Knowledge of the soils friction angle is necessary to avoid landslides at slope stability surveys and dimensioning for foundation of different constructions. Frictional forces mainly builds up friction soil and the friction angle is defined by the angle when landslides occur. Friction angle can be evaluated using CPT or pressure probe. Both methods are performed similarly, with constant pressure and sink rate, but differ in time, cost, competence requirements and number of measurable parameters. The methods also differ when evaluating the friction angle. For CPT, the Conrad software is used while pressure probe is evaluated with empirical values, set against the peak pressure. This degree project compares the results from performed and evaluated CPT and pressure probes from several drill points in a project. The purpose of the study is to draw conclusions about the soils friction angle, whether the empirically evaluated values of the friction angle by pressure probing, can be correlated with the values of the friction angle through CPT, evaluated with the Conrad software. Both CPT and the evaluation with Conrad are more advanced methods and are therefore seen as the correct value for the soils friction angle. The result shows that pressure probe provides a good indication when evaluating the friction angle and can be used, with the knowledge that the friction angle is rarely evaluated higher than from CPT. The methods differ the most towards the surface to almost correlate towards the depth. / Kunskap om jordens friktionsvinkel är nödvändig vid bland annat släntstabilitetsutredning samt dimensionering för grundläggning av byggnader och anläggning. Friktionsjord byggs huvudsakligen upp av friktionskrafter och friktionsvinkeln definieras av vinkeln då ras uppstår. Friktionsvinkeln kan bland annat utvärderas med hjälp av resultat från CPT eller trycksondering. Båda metoderna utförs på liknande sätt, med konstant tryck och sjunkningshastighet men skiljer sig i tidsåtgång, kostnad, kompetenskrav samt antal mätbara parametrar. Metoderna skiljer sig också vid utvärdering av friktionsvinkel. För CPT används programvaran Conrad medan trycksondering utvärderas med empiriskt framtagna värden, ställda mot spetstrycket. Detta examensarbete jämför resultaten från utförda och utvärderade CPT resp. trycksonderingar från ett flertal borrpunkter i ett projekt. Syftet med studien är att dra slutsatser om jordens friktionsvinkel, huruvida de empiskt utvärderade värden för friktionsvinkeln genom trycksondering kan korreleras med värden för friktionsvinkeln genom CPT, utvärderande med programvaran Conrad. Både CPT-sondering och utvärdering med Conrad är avancerade metoder och ses därför som det mer korrekta värdet för jordens friktionsvinkel. Resultatet visar att trycksondering ger en bra indikation vid utvärdering av friktionsvinkel och kan användas, med vetskapen att friktionsvinkeln sällan utvärderas högre än från CPT. Skillnaden vid utvärdering är som störst nära markytan och minskar för att nära på korrelera mot djupet.

This paper will examine two public transportation hubs, as examples of public space, in Gothenburg, Sweden, from a gender perspective by investigate how gender equality is discussed in planning processes of hubs and to explore how hubs are used and perceived by men and women. The thesis has a qualitative and hermeneutic approach, with semi-structured interviews with key persons from the planning processes, and site observations and interviews with men and women using the hubs as the main data gathering methods. In the planning processes for the two cases the ambition was to create hubs that were welcoming for everyone, from a theoretical point of view this ambition could be dangerous from a gender perspective since a planning for everyone often leads to a planning for the man. In order to create hubs for everyone there was a focus for creating safety and increase accessibility for the disabled during the planning processes. The observations and the interviews on site shows that the hubs could be viewed as gender equal since the hubs were open to both men and women to use, but the hubs could also be viewed as not gender equal since women felt unsafe. The analysis shows that the social interaction on site is a crucial factor when defining a place as gender equal or not. The social interaction can be understood by gender contract. One conclusion is that there is a need for discussions about gender and its effect on experiences of public space, where gender contract is problematized. It will otherwise be hard to understand and change the interaction and the gender inequality will risk to consolidate.

What other means of influence exist in business other than economic? That is the question we set out to answer in regards to the fashion industry and the specific supply chain of cashmere. The cashmere industry has been described as complex, therefore the research has taken a complex adaptive systems approach to investigate how relationships between parts give rise to the collective behaviours of a system and how the system interacts and forms relationships with its environment. This paper describes a qualitative case study research conducted to identify the potential influence that a small to medium enterprises can have on their supply chain actors to steer them towards sustainability. Looking specifically at the supply chain of one Scottish cashmere manufacturer within the luxury fashion industry we have assessed this company’s current reality to the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development. This paper aims to present enablers and barriers towards influence, their correlations and complexity when looking at sustainability. In addition it will provide prescriptive thoughts for SMEs to support internal and external transition through sustainable development towards a sustainable cashmere supply chain.

During the Silurian, the Swedish island Gotland was positioned close to the equator and covered by a shallow sea called the Baltic Basin. The sedimentary rocks (predominantly carbonates) comprising most of the island today were initially formed in this warm sea, and the relatively complete succession of rocks often contains fossil fragments and scales from early vertebrates, including heterostracans, anaspids, thelodonts, osteostracans, acanthodians, and a stem-osteichthyan. Fossils of early vertebrates become increasingly more common in younger Silurian rocks, but are mostly represented by fragmentary remains and rarer occurrences of articulated jawless vertebrates (agnathans). However, the record of articulated specimens and jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) are more numerous in rocks of the following Devonian Period. Isolated peaks of agnathan diversity during the Silurian and disarticulated remains of gnathostomes from this period hint at a cryptic evolutionary history. A micropaleontological approach with broader sampling may provide a better understanding of early vertebrate distribution patterns and hopefully give some insights into this history. The objective of this study was to build upon previous sampling on Gotland and to use established frameworks for disarticulated remains with the aim of making comparisons with similar studies performed in the East Baltic. However, difficulties locating the collections from these previous works necessitated a different focus. Undescribed museum collections and newly sampled material enabled some taxonomical revisions and greatly improved the understanding of vertebrate distribution in the youngest part of the Gotland sequence. It also indicated that this interval may represent the early stages of the diversification of gnathostomes that become increasingly dominant toward the end of the Silurian. Furthermore, the description of samples from partly coeval sections in Poland enabled some preliminary comparisons outside of Gotland, and presented a striking example of restricted environmental occurrences for a thelodont taxon. This is encouraging for future sampling and investigations on Gotland. Together with the establishment of a facies-framework comparable to that developed in the East Baltic and correlations to other areas, this may prove fruitful for an increased understanding of early vertebrate distribution and evolution during the Silurian.

Public transport in many Sub-Saharan African cities consists of paratransit, mini-to-medium-sized buses, which provide public transport and operate demand-driven and unscheduled. This form of public transport is often seen as less safe, less dependable, and environmentally unfriendly. One common intervention is the development of a Bus Rapid Transit system. A Bus Rapid Transit system is characterized by its bus-only lanes and offers a cheaper solution to rail transit systems. The development of such a BRT system changes the structure of the public transport system as BRT often takes over the areas in which paratransit previously operated. This leads to clashes between the stakeholders of the two modes of transport, which can threaten the success of the system as well as the livelihood of the paratransit workforce. This paper uses socio-technical transition theory, as well as stakeholder theory, to provide a clear picture of the entire land passenger mobility system. The focus of this thesis lies on firstly, analyzing the question why the development of BRT is favored over the optimization of paratransit. Secondly, it looks at different interaction approaches between the multi- regimes scheduled public transport (BRT) and paratransit, which can lead to a successful public transport system. Lastly, socio-technical barriers (political, technical, socio-cultural, and economic) are analyzed to understand which obstacles have to be overcome and what corresponding measures are. The results show that the development of Bus Rapid Transit is favored over the optimization of paratransit. Paratransit is seen as unsafe and unreliable, while Bus Rapid Transit offers an efficient, reliable, eco-friendly solution which also targets vulnerable groups. Out of the four different interaction approaches, competition between BRT and paratransit, a hybrid form between paratransit and BRT, the replacement of paratransit, and the prohibition of paratransit, the hybrid form is seen as most successful, as it allows both systems to contribute their strengths. Lastly, the actors involved in the socio-technical system, and socio-technical barriers and corresponding measures were analyzed. The biggest take-away when looking at the actors of the land passenger mobility system is that all stakeholders have to be involved, which includes paratransit drivers and people working on and off the vehicles. This paper has shown that when these stakeholders are not included, there might be resistance that might compromise the success of the BRT. The socio-technical barriers used were divided into economic, financial, infrastructural, and socio-cultural barriers. A successful paratransit / BRT interaction benefits from the move from a target system to a monthly salary for the paratransit driver. There should both be regulations and incentives so that paratransit acts as a reliable partner for the BRT system. It should be noted that a successful BRT / paratransit interaction cannot easily be replicated in another country without looking at the urban form preconditions. Bus Rapid Transit is a feasible solution for many Sub-Saharan cities. For an encompassing public transport system to be successful and to outcompete the car, it is necessary that all stakeholders work together and contribute with their strengths.

Several scientific articles were mainly reviewed from Umeå’ s university database in order to determine the distribution, degree of contamination, and the sources of 7 selected heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, Ni) in surface sediments along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. The Enrichment factor (EF) was used as pollution indicator to evaluate the extent of metal contamination in all the investigated areas. According to Abrahim and Parker (2008) the EF is defined as the ratio of the determined metal to Al (or Fe) in the sample divided by the ratio of background metal to background Al (or Fe) ratio. According to the results of this study, EF values for Cr, Pb, Cu, Cd and Ni presented an upward trend along the west to east shoreline of the Mediterranean sea, whereas Zn and Hg EF values showed a downward trend along this region. Cr generally exhibited no enrichment in places to the west (EF<1.5) whereas in the eastern side displayed moderate enrichment (EF=1.95). Pb EF values showed moderate enrichment (EF=5) along the western section of the sea, whilst in the eastern part revealed significant enrichment (5.45). Zn pollution levels were minimal (EF=1.6) in places to the west and moderate (EF=2.2) to the east. The enrichment for Cd was considered moderate in the western part of the basin and significant in the eastern section. These heavy metals distribution can be explained by the fact that different inputs (mainly due to anthropogenic activities) from the inshore environment may take place in each area of the sea. However, Cu and Ni presented the same degree of pollution (moderate) in the whole sea, presumably indicating similar Cu and Ni inputs from the terrestrial environment. However, conclusions for Hg were not possible to be drawn as the collected data were not sufficient.

The textile industry is linked to several major environmental problems, as a consequence there is an interest at European level to reduce the impact of the industry. In Sweden there are several initiatives to increase the circularity of textile for example by promoting fibre-to-fibre textile recycling. To facilitate this type of recycling the SIPTex project was created to build an industrial automatic textile sorting facility able to offer the high-quality sorted fractions required for fibre-to-fibre recycling. This study developed a quantitative analysis to assess the composition of 1.5 tons of post-consumer textile. The results showed that 52% of the analysed material were high-quality fibre garments - mainly cotton,19% lower quality fibre blends and 28%, uncategorizable garments and items not suited for the sorting facility- as shoes or oversized pieces-. The results will contribute to optimize the material inbound in the SIPTex.

The aim of this case study was to explain how voluntary climate initiatives are communicated to employees, and the role of employee involvement as an antecedent for more strategic environmental sustainability work. More specifically, the project explored enabling factors for stakeholder involvement from a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) communication perspective. A flexible research design was structured through qualitative methods and an inductive approach. Semi-structured interviews and corporate sustainability documents from two knowledge-intensive IT businesses were analyzed to understand the internal CSR landscape related to voluntary climate initiatives, like carbon offsetting actions and reduce-reuse-recycle efforts. The theoretical framework used concepts from CSR communication, environmental marketing and stakeholder management. Case study findings indicate that voluntary carbon offsetting initiatives may have a notable impact on building a more distinct company-wide climate change agenda. Furthermore, the study confirmed that employees are important drivers in environmental initiatives and may act as informal sustainability ambassadors by supporting the organizational climate impact work internally (and later externally) – by building credibility from the inside-out.

In 2015, the Paris Agreement was signed by nations all over the world. The new climate agreementwill replace previous Kyoto Protocol post-2020 and will likely change the conditions for using carbonoffsetting. It is probable that even more stringent controls will be required to ensure a credible carbon marketwhich avoids double counting and secures environmental integrity. Voluntary use of offsetting has to becompatible with the new rules set under the Paris Agreement to manage these risks. More countries will countemission reductions to their new nationally determined contributions, and therefore increases the risk ofdouble counting. Hence, the purpose of this master thesis was to reveal how the Swedish companies’ currentuse of voluntary carbon offsetting is compatible with the likely carbon market post-2020. The companiesreasons as why they use voluntary carbon offsetting, together with their underlying ethical view, based ontheir practices around carbon offsetting, were investigated. Eight qualitative semi-structured interviews withSwedish companies using voluntary carbon offsetting were conducted during February - March in 2020. Theresult was analysed through the ethical theories consequentialist and duty-based theory to understand theirunderlying ethical view in relation to their carbon offsetting. The result showed that there are two primaryreasons as why companies use voluntary carbon offsetting. The first reason is that voluntary carbon offsettingis a part of their strategy to reduce their climate impact, and the second reason is to gain the trust of customersand marketing themselves through voluntary carbon offsetting. The thesis concludes that for the companies’to best guarantee the expected outcome of their offsetting, and be compatible with the post-2020 carbonoffsetting, they should have a combination of consequentialist and duty-based underlying ethical view withstrong follow up. Furthermore, regardless of reason for using voluntary carbon offsetting, or their ethicalview towards the action, the companies may choose to move to the alternative of financially supportingthe host countries in their work to reduce their GHG emissions instead of offsetting post-2020.

The aim of the project was to make a detailed risk assessment using Swedish guidelines for a factory site in Kodaikanal, South India, and a nearby village called Vellagavi. The study areas were chosen due to previous records of mercury contamination on the factory site and a possible spread to Vellagavi. A comparison between Indian and Swedish guidelines for risk assessment of contaminated areas was performed. The purposes of comparing the two systems were to locate if there were any differences in the legislation, or guidelines, and to find ways of improving the processes. The project also included an evaluation of possible remedial actions that could reverse or prevent environmental damage that might be caused by the former factory. Methods used for the project were literature studies, semi-structured interviews and surveys. The results from the risk assessment were that the Swedish Computer Program for Calculation of Guideline Values (CPCGV), with some adjustments, could be used in order to calculate site specific guideline values for mercury concentrations on sites similar to Swedish conditions, such as climate. The site specific guideline values in soil rangedfrom 0.1-2.4 mg/kg. An Indian court decision had stated that a guideline value of 20 mg/kg should be used for remediation at the factory site. The result from the forward dose calculation showed that when a soil contains 20 mg/kg,the tolerable daily intake of mercury would be exceeded, and therefore pose a risk to human health. The comparison of legislation systems between India and Sweden showed several differences. India did not have any legislation relating directly to polluted soil. Risk assessments in India commonly relied on several different international standards even though the standards were not regulated by law. The results from the remedial evaluation showed that there were several possible remediation methods that could beused on the factory site. Limited remedial actions were suggested for Vellagavi since there were no measurements taken on site. Preferably, remediation should take place at the source of the contamination, i.e. the factory site. / Det övergripande målet med projektet var att genomföra en detaljerad riskbedömning för en fabriksplats i Kodaikanal, södra Indien, samt för en närliggande by, Vellagavi. Tidigare genomförda mätningar uppvisade förhöjda halter av kvicksilver i området, varför det ansågs vara ett lämpligt område för studien. Studien innehöll en jämförelse av riktlinjer för riskbedömningar för förorenad mark mellan Indien och Sverige där syftet var att identifiera skillnader i lagstiftning och riktlinjer samt lokalisera eventuella förbättringsmöjligheter. Studien innefattades även av en åtgärdsutredning för fabriksplatsen och Vellagavi, vars syfte var att utreda vilka åtgärder som skulle kunna minska risken för fortsatt miljöförstöring eller återställa området. Metoderna som användes i studien var litteraturstudier, semi-strukturerade intervjuer och en enkätundersökning. Resultatet från riskbedömningen visade att beräkningsverktyget för platsspecifika riktvärden från Naturvårdsverket kunde användas på platser som liknar Sverige klimatmässigt, efter att diverse justeringar hade gjorts. Beräkningsverktyget användes för att ta fram ett platsspecifikt gränsvärde för kvicksilverkoncentrationen i marken. Det framtagna platsspecifika gränsvärdet för koncentrationen kvicksilver i jord varierade mellan 0,1-2,4 mg/kg. Ett beslut utfärdat av indisk domstol angav att fabriksplatsen skulle saneras så att kvicksilverkoncentationen i marken inte skulle överskrida 20 mg/kg. Resultatet från den här studien visade att den nivån av förorening i marken skulle innebära att det tolerabla dagliga intaget av kvicksilver skulle överskridas. En jämförelse av de juridiska systemen som anknöt till förorenad jord i Indien respektive Sverige visade på flertalet skillnader mellan länderna. Indien hade ingen lagstiftning som speficikt reglerade förorenad jord medan det i Sverige reglerades av Miljöbalken. Riskbedömningar i Indien baserades ofta på internationella standarder, med det fanns ingen lagstifting som reglerade vilka standarder som skulle användas. Resultatet från åtgärdsutredningen var att det fanns flera olika åtgärdsmetoder som skulle kunna användas för att sanera fabriksplatsen. Åtgärdsutredningen för Vellagavi var begränsad eftersom det inte fanns tillräckligt mycket mätdata för området. Företrädesvis bör saneringsåtgärderna vidtas vid föroreningskällan, vilket i detta fall är fabriksplatsen.