Escherichia coli enteropatogênica atípica (EPECa) é causadora de diarréia infantil e apresenta alta heterogeneidade quanto aos fatores de virulência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o comportamento de EPECa na interação com fagócitos profissionais. Duas amostras de EPECa sorotipo O55:H7 mostraram-se capazes de reduzir a fagocitose. Os sobrenadantes dos cultivos foram submetidos a SPE e HPLC e as frações com efeito antifagocítico foram submetidas a espectrometria de massas. A fração capaz de reduzir a fagocitose de bactérias reduziu também a fagocitose de Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Além de mostrar que EPECa é capaz de induzir a antifagocitose, mostrou-se também que o fator antifagocitico é secretado, solúvel em meio aquoso, termoestável, apresenta baixo peso molecular, não é microbicida ou citotóxico e, por último, há indicativos de que possa apresentar uma região glicosídica. Estes achados sugerem que o fator antifagocítico pode, embora não sozinho, exercer um papel importante na adaptabilidade e patogenicidade das EPECa. / Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) causes diarrhea mainly in children and presents a high heterogeneity of virulence factors. The objective of this work was to study the behavior of aEPEC regarding its interaction with professional phagocytes. Two samples of aEPEC serotype O55:H7 were able to reduce phagocytosis, The culture supernatants were submitted to SPE and HPLC and the active fractions were tested and analyzed by mass spectrometry. The results show that the fraction with bacterial antiphagocytic activity also reduces phagocytosis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In addition to demonstrating that aEPEC can induce antiphagocytosis, this work shows that it is due to a secreted antiphagocytic factor that is soluble in aqueous medium, is thermo-stable, has a low molecular weight, is not bactericide or cytotoxic and, finally, possibly presents a glycosidic region. These findings suggest that the antiphagocytic factor may, though maybe not alone, play an important role in the adaptability and pathogenicity of aEPEC.

Orientador: Carlos Magno Castelo Branco Fortaleza / Resumo: Seasonality of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) has been recently reported, especially involving Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). Factors underlying this phenomenon were not elucidated. It is theoretically conceivable it reflects seasonal variations in traditional risk factors for those infections. With this in mind, we conducted a study to analyze the interplay of season, weather and usual predictors of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections caused by Gram-negative bacilli (GNB-BSI). The study had a retrospective, case-only desing. It was conducted in the teaching hospital from Botucatu School of Medicine (450 beds). The study enrolled 446 patients with GNB-BSI caused by Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Acinetobacter baumannii, diagnosed from July 2012 through June 2016. Demographic data, comorbidities, invasive procedures and use of antimicrobials were reviewed in medical charts. The season in which GNB-BSI occurred, as well as weather parameters of the day of diagnosis, were recorded. We analyzed factors associated with occurrence of GNB-BSI in different seasons (with winter as reference category) and caused by different GNB (reference category, E. coli). Univariate and multivariable models of polytomous (multinomial) logistic regressions were used for analysis. In multivariable analysis, GNB-BSI diagnosed in summer were more likely to be caused by Klebsiella spp. (OR, 5.33; 95%CI, 2.04-13.96) or A. baumannii (OR, 2.... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Seasonality of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) has been recently reported, especially involving Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). Factors underlying this phenomenon were not elucidated. It is theoretically conceivable it reflects seasonal variations in traditional risk factors for those infections. With this in mind, we conducted a study to analyze the interplay of season, weather and usual predictors of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections caused by Gram-negative bacilli (GNB-BSI). The study had a retrospective, case-only desing. It was conducted in the teaching hospital from Botucatu School of Medicine (450 beds). The study enrolled 446 patients with GNB-BSI caused by Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Acinetobacter baumannii, diagnosed from July 2012 through June 2016. Demographic data, comorbidities, invasive procedures and use of antimicrobials were reviewed in medical charts. The season in which GNB-BSI occurred, as well as weather parameters of the day of diagnosis, were recorded. We analyzed factors associated with occurrence of GNB-BSI in different seasons (with winter as reference category) and caused by different GNB (reference category, E. coli). Univariate and multivariable models of polytomous (multinomial) logistic regressions were used for analysis. In multivariable analysis, GNB-BSI diagnosed in summer were more likely to be caused by Klebsiella spp. (OR, 5.33; 95%CI, 2.04-13.96) or A. baumannii (OR, 2.... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Si les antibiotiques ont amélioré le pronostic des maladies infectieuses, l’apparition de résistances importantes et les manipulations génétiques volontaires peuvent faire craindre l’émergence de pathogènes très virulents et résistants aux antibiotiques recommandés. Aussi, la multidrug résistance (MDR) est devenue un problème majeur pour traiter des infections impliquant des bactéries à Gram-négatif. La surexpression des mécanismes d’efflux contribue largement au phénotype de multi-résistance aux antibiotiques et l’inhibition de ces mécanismes intéresse donc de plus en plus le monde de la recherche.Les phénothiazines font partie des molécules les plus prometteuses du 20e siècle. La présence d’un substituant en position C-2 sur le noyau tricyclique et celle d’une chaine alkyl aminée en position N-10 se sont révélées être critiques pour des activités de type neuroleptique, antihistaminique et anthelminthique. Une activité anti-MDR a également été mise en évidence, notamment contre les cancers et la tuberculose. Le mécanisme par lequel ces molécules inhiberaient l’efflux est cependant encore mal connu. Différents dérivés de la phénothiazine ont été synthétisés afin de comprendre ce mécanisme et de dégager les propriétés physico-chimiques mises en jeu chez Burkholderia pseudomallei. Cette bactérie à Gram-négatif, responsable de la mélioïdose, est classée parmi les agents potentiels du bioterrorisme. Elle est en effet extrêmement pathogène et présente une sensibilité très réduite à une majorité de classes d’antibiotiques. L’activité des phénothiazines a été évaluée par la technique Etest® sur Burkholderia thailandensis, modèle d’étude non-pathogène. / If antibiotic drugs improved the prognosis of infectious diseases, the appearance of antimicrobial resistance and deliberate genetic modifications could be followed by the worrying emergence of highly virulent pathogens resistant to usual antibiotics. Thus, Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) became a major problem to treat infections involving Gram negative bacteria. The overexpression of efflux mechanisms contributes to a great extent to antibiotic resistance and the inhibition of these mechanisms increasingly interest research areas.Phenothiazines are the most promising molecules of the 20th century. The presence of substituent in C-2 position on the tricyclic structure and the one of alkyl amino chain in N-10 position proved their critical activity as neuroleptic, antihistaminic and antihelmintic drugs. An anti-MDR activity has also been put into evidence against cancers and tuberculosis, but the mechanism by which molecules would inhibit efflux is not well known yet. Different phenothiazine derivatives have been synthesized in order to better understand this mechanism and to draw the physicochemical properties involved in Burkholderia pseudomallei. This Gram negative bacterium is responsible of melioidosis and classified as potential bioterrorism infectious agent. This bacterium is indeed extremely pathogenic and has a very low susceptibility to most classes of antibiotics. The activity of phenothiazine derivatives was evaluated using the Etest® method in Burkholderia thailandensis, the non-pathogenic study model.

Les calculs de précision dans les théories de jauge jouent un rôle très important pour l’étude de la physique du Modèle Standard et au-delà dans les super-collisionneurs de particules comme le LHC, TeVatron et ILC. Par conséquent, il est extrêmement important de fournir des outils du calcul d’amplitudes à une boucle stables, rapides, efficaces et hautement automatisés. Cette thèse a pour but de développer la bibliothèque d’intégrales Golem95. Cette bibliothèque est un programme écrit en Fortran95, qui contient tous les ingrédients nécessaires pour calculer une intégrale scalaire ou tensorielle à une boucle avec jusqu’à six pattes externes. Golem95 utilise une méthode traditionnelle de réduction (réduction à la Golem) qui réduit les facteurs de forme en des intégrales de base redondantes qui peuvent être scalaires (sans paramètres de Feynman au numérateur) ou tensorielles (avec des paramètres de Feynman au numérateur); ce formalisme permet d’éviter les problèmes de l’instabilité numérique engendrés par des singularités factices dues à l’annulation des déterminants de Gram. En plus, cette bibliothèque peut être interfacée avec des programmes du calcul automatique basés sur les méthodes d’unitarité comme GoSam par exemple. Les versions antérieures de Golem95 ont été conçues pour le calcul des amplitudes sans masses internes. Le but de ce travail de thèse est de généraliser cette bibliothèque pour les configurations les plus générales (les masses complexes sont incluses), et de fournir un calcul numériquement stable dans les régions problématique en donnant une représentation intégrale unidimensionnelle stable pour chaque intégrale de base de Golem95. / Higher order corrections in gauge theories play a crucial role in studying physics within the standard model and beyond at TeV colliders, like LHC, TeVatron and ILC. Therefore, it is of extreme importance to provide tools for next-to-leading order amplitude computation which are fast, stable, efficient and highly automatized. This thesis aims at developing the library of integrals Golem95. This library is a program written in Fortran95, it contains all the necessary ingredients to calculate any one-loop scalar or tensorial integral with up to six external legs. Golem95 uses the traditional reduction method (Golem reduction) to reduce the form factors into redundant basic integrals, which can be scalar (without Feynman parameters in the numerator) or tensorial (with Feynman parameter in the numerator); this formalism allows us to avoid the problems of numerical instabilities generated by the spurious singularities induced by the vanishing of the Gram determinants. In addition, this library can be interfaced with automatic programs of NLO calculation based on the unitarity inspired reduction methods as GoSam for example. Earlierversions of Golem95 were designed for the calculation of amplitudes without internal masses. The purpose of this thesis is to extend this library for more general configurations (complex masses are supported); and to provide numerically stable calculation in the problematic regions (det(G) → 0), by providing a stable one-dimensional integral representation for each Golem95 basic integral.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-31 / Objetivos: Descrever as principais diferenças clínicas, epidemiológicas e os fatores de risco para o óbito nos pacientes transplantados de órgãos sólidos com Infecções de Corrente Sanguínea (ISC) ocasionadas por bactérias Gram Negativas (GN) e Gram Positivas (GP). Métodos: Foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva de prontuários médicos, onde foram avaliados os pacientes submetidos a transplante de órgãos sólidos com ICS no período de janeiro de 2000 a 31 de janeiro de 2006 nos Hospitais São Paulo e do Rim e Hipertensão, além da análise dos fatores de risco para o óbito. Resultados: 195 pacientes foram incluídos neste estudo, tinham idade média de 43,3 (+ 0,90) anos e 114 (58,5%) eram do sexo masculino. 168 (86,2%) eram transplantes de rim, 16 (8,2%) rim-pâncreas, 5 (2,6%) cardíacos, 5 (2,6%) fígado e 1 (0,5%) fígado-rim. O tempo de internação médio foi de 34,2 (+ 62,7) dias. Foram ocasionados por GN 147 (75,4%) destes episódios, enquanto que 48 (24,6%) foram ocasionadas por GP. Nas ICS por GN o sítio de infecção mais comum foi o trato urinário em 68 (46,3%) casos, e nas ICS por GP foi a origem primária com 14 (29,1%) dos casos. A mortalidade geral dos pacientes com ICS por GN foi de 19,7% (29 casos) e nos pacientes com ICS por GP foi de 35,4% (17 casos) (p=0,03). Na análise de regressão logística múltipla, as variáveis que se associaram independentemente ao óbito nos pacientes com ICS por GN foram aqueles que evoluíram com insuficiência respiratória necessitando de ventilação mecânica OR 13,2 IC95=3,07-57,19 (p=0,001), além daqueles que apresentavam número maior o igual a duas co-morbidades OR 12,4 IC95=1,90-80,35 (p=0,008). Já na população com ICS por GP somente a insuficiência respiratória necessitando de ventilação mecânica OR 28,3 IC95=2,53-317,1 (p=0,007) foi associada independentemente ao óbito. Conclusões: Os pacientes com ICS por GN apresentaram a fonte urinária como principal sítio de infecção, enquanto que aqueles com ICS por GP, por sua vez, tiveram a fonte a primária. A presença de um número maior do que duas co-morbidades foi fator de risco para o óbito nos pacientes com ICS por GN. E a insuficiência respiratória foi fator de risco para o óbito tanto nos pacientes com ICS por GN, como naqueles com ICS por GP. / Objectives: To describe clinical and epidemiological differences, beyond clinical risk factors for death in solid organ transplant patients with Bloodstream Infections (BSI) caused by Gram Negative (GN) and Gram Positive (GP) bacteria. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of medical records, which were evaluated patients undergoing solid organ transplantation with BSI in the period from January 2000 to January 31, 2006 in the São Paulo and the Kidney and Hypertension Hospitals, São Paulo, Brazil. It was also performed the analysis of risk factors for death. Results: 195 patients were included in this study with a mean age of 43.3 (+ 0.90) years and 114 (58.5%) were male. 168 (86.2%) were kidney transplants, 16 (8.2%) kidney-pancreas, 5 (2.6%) heart, 5 (2.6%) liver and 1 (0.5%) liverkidney. The mean hospital stay was 34.2 (+ 62.7) days. Were caused by GN 147 (75.4%) of these episodes, whereas 48 (24.6%) were caused by GP. In the group with BSI by GN the most common site of infection was the urinary tract in 68 (46.3%) cases, and in the group with BSI by GP the most common was the primary source in 14 (29.1%) of the cases. The overall mortality of patients with BSI by GN was 19.7% (29 cases) and by BSI in patients with GP was 35.4% (17 cases) (p = 0.03). In multiple logistic regression analysis, the variables associated independently with death in patients with BSI by GN were those who developed respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation OR 13,2 IC95=3,07-57,19 (p=0,001), beyond those which had number equal to or greater than two co-morbidities OR 12,4 IC95=1,90-80,35 (p=0,008). In the population with BSI by GP only the respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation OR 28,3 IC95=2,53-317,1 (p=0,007) was independently associated with death. Conclusions: Patients with BSI by GN showed the urinary source as the main site of infection, while those with BSI by GP, had the primary source. The presence of more than two co-morbidities was a risk factor for death in patients with BSI by GN. And respiratory failure was a risk factor for death in patients with BSI by GN and GP. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Os bastonetes Gram positivos irregulares (BGPIs) compõem um grupo de espécies bacterianas com ampla diversidade fenotípica e que podem estar presente no meio ambiente, na microbiota humana e de animais. A identificação acurada de BGPIs em nível de gênero e espécie empregando métodos bioquímicos convencionais é bastante limitada, sendo recomendado, portanto, o uso de técnicas moleculares. No presente estudo, foram identificadas amostras de BGPIs oriundas de espécimes clínicos de humanos, de produtos farmacêuticos e de áreas limpas através da análise de sequencias do gene 16S rRNA e de outros genes conservados (housekeeping genes). Os resultados obtidos pelo sequenciamento dos genes 16S rRNA e rpoB demonstraram C. striatum multi-resistente (MDR) como responsável por surto epidêmico em ambiente hospitalar da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Quinze cepas de C. striatum foram isoladas em cultura pura a partir de secreção traqueal de pacientes adultos submetidos a procedimentos de entubação endotraqueal. A análise por eletroforese em gel de campo pulsado (PFGE) indicou a presença de quatro perfis moleculares, incluindo dois clones relacionados com cepas MDR (PFGE I e II). Os dados demonstram a predominância de PFGE I entre cepas MDR isoladas de unidades de terapia intensiva e enfermarias cirúrgicas. Uma potencial ligação causal entre a morte e a infecção por C. striatum MDR (PFGE tipos I e II) foi observada em cinco casos. Adicionalmente, acreditamos que este seja o primeiro estudo de identificação de espécies de Nocardia relacionadas com infecções humanas pela análise da sequencia multilocus (MLSA) no Brasil. Diferente dos dados observados na literatura (1970 a 2013) e obtidos pelos testes fenotípicos convencionais, a caracterização molecular de quatro lócus (gyrB-16S-secA1-hsp65) permitiu a identificação das espécies N. nova, N. cyriacigeorgica, N. asiatica e N. exalbida/gamkensis relacionadas com quadros de nocardiose em humanos. Cepas de N. nova isoladas de diferentes materiais clínicos de um único paciente apresentaram padrões de susceptibilidade antimicrobianos idênticos e dois perfis PFGE, indicando a possibilidade de quadros de co-infecção por N. nova em humanos. Em outra etapa da investigação, amostras de BGPIs obtidos de ambientes de salas limpas que não puderam ser identificadas por critérios convencionais foram submetidas a análise da sequência do gene 16S rRNA e caracterizadas 95,83% em nível de gênero e 35,42% em espécies. Para gêneros mais encontrados no estudo, foram analisados os genes rpoB e recA de dezessete cepas de Microbacterium e utilizado o MLSA para a identificação de sete cepas identificadas como Streptomyces. Os ensaios permitiram a identificação de três cepas de Microbacterium e de uma única amostra de Streptomyces ao nível de espécie. A análise da sequencia do gene rpoB também se mostrou eficaz na identificação de espécies de cepas de Corynebacterium. Finalmente, para as cepas ambientais pertencentes à classe Actinobacteria os dados morfológicos, bioquímicos e genotípicos permitiram documentar a cepa 3117BRRJ como representante de uma nova espécie do gênero Nocardioides, para o qual o nome Nocardioides brasiliensis sp. nov. e as cepas 3712BRRJ e 3371BRRJ como representante de um novo gênero e espécie para o qual o nome Guaraldella brasiliensis nov. foi proposto. / Irregular Gram positive rods (coryneform bacteria; IGPRs) comprise a group of species that has a wide phenotypic diversity and makes the conventional identification limited and that may be present in the environment, humans and animals hosts. In order to provide further accurate identification of these microorganisms in a genus and species terms it is recommended the use of molecular methods. In this study, we analyzed the 16S rRNA gene sequences and other conserved genes (housekeeping) in order to elucidate the identification of clinical isolates, pharmaceutical and clean room areas. We have documented a nosocomial outbreak caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) C. striatum in Rio de Janeiro. C. striatum identification was confirmed by 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequencing. C. striatum was mostly isolated in pure culture from tracheal aspirates of adults undergoing endotracheal intubation procedures. The analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) indicated the presence of four PFGE profiles, including two related clones of MDR strains (PFGE I and II). The data demonstrated the predominance of PFGE I, mostly isolated from patients of intensive care units and surgical wards. A potential causal link between death and MDR C. striatum (PFGE I and II) infection was observed in five cases. We also performed the identification of Nocardia species of human infections by multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) and characterized their antimicrobial and phenotypic profiles. An overview from 1970 to 2013 of the case reports on Nocardia species related to human infections, except mycetomas, in Brazil, was also accomplished. Molecular characterization by four-locus (gyrB-16S-secA1-hsp65) has provided the species identification N. nova, N. cyriacigeorgica, N. asiatica and N. exalbida/gamkensis. N. nova strains isolated from different clinical specimens of one patient showed identical antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. PFGE analysis performed to determine the genetic relatedness of these N. nova strains two distinct profiles, which were designated A and B. This is the first report on identification of Nocardia species by MLSA in Brazil. The IGPRs obtained in clean room environments that could not be identified by conventional criteria were studied by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis that allowed the identification of 95.83% at genus level and of 35.42% at the species level. The most common genus found in the clean room environments were Microbacterium and Streptomyces. The analysis of rpoB and recA genes sequence of seventeen Microbacterium strains contributed to the identification of three strains at species level. MLSA of seven Streptomyces strains identified a single sample at the species level. Moreover, the rpoB gene sequence analysis was effective in identifying Corynebacterium strains at species level. A new genus and species were found among clean room environmental strains belonging to the Actinobacteria class. Based on the morphological, genotypic and biochemical data presented in this study the 3117BRRJ strain represent a novel specie of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides brasiliensis sp. nov. was proposed and the 3712BRRJ and 3371BRRJ represent a new genus and species for which the name Guaraldella brasiliensis nov. were proposed.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Consumption of food contaminated with strains of Staphylococcus aureus can cause diseases, whose signs and symptoms include gastroenteritis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain within one to six hours post-consumption of contaminated food. In this way, rapid methods of detection and identification of S. aureus are essential for food quality control and food safety. At this study, objectived to select peptide that binds to S.aureus, through the technique of Phage Display (PD), for development of fast diagnostic tools, of easy handling and low cost. At this study was used bioppaning for selection of peptides that express on the surface filamentous phage peptides that binds to S. aureus. The phage DNA selected was sequenced and subjected to in silico analysis (BioEdit v7.0.9). The sequences obtained were aligned and clones underwent pre-screening (ELISA) for the evaluation of binding specificity to S. aureus. The titles of input and output in biopanning were constant. Nine valid sequences were obtained after sequencing 40 clones selected after 3 rounds of biopanning. The analysis demonstrated that four clones presented reactivity in bacteria, although tests have demonstrated that the peptides exhibited no specific binding capacity in Staphylococcus aureus. Nevertheless, the peptide H06 showed binding specificity in gram-positive bacteria used in the test of reactivity. Furthermore, the in silico analysis showed that the recombinant peptides share chemical characteristics essential the proteins of the bacterial cells. Although the S. aureus specificity had not been observed, the peptide can be used as a method of detecting contamination of food in gram-positive bacteria. In food contamination, fast screening and identification of bacterial groups, allows establish decisions about the marketing and distribution of foods and may prevent outbreaks of food intoxication and ensure food security. / O consumo de alimentos contaminados com cepas de Staphylococcus aureus pode causar doenças, cujos sinais incluem gastroenterites, náuseas, vômitos, diarreia, dor abdominal intensa dentro de uma a seis horas após o consumo do alimento contaminado. Por esta razão, métodos rápidos de detecção de S.aureus são essenciais para o controle da qualidade e da garantia da segurança alimentar. Assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivo selecionar peptídeos ligantes à S.aureus, por meio da técnica de Phage Display (PD), para desenvolvimento de ferramentas diagnósticas rápidas, de fácil manipulação e baixo custo. Neste estudo, foi realizado bioppaning para seleção de peptídeos expressos na superfície de fagos filamentosos que apresentassem peptídeos ligantes a S.aureus. O DNA dos fagos selecionados foi sequenciado e submetido a analise in silico(BioEdit v7.0.9). As sequências obtidas foram alinhadas e os clones foram submetidos à pre-screening (ELISA) para avaliação de especificidade de ligação à S. aureus. Os títulos de entrada e saída obtidos no biopanning foram constantes. Nove sequências válidas foram obtidas após o sequenciamento dos 40 clones selecionados após 3 ciclos de biopanning. A análise de reatividade demonstrou que quatro clones apresentaram reatividade à bactéria, embora os testes de especificidade demonstraram que os peptídeos não exibiram capacidade de ligação específica a S. aureus. Apesar disto, o peptídeo E06 mostrou especificidade de ligação a bactérias do gênero Staphylococcus usadas no teste de reatividade. Além disso, as análises in sílico revelaram que os peptídeos recombinantes compartilham características químicas essenciais a proteínas das bactérias. Embora a especificidade a S.aureus não tenha sido observada, neste estudo o peptídeo pode ser utilizado como um método de detecção a contaminação de alimentos por estafilococos. Nas contaminações de alimentos, a triagem rápida e métodos de identificação de grupos bacterianos permitem estabelecer decisões sobre a comercialização e distribuição e podem prevenir um surto de intoxicação, garantindo a segurança alimentar. / Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural Aplicadas

Introdução: a infecção hospitalar tem se tornado um problema de saúde pública, no Brasil e na maioria dos países do mundo, sobretudo devido ao aumento gradativo da resistência dos microrganismos aos antimicrobianos. Nos pacientes que apresentam deficiências no sistema imunológigo como os indivíduos que vivem com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) ou com a síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (aids) o quadro clínico dessas infecções pode se tornar extremamente grave, aumentando a morbimortalidade. Objetivo: determinar a prevalência de microorganismos gram-negativos em indivíduos com HIV/aids internados num hospital escola do interior paulista. Material e Método: trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. No período de 01 agosto de 2011 a 28 de fevereiro de 2013, foram abordados 365 indivíduos internados em duas unidades especializadas de um hospital escola público do interior paulista, sendo a população do presente estudo composta por 220 sujeitos. Os dados sociodemográficos, clínicos e hábitos de saúde foram obtidos por meio de entrevista individual e consulta aos prontuários. Coletou-se também amostras de saliva e swab nasal nas primeiras 24 horas de internação, as quais foram processadas pelo Laboratório de Microbiologia do referido hospital. Os dados foram inicialmente digitados em planilha do Microsoft Office Excel for Windows 2011, realizada dupla digitação e validação dos dados, a fim de identificar possíveis erros de digitação. Posteriormente, a planilha definitva foi transportada para o programa Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS), versão 17.0 for Windows, onde foi estruturado o banco de dados e realizada análise estatística. Resultados: a prevalência de microorganismos gram negativos nos indivíduos com HIV/aids foi de 15,4% independente do sítio onde foi isolado. Pseudomonas aeruginosa foi o micoorganismo mais frequentemente isolado tanto na saliva (50%), quanto no swab nasal (37,5%), seguida por Klebsiella pneumoniae (30,7%) isolada somente na saliva. Em relação aos aspectos clínicos 29,4% dos indivíduos com amostras positivas para microorganismos gram negativos tinham carga viral acima de 1000.000 cópias,ml, CD4 menor que 200 céluas/mm3 (50%), tiveram internações prévias (52,9%), estavam em uso de antimicrobiano (64,7%), não usavam antirretrovirais (52,9%) e tinham algum procedimento invasivo no momento da coleta (67,6%). Nenhum microorganismo apresentou resistência aos antimicrobianos. Conclusão: a prevalência de microorganismos gram-negativos foi maior na saliva (11,8%) que no swab nasal (3,6%), indicando que coletar amostras de mais de um sítio pode favorecer a identificação de indivíduos colonizados e ou infectados / Introduction: the hospital infection has become a public health problem in Brazil and in most countries of the world, mainly due to the gradual increase of resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics. In patients who have deficiencies in the immune system such as individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the clinical picture of these infections can become very serious, increasing morbidity and mortality. Objective: to determine the prevalence of gram-negative microorganisms in individuals with HIV/AIDS hospitalized at a teaching hospital in the interior of São Paulo state. Material and Method: this is a cross-sectional study, approved by the Ethics Research Committee of the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing. In the period from August 01, 2011 to February 28, 2013, 365 individuals hospitalized in two specialized units of a public teaching hospital in the interior of São Paulo state were approached, and the study population was comprised of 220 subjects. The sociodemographic and clinical data and health habits were obtained through individual interviews and medical records. Saliva samples and nasal swabs were collected in the first 24 hours of admission, which were processed by the Microbiology Laboratory of the hospital. The instrument variables were coded and cataloged in a dictionary (codebook). The data were initially recorded in a Microsoft Office Excel spreadsheet for Windows 2011, performed a double entry and data validation in order to identify possible typing errors. Subsequently, the final worksheet was transported to the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), version 17.0 for Windows, in which database was structured and statistical analysis was performed. Results: the prevalence of gram-negative microorganisms in individuals with HIV/AIDS was 15.4% regardless of where it was isolated. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most frequently isolated microorganisms both in saliva (50%) and in nasal swabs (37.5%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (30.7%) isolated only in saliva. In regard to clinical aspects, 29.4% of individuals with positive samples for gram-negative microorganisms had viral load above 1000,000 copies/ml, CD4 less than 200 cells/mm3 (50%), had previous hospitalizations (52.9%), were using antimicrobials (64.7%), did not use antiretroviral drugs (52.9%) and had some invasive procedure at the time of collection (67.6%). No microorganism was resistant to antimicrobials. Conclusion: the prevalence of gram-negative microorganisms was higher in saliva (11.8%) than in nasal swabs (3.6%), indicating that collecting samples from more than one location may facilitate the identification of individuals colonized and/or infected

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Neste trabalho abordaremos alguns tÃpicos matriciais e determinantes e sua aplicaÃÃo no Ensino MÃdio. Em especial a Matriz de Gram em uma transformaÃÃo linear que pode ser apli-cada, por exemplo, para calcular a Ãrea de um triÃngulo em funÃÃo dos seus lados e tambÃm o Gramiano (determinante da Matriz de Gram) que permite calcular o volume de um paralele-pÃpedo. Ambos podem ser aplicados no ensino mÃdio. Nesse trabalho tembÃm fazemos uma generalizaÃÃo do produto vetorial e algumas de suas propriedades envolvendo determinantes. Por fim mostramos a Identidade de Lagrange. / In this paper we discuss some topics and determinants matrix and its application in high school. In particular, the Gram matrix in a linear transformation which can be applied, for example, to calculate the area of a triangle in terms of their sides and also Gramiano (Gram matrix determinant) for calculating the volume of a parallelepiped. Both can be applied in high school. In this work we tembÃm a generalization of the vector product and some of its properties involving determinants. Finally we show the identity of Lagrange.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-02-25T10:58:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaeldasilvalima.pdf: 522996 bytes, checksum: 5a2e8f3b92223160a83315d7eb1cac50 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-03-03T13:26:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaeldasilvalima.pdf: 522996 bytes, checksum: 5a2e8f3b92223160a83315d7eb1cac50 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-03T13:26:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaeldasilvalima.pdf: 522996 bytes, checksum: 5a2e8f3b92223160a83315d7eb1cac50 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-11 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo desse trabalho, é a construção do espaço de módulos para o conjunto de quá- druplas ordenadas de pontos na fronteira do espaço hiperbólico complexo. Para isso, utilizaremos o conceito de matriz de Gram como critério de congruência, e a parametrização do espaço de con gurações será feito pelo invariante angular de Cartan e a razão-cruzada. Exempli caremos algumas situações geométricas. / The aim of this work is the construction of a moduli space for the con guration space ordered quadruples of points on the boundary of the complex hyperbolic space. For this use the concept of Gram matrix as a criterion of congruence, and parametrization the con guration space will be done by the Cartan invariant and cross-ratio. Will be exempli ed some geometric situations.