2%. These isolates exhibited resistance profile of 66,7% for amphotericin B, fluconazole for 52,6%, 89,7% for itraconazole and to ketoconazole 21,3%. Among the risk factors for acquiring the disease stands out pregnancy with 24.66% and history of VVC in 15.52%. The main clinical sign was presented discharge in 77,13% of cases. The species analyzed showed a high diversity for the genetic marker (GTG)5, with values ranging from 0.7470 to 0.9963, which allowed the formation of genetic patterns 172 for C. albicans, 10 for C. tropicalis, 11 for C. parapsilosis, 8 for C. glabrata and 4 for C. krusei. The incidence of Candida species with a profile of resistance to itracozaol, amphotericin B, fluconazole and ketoconazole, provides epidemiological data for the study area and reinforces the importance of identifying yeasts to the species level and testing of in vitro antifungal susceptibility. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As espécies de Candida têm emergido como a segunda causa mais comum de vulvovaginites no mundo, produzindo infecções, que podem causar sintomas indesejáveis como, prurido, corrimento, dispareunia e ardor. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a variabilidade genética e o perfil de susceptibilidade aos antifúngicos em leveduras do gênero Candida isoladas de secreção vaginal de pacientes de Maceió Alagoas. As amostras foram coletadas no setor de microbiologia clínica de cinco laboratórios localizados na cidade de Maceió, entre Março e Dezembro de 2010. Para cada isolado foi realizada uma purificação por meio de semeio de uma suspensão da levedura em meio YPD sólido. A extração do DNA foi realizada pelo método do fenol/clorofórmio e a identificação por PCR com iniciadores espécie-específicos para C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. krusei e C. parapsilosis. As pacientes com candidíase vulvovaginal foram avaliadas quanto à presença de sintomas e fatores de risco para aquisição da doença. Os padrões de sensibilidade ao cetoconazol, fluconazol, itraconazol e anfotericina B foram avaliados de acordo com as normas do CLSI (M27-A2). Na tipagem molecular foi utilizado o microssatélite (GTG)5 e os fragmentos separados em gel de agarose 1,5 % a 75 volts/cm por 120 minutos, corados com brometo de etideo e visualizados em sistema fotodocumentação. Os padrões de bandas obtidos foram analisados pelo soltware BioNumerics 6.5 para obtenção de eletroferograma utilizando o coeficiente de similaridade Jacard. Foram obtidos 296 isolados de leveduras do gênero Candida, sendo C. albicans (82,45%) a espécie mais frequente, seguida de C. glabrata com 7,75%, C. parapsilosis com 4,05%, C. tropicalis com 3,75% e C. krusei com 2%. Esses isolados exibiram perfil de resistência de 66,7% para anfotericina B, 52,6% para fluconazol, 89,7% para itraconazol e 21,3% para cetoconazol. Entre os fatores de risco para aquisição da doença destaca-se gravidez com 24,66% e histórico prévio de CVV em 15,54%. O principal sinal clínico apresentado foi corrimento em 77,13% dos casos. As espécies analisadas apresentaram elevada diversidade para o marcador genético (GTG)5, com valores que variaram de 0,7470 a 0,9963, o que possibilitou a formação de 172 padrões genéticos para C. albicans, 10 para C. tropicalis, 11 para C. parapsilosis, 8 para C. glabrata e 4 para C. krusei. O aparecimento de espécies de Candida com perfil de resistência ao itraconazol, anfotericina B, fluconazol e cetoconazol, fornece dados epidemiológicos para região estudada e reforça a importância da identificação das leveduras em nível de espécie e da realização de testes de sensibilidade antifúngica in vitro.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-05-16T13:53:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Regina Cely Benecio da Silva.pdf: 1919366 bytes, checksum: cdb5728624f53470f1e2dc26e936d882 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-16T13:53:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Regina Cely Benecio da Silva.pdf: 1919366 bytes, checksum: cdb5728624f53470f1e2dc26e936d882 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A total of 290 sheep of breed Morada Nova (MN), Cariri (Ca),Dorper (D) and Cara Curta (CC) and Barriga Negra (BN) genetic groups of Paraíba State it was investigated to quantify the genetic variability inter and intra-population through protein polymorphisms and microsatelite. The blood samples were collected and the plasm used in the analyses of isoelectric focusing of the albumin (Alb) and transferrin (Tf); the eritrocites to analyse malic enzyme (EM), peptidase-B (Pep-B), fosfogliconato desidrogenase (PGD), diaforase I and II (DIA-I and DIA-II) and hemoglobin (Hb) by conventional eletroforese and the leucocites were used in DNAanalyses. The results showed that 73% of the investigated locos were polimorphic. The albumin (Alb), Peptidase-B (Pep-B) and diaforase-II (DIA-II) loci was monomorphic. The markers investigated in this work was efficient and could be considered very informative for the identification and investigation of paternity of the studied genetic groups. Based on GST values , the EM, Tf, DIA-I and Hb locos had the most contribution in differentiation among the five populations. In despit of many more advanced techniques, the proteins polymorphisms presentes useful information in genetic characterization studies. The dendrogram built starting from the genetic distances with base in the five loci of proteins and three microsatellities structured the five populations, presenting two main clusters: one containing the four native breed and another with the exotic breed. Morada Nova and Cara Curta breed presented the largest genetic similarity. The Barriga Negra and Cariri group in spite of they share the same cluster they meet distant to each others native groups and Dorper breed, suggesting belong to different groups. / Um total de 290 ovinos das raças Morada Nova (MN), Cariri (Ca) e Dorper (D) e dos grupos genéticos Cara Curta (CC) e Barriga Negra (BN), do estado da Paraíba, foi investigado visando quantificar a variabilidade genética inter e intra-populacional, através de polimorfismos de proteínas e microssatélites. As amostras sanguíneas foram coletadas ao acaso e o plasma usado nas análises de focalização isoelétrica da albumina (Alb) e transferrina (Tf); os eritrócitos, para análises da enzima málica (EM), peptidase-B (Pep-B), fosfogliconato desidrogenase (PGD), diaforase I e II (Dia-I e Dia-II) e hemoglobina (Hb) por eletroforese convencional e, os leucócitos foram usados nas análises de DNA. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que 73% dos locos investigados foram polimórficos. Os locos da albumina (Alb), peptidase-B (Pep-B) e diaforase-II (DIA-II) foram monomórficos. O conjunto de marcadores investigados neste trabalho foi eficiente e pode ser considerado muito informativo para a identificação e investigação de paternidade nos estudos de grupos genéticos. Com base nos valores de GST, os locos EM, Tf, DIA-I e Hb, foram os que mais contribuíram nas estimativas de diferenciação entre as cinco populações. Tais resultados mostram que apesar de existir técnicas mais avançadas, os polimorfismos de proteínas continuam apresentando informações úteis nos estudos de caracterização genética. O dendrograma construído a partir das distâncias genéticas com base nos cinco locos de proteínas e três microssatélites estruturou as cinco populações, apresentando dois clusters principais: um agrupando as quatro raças nativas e, o outro, a raça exótica. Dentre as raças nativas, Morada Nova e Cara Curta foram as que apresentaram as maiores similaridades. Os animais Barriga Negra e Cariri apesar de compartilharem o mesmo cluster encontram-se distantes entre si e das demais populações nativas e da raça Dorper, sugerindo pertencer a grupos distintos.

Vírus da raiva provenientes de 23 morcegos de espécies hematófagas, frugívoras e insetívoras foram caracterizados geneticamente pelo seqüenciamento completo da região que codifica a nucleoproteína N. A análise filogenética das seqüências, incluindo lyssavirus e isolados de morcegos do Chile e Estados Unidos, mostrou que os diferentes isolados do vírus da raiva foram de modo geral segregados em quatro grupos genéticos distintas: morcegos hematófagos, morcegos insetívoros 1, 2 e 3. Os morcegos insetívoros 1 constituiram-se por isolados de Eptesicus furinalis: BR-EF1, BR-EF2, BREF3, BR-EF-4, BR-EA1 e BR-NL2; os morcegos insetívoros 2 consistiram de isolados de Molosssus spp: BR-MM1, BR-MM2 e BR- MA1 e os morcegos insetívoros 3 isolados de Nictinomops laticaudatus: BR-NL1 e BR-NL3. A homologia de nucleotídeos entre cada grupo de morcegos insetívoros 1, 2 e 3 foi maior que 99%, 97% e 99%, respectivamente. O grupo de morcegos hematófagos foi representado pelos isolados de: 3 morcegos hematófagos Desmodus rotundus (BR-DR1, BR-DR2 e BR-DR3); 5 morcegos frugívoros Artibeus lituratus BR-AL1, BR-AL2, BR-AL3, BR-AL4 e Artibeus planirostris BRAP1; 2 morcegos insetívoros (BR-MR1 e BR-EA2) e 2 de espécies não identificadas (BR-BAT1 e BR-BAT2). Entre as amostras seqüenciadas foram selecionadas cinco (BR-EF1, BR-NL1, BR-AL3, BR-MM1, BR-DR1) e um isolado de cão (BR-C) para os estudos de patogenicidade em camundongos albinos suíços inoculados pela vias intracerebral (IC) e intramuscular (IM). Todas as amostras quando inoculadas em camundongos pela via IC apresentaram-se patogênicas, provocando a morte dos mesmos num período de 4 a 14 dias pós-inoculação. No entanto, 500DLIC50 das mesmas amostras inoculadas pela via IM levaram a uma mortalidade de camundongos de: 60% (BR-DR1); 50% (BR-C, BR-NL); 40% (BR- AL3); 9,5% (BR-MM1); 5,2% (BR-EF10). As mesmas amostras foram utilizadas para a verificação de proteção cruzada, conferida por vacina comercial de uso animal, de camundongos que receberam uma ou duas doses de vacina pela via subcutânea (SC) e desafiados pelas vias IC e IM. Camundongos inoculados com duas doses de vacina foram protegidos quando desafiados pela via IC, com todas as amostras testadas. Quando os camundongos receberam uma dose da mesma vacina houve proteção parcial daqueles desafiados com as amostras de vírus PV e BR-C. Houve proteção de 100% dos camundongos desafiados pela via IM, com exceção daqueles vacinados com uma dose de vacina e desafiados com a amostra PV que apresentaram um índice de 66% de sobreviventes. Os resultados indicam a possibilidade de existir variantes do vírus da raiva espécies específicas circulando em morcegos. Sugerem ainda, que espécies de morcegos hematófagos, frugívoros e insetívoros compartilham o mesmo polimorfismo de vírus. A vacina comercial contra a raiva contendo vírus inativado e de uso veterinário protegeu os camundongos contra o desafio com as diferentes amostras testadas, sugerindo que as vacinas usualmente utilizadas são efetivas no tratamento profilático da raiva transmitida por morcegos, apesar da marcada diferença de neurovirulência dos diferentes isolados quando inoculados em camundongos pela via IM. / Twenty-three rabies viruses isolated from hematophagous, frugivorous and insectivorous bats were characterized genetically by complete sequencing of the region coding the nucleoprotein N. The phylogenetic analysis of the sequences, including the lyssavirus and the bat isolates from Chile and USA revealed that the isolates were segregated into four distinct genetic lineages: those related to the vampire bats and to the insectivorous bats 1, 2 and 3. The isolates related to the insectivorous bats 1 were from the Eptesicus furinalis: BR-EF1, BR- EF2, BREF3, BR-EF-4, BR-EA1 e BR-NL2; those of the insectivorous bats2 included the isolates from Molosssus spp: BR-MM1, BR-MM2 and BR-MA1 and the group 3, by the isolates from the Nictinomops laticaudatus: BR-NL1 and BR-NL3. The homology among each group of the insectivorous bats 1, 2 and 3 were greater than 99%, 97% and 99%, respectively. The lineage related to vampire bats was represented by three isolates from the D. rotundus (BR-DR1, BR-DR2 e BR-DR3); five from the fruit bats Artibeus lituratus (BR-AL1, BR-AL2, BR-AL3, BR-AL4) and Artibeus planirostris (BRAP1); two from insectivorous bats (BR-MR1 and BR-EA2) and two from unidentified species (BR-BAT1 and BR-BAT2). Among the sequenced amples, five bat isolates (BR-EF1, BR-NL1, BR-AL3, BR-MM1, BR- DR1) and one dog isolate (BR-C) were selected for the study of their pathogenicity in Swiss mice, inoculating through intracerebral (IC) and intramuscular (IM) routes. All the isolates, when inoculated via IC, were pathogenic, provoking death in 4 - 14 post inoculation days. However, mice inoculated with 500ICLD50 of the same isolates through IM route were found with different death rates: 60.0% (BR-DR1); 50.0% (BR-C, BR-NL); 40.0% (BR-AL3); 9.5% (BR-MM1) and 5.2% (BR-EF10). The same isolates were used for the assessment of cross protection conferred by a commercial vaccine of veterinary use. The mice were vaccinated subcutaneously, receiving either one or two shots of vaccine, and challenged through IC and IM routes. Mice receiving two shots were protected against all the isolates, when challenged intracerebrally. Mice receiving one shot were found only partially protected against the challenge with the fixed PV strain and BR-C isolate. Mice challenged intramuscularly showed 100.0% of protection, with the exception of those vaccinated with one dose and challenged with PV strain, which were found with 66.0% of survivors. These results indicate the possibility of the existence of rabies virus variants circulating in different species of bat population. The data also suggest that the vampires, frugivorous and insectivorous bats share the same lineage of rabies viruses. The commercial vaccine has protected the mice against the challenge with different rabies virus isolates, suggesting that the vaccines usually employed in the field are effective, although some marked difference in neurovirulence by IM inoculation was found among the isolates tested.

Analisou-se 54 amostras de vírus da raiva isoladas de diferentes espécies animais e de seres humanos do Estado do Maranhão, inicialmente pelas técnicas tradicionais de imunofluorescência direta (IFD) e de inoculação intracerebral em camundongos (ICC), com o objetivo de realizar um estudo de epidemiologia da doença. No reteste, todas as amostras foram positivas na IFD e 19 resultaram negativas à ICC. O comportamento biológico dos isolados foi estudado em camundongos, revelando um período de incubação entre 7 e 17 dias, com sinais clínicos variados e duração média de 4 dias. Para a avaliação da patogenicidade, foram selecionadas cinco amostras do estudo, oriundas de diferentes espécies, como vírus de desafio nos camundongos imunizados com uma vacina comercial de vírus inativado. Os resultados do desafio indicaram que a proteção conferida pela vacina foi baixa para todas as amostras. A presença de anticorpos no soro dos camundongos vacinados foi demonstrada em diferentes períodos de vacinação. A tipificação antigênica de quatro amostras de vírus foi realizada pela imunofluorescência indireta (IFI) utilizando um painel de anticorpos monoclonais (MAbs) procedentes do Canadian Food and Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canadá, identificando o perfil correspondente à variante de morcego hematófago Desmodus rotundus. Na caracterização genética com base nos genes que codificam a glicoproteína G e nucleoproteína N, observou-se que os isolados foram divididos em dois grupos genéticos independentes associados a ciclos endêmicos distintos. Esses resultados permitem concluir que no Estado do Maranhão circulam pelo menos duas variantes do vírus da raiva, mantidas por carnívoros terrestres e morcegos hematófagos. Destaca-se que houve variação regional entre as amostras isoladas em diferentes áreas geográficas. Além disso, foram constatados hospedeiros inesperados nos clados formados. Também, não houve variação temporal nas amostras pesquisadas. / Fifty four rabies virus samples isolated from different animal species and humans, diagnosed positive by means of the direct fluorescent antibody test (dFA) and mouse inoculation test (MIT) in the State of Maranhão were selected for an epidemiologic study. In the retest, all these samples were dFA-positive, but 19 were negative by the MIT. The biologic behavior of these samples was assessed in mice by intracerebral inoculation and the incubation period was between 7 and 17 days, showing varied clinical signs with an average duration of 4 days. For the evaluation of the pathogenicity, five rabies viruses isolated from different species were selected, and used as the challenge viruses to be inoculated into mice been vaccinated previously with an inactivated commercial rabies vaccine. The results of the challenge experiments indicated low protection of the vaccine against the challenge viruses. The presence of rabies antibody was demonstrated in the sera of vaccinated mice taken at different intervals after vaccination. The antigenic typing was performed in four samples by using the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFI) with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) provided by the Canadian Food and Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada, and the profile identified was closely related to that of the Desmodus rotundus vampire bat. The genetic characterization based on genes coding the glycoprotein G and nucleoprotein N genes indicated that isolates were divided into two independent genetic groups associated to distinct endemic cycles. With the results obtained, we conclude that in the State of Maranhão there are circulating at least two distinct variants of rabies viruses, maintained by terrestrial carnivores and vampire bats. Regional variation among the isolates taken from different geographic areas has been found. And the rabies virus isolates grouped into clades were associated with unusual host species and no temporal variation was observed among the isolates.

Analisou-se 54 amostras de vírus da raiva isoladas de diferentes espécies animais e de seres humanos do Estado do Maranhão, inicialmente pelas técnicas tradicionais de imunofluorescência direta (IFD) e de inoculação intracerebral em camundongos (ICC), com o objetivo de realizar um estudo de epidemiologia da doença. No reteste, todas as amostras foram positivas na IFD e 19 resultaram negativas à ICC. O comportamento biológico dos isolados foi estudado em camundongos, revelando um período de incubação entre 7 e 17 dias, com sinais clínicos variados e duração média de 4 dias. Para a avaliação da patogenicidade, foram selecionadas cinco amostras do estudo, oriundas de diferentes espécies, como vírus de desafio nos camundongos imunizados com uma vacina comercial de vírus inativado. Os resultados do desafio indicaram que a proteção conferida pela vacina foi baixa para todas as amostras. A presença de anticorpos no soro dos camundongos vacinados foi demonstrada em diferentes períodos de vacinação. A tipificação antigênica de quatro amostras de vírus foi realizada pela imunofluorescência indireta (IFI) utilizando um painel de anticorpos monoclonais (MAbs) procedentes do Canadian Food and Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canadá, identificando o perfil correspondente à variante de morcego hematófago Desmodus rotundus. Na caracterização genética com base nos genes que codificam a glicoproteína G e nucleoproteína N, observou-se que os isolados foram divididos em dois grupos genéticos independentes associados a ciclos endêmicos distintos. Esses resultados permitem concluir que no Estado do Maranhão circulam pelo menos duas variantes do vírus da raiva, mantidas por carnívoros terrestres e morcegos hematófagos. Destaca-se que houve variação regional entre as amostras isoladas em diferentes áreas geográficas. Além disso, foram constatados hospedeiros inesperados nos clados formados. Também, não houve variação temporal nas amostras pesquisadas. / Fifty four rabies virus samples isolated from different animal species and humans, diagnosed positive by means of the direct fluorescent antibody test (dFA) and mouse inoculation test (MIT) in the State of Maranhão were selected for an epidemiologic study. In the retest, all these samples were dFA-positive, but 19 were negative by the MIT. The biologic behavior of these samples was assessed in mice by intracerebral inoculation and the incubation period was between 7 and 17 days, showing varied clinical signs with an average duration of 4 days. For the evaluation of the pathogenicity, five rabies viruses isolated from different species were selected, and used as the challenge viruses to be inoculated into mice been vaccinated previously with an inactivated commercial rabies vaccine. The results of the challenge experiments indicated low protection of the vaccine against the challenge viruses. The presence of rabies antibody was demonstrated in the sera of vaccinated mice taken at different intervals after vaccination. The antigenic typing was performed in four samples by using the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFI) with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) provided by the Canadian Food and Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada, and the profile identified was closely related to that of the Desmodus rotundus vampire bat. The genetic characterization based on genes coding the glycoprotein G and nucleoprotein N genes indicated that isolates were divided into two independent genetic groups associated to distinct endemic cycles. With the results obtained, we conclude that in the State of Maranhão there are circulating at least two distinct variants of rabies viruses, maintained by terrestrial carnivores and vampire bats. Regional variation among the isolates taken from different geographic areas has been found. And the rabies virus isolates grouped into clades were associated with unusual host species and no temporal variation was observed among the isolates.

Resumo: Com os objetivos de elucidar a origem genética do suíno casco-de-burro e de contribuir para sua conservação, realizou-se uma caracterização genética em 110 animais, oriundos das regiões Nordeste (NE), Centro-Oeste (CO) e Sudeste (SE), usando-se duas classes de marcador molecular e análises citogenéticas. Foram encontrados 13 haplótipos mitocondriais entre os cascos-de-burro, sendo que apenas um foi comum às três subpopulações (NE, CO e SE). O valor médio da diversidade haplotípica e o da nucleotídica na população total foram 0,61 e 0,05 respectivamente. Por meio do DNA mitocondrial, as subpopulações de casco-de-burro apresentaram menor distância genética da população da raça portuguesa bísara. No entanto o haplótipo mais frequente nos cascos-de-burro e o único comum a todas as subpopulações pertence à raça ibérica. A variabilidade genética média obtida por meio dos 25 microssatélites na população total foi: número de alelo = 9,8; conteúdo de informação polimórfica = 0,73; heterozigose esperada = 0,69; heterozigose observada = 0,58; consaguinidade (Fis) = 0,15; e apenas seis loci apresentaram-se em equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. Considerando-se a divisão da população nas três subpopulações – que, por meio do DNA nuclear, estiveram mais próximas da população duroc e da bísara –, os valores observados para os índices de fixação foram: 0,10 para Fis, 0,09 para Fst e 0,18 para Fit. Os cascos-de-burro possuem o número diploide 2n = 38, não sendo verificado miscigenação com o javali. Os resultados demonstram origem genética ibérica para os cascos-de-burro, com posterior introgressão alélica das raças internacionais importadas no século passado / Abstract: With the purpose of elucidating the genetic origin of Brazilian Mulefoot pigs and to contribute to their conservation, 110 animals from Northeast (NE), Central- West (CW), and Southeast (SE) Brazil were characterized using two molecular marker classes and cytogenetic analysis. A total of 13 mitochondrial haplotypes was found, but only one was common to the three subpopulations (NE, CW, SE) of Brazilian Mulefoot pigs. The total population presented mean haplotype and nucleotide diversity values of 0.61 and 0.05, respectively. Mitochondrial DNA analysis showed that the Brazilian Mulefoot pig subpopulations presented the shortest genetic distance from the Portuguese Bísara breed. However, the most frequent haplotype found in the Brazilian Mulefoot population, and the only one common to all subpopulations belongs to the Ibérica breed. The mean genetic variability of the total population, obtained using 25 microsatellites, was: allele number = 9.8; polymorphic information content = 0.73; expected heterozygosity = 0.69; observed heterozygosity = 0.58; inbreeding = 0.15; and only six loci displayed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Considering the three studied subpopulations – which were closer to the Bísara and Duroc populations, based on nuclear DNA – the values observed for the fixation indexes were: 0.09 for Fis, 0.10 for Fst, and 0.18 for Fit. Brazilian Mulefoot pigs have a diploid number of 2n = 38, which indicates that there is no interbreeding with wild boars. The results demonstrate that the genetic origin of Brazilian Mulefoot pigs is Iberian, with later allele introgression from foreign breeds imported during the 20th century / Orientador: Jeffrey Frederico Lui / Coorientador:Carlos Manuel M. Santos Fonseca / Coorientador: Maria Aparecida Cassiano Lara / Banca: Sandra Aidar de Queiroz / Banca: Vera Fernanda Martins Hossepian de Lima / Banca: Samuel Rezende Paiva / Banca: Eucleia Primo Betioli Contel / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:03:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cavalcanteneto_a_dr_jabo.pdf: 4939501 bytes, checksum: 3f74c1d904d705f2ad4cef0bc2ccbc70 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Com os objetivos de elucidar a origem genética do suíno casco-de-burro e de contribuir para sua conservação, realizou-se uma caracterização genética em 110 animais, oriundos das regiões Nordeste (NE), Centro-Oeste (CO) e Sudeste (SE), usando-se duas classes de marcador molecular e análises citogenéticas. Foram encontrados 13 haplótipos mitocondriais entre os cascos-de-burro, sendo que apenas um foi comum às três subpopulações (NE, CO e SE). O valor médio da diversidade haplotípica e o da nucleotídica na população total foram 0,61 e 0,05 respectivamente. Por meio do DNA mitocondrial, as subpopulações de casco-de-burro apresentaram menor distância genética da população da raça portuguesa bísara. No entanto o haplótipo mais frequente nos cascos-de-burro e o único comum a todas as subpopulações pertence à raça ibérica. A variabilidade genética média obtida por meio dos 25 microssatélites na população total foi: número de alelo = 9,8; conteúdo de informação polimórfica = 0,73; heterozigose esperada = 0,69; heterozigose observada = 0,58; consaguinidade (Fis) = 0,15; e apenas seis loci apresentaram-se em equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. Considerando-se a divisão da população nas três subpopulações que, por meio do DNA nuclear, estiveram mais próximas da população duroc e da bísara , os valores observados para os índices de fixação foram: 0,10 para Fis, 0,09 para Fst e 0,18 para Fit. Os cascos-de-burro possuem o número diploide 2n = 38, não sendo verificado miscigenação com o javali. Os resultados demonstram origem genética ibérica para os cascos-de-burro, com posterior introgressão alélica das raças internacionais importadas no século passado / With the purpose of elucidating the genetic origin of Brazilian Mulefoot pigs and to contribute to their conservation, 110 animals from Northeast (NE), Central- West (CW), and Southeast (SE) Brazil were characterized using two molecular marker classes and cytogenetic analysis. A total of 13 mitochondrial haplotypes was found, but only one was common to the three subpopulations (NE, CW, SE) of Brazilian Mulefoot pigs. The total population presented mean haplotype and nucleotide diversity values of 0.61 and 0.05, respectively. Mitochondrial DNA analysis showed that the Brazilian Mulefoot pig subpopulations presented the shortest genetic distance from the Portuguese Bísara breed. However, the most frequent haplotype found in the Brazilian Mulefoot population, and the only one common to all subpopulations belongs to the Ibérica breed. The mean genetic variability of the total population, obtained using 25 microsatellites, was: allele number = 9.8; polymorphic information content = 0.73; expected heterozygosity = 0.69; observed heterozygosity = 0.58; inbreeding = 0.15; and only six loci displayed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Considering the three studied subpopulations which were closer to the Bísara and Duroc populations, based on nuclear DNA the values observed for the fixation indexes were: 0.09 for Fis, 0.10 for Fst, and 0.18 for Fit. Brazilian Mulefoot pigs have a diploid number of 2n = 38, which indicates that there is no interbreeding with wild boars. The results demonstrate that the genetic origin of Brazilian Mulefoot pigs is Iberian, with later allele introgression from foreign breeds imported during the 20th century

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:18:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VanessaCA.pdf: 646559 bytes, checksum: c4d39e71466fdbb125afc0cc2a1a70d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-27 / Brazil has been considered one of the diversity centers of Gossypium barbadense species. It is believed that a relatively big erosion genetic process occurs with the species, due to economic, cultural and agricultural problems. A local diagnostic about species situation is the first step for reducing the diversity loss and establishing conservation strategies in situ. This research aimed the identification of the presence of Gossypium populations, characterization, determination of the main risks and collection of the accesses to store in germoplam banks, in Para and Amapa States. Expeditions were conducted in November 2004. An interview was carried out with the plant proprietor for characterizing in situ of G. barbadense species and of the environment where the plants were inserted. On hundred seventy nine plants in 22 municipal districts were collected in Para State and 117 plants in nine municipal districts in Amapa State. The majority of plants belong to G. barbadense species (98% in Amapa and 94% in Para). Plants occur in back yards, beside roads and spontaneously. That ones from back yards were more abundant (97% in Amapa and 95% in Para) and maintained as medicinal plants as the principal reason. Plants in natural environments in both states evaluated were not found, therefore, the creation of reserves and the application of others conventional methods of maintenance in situ are not applicable. The plant proprietors do not use to store or process seeds. Seed storage was reported as a practice by only 1% of the plant proprietors from Para and 11% from Amapa. The most plants collected were from two to three years of age (58% in Amapa and 93% in Para). As conclusions G. barbadense is the species most spread in the two studied states and are found in back yards. In Amapa State the botanical variety barbadense or Quebradinho is predominant, whereas in Para State the predominant variety is brasiliense or Rim-de-boi. Adequate conservation of thestudied species must be carried out in germoplasm collections maintained ex situ / O Brasil ? considerado um dos centros de diversidade da esp?cie Gossypium barbadense. Acredita-se que grande parte da variabilidade gen?tica de G. barbadense esteja sendo perdida, em virtude de problemas econ?micos, culturais e agr?colas. O primeiro passo para reduzir a perda de diversidade e estabelecer estrat?gias de conserva??o in situ ? realizar um diagn?stico de como a esp?cie se encontra nos locais em que ocorre. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram identificar popula??es de Gossypium presentes no estado do Par? e Amap?, caracteriz?-Ias, determinar os principais riscos e coletar acessos para armazenamento em bancos de germoplasma. Foram realizadas expedi??es em Novembro de 2004, e a caracteriza??o in situ de G. barbadense foi realizada por entrevista do propriet?rio da planta e da an?lise do ambiente em que as plantas estavam inseridas. Foram coletadas 179 plantas em 22 munic?pios no estado do Par? e 117 plantas em nove munic?pios no estado do Amap?. A maioria das plantas pertence ? esp?cie G. barbadense (98% no Amap? e 94% no Par?). As plantas ocorrem em fundo de quintal, beira de estrada e de modo espont?neo, sendo as de fundo de quintal bem mais abundantes (97% no Amap? e 95% no Par?) e mantidas com a finalidade principal de serem usadas como plantas medicinais. Os moradores n?o possuem o h?bito de armazenar e beneficiar as sementes, no Par? apenas 1 % dos propriet?rios relatou armazenar as sementes e no Amap? esse ?ndice foi de 11 %. A maioria das plantas coletadas tinha de dois a tr?s anos de idade (58% no Amap? e 93% no Par?). Conclui-se ent?o que G. barbadense ? a esp?cie mais difundida nos dois estados e que s?o encontradas em fundo de quintal. No estado do Amap? predomina a variedade bot?nica barbadense ou Quebradinho, enquanto que no Par? predomina a variedade brasiliense ou Rim-de-boi. N?o foram encontradas plantas em ambientes naturais nos dois estados, portanto a cria??o de reservase o emprego de outros m?todos convencionais de manuten??o in situ n?o parecem ser aplic?veis a G. barbadense em ambos os estados. A adequada conserva??o dessas esp?cies deve ser realizada em cole??es de germoplasma mantidas ex situ