Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-12-29T16:49:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Rafael Choze - 2011.pdf: 2895418 bytes, checksum: 6942b3a804e34024bb7cd13f100e5663 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-12-29T16:50:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Rafael Choze - 2011.pdf: 2895418 bytes, checksum: 6942b3a804e34024bb7cd13f100e5663 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-29T16:50:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Rafael Choze - 2011.pdf: 2895418 bytes, checksum: 6942b3a804e34024bb7cd13f100e5663 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work, a new methodology which allows differentiating conventional and transgenic common beans, grown in greenhouse or under field conditions, based on modifications in chemical composition using 1H HRMAS NMR and infrared is proposed. Through NMR it was possible to identify differences in chemical composition between the beans, according to transgenic or conventional source, especially in aromatic hydrogen region. The 1H, gHSQC and gHMBC experiments conducted to the flavonoids quercetin and myricetin structures, present in higher contents in genetically modified cultivars. Moreover, through 1H HR-MAS NMR was also possible to identify, in mixture, the aminoacids threonine, valine, isoleucine, and lysine, and the oligosaccharides stachyose, raffinose, and verbascose. The NMR spectra of Pérola 5.1 and BRS Pontal 5.1, to which the transgene was received from Olathe 5.1, using crosses and backcrosses, showed the same signal pattern observed in Olathe 5.1 bean. This study also demonstrated that the influence of typical variables from field planting conditions had no significant influence on the ability of separation between cultivars transgenic and conventional. This methodology was corroborated by multivariate data analysis of the 1H NMR spectra. On the other hand, the infrared studies showed less conclusive results. The study of the influence of exposure to air indicated a decrease in the flavonoid myricetin content. For quercetin no change was observed. This study also points out the simplicity of using the HR-MAS NMR technique for food analyses. The measurement is highly simplified because it does not require any pretreatment of the sample apart from the addition of a small amount of D2O necessary to produce homogeneous dough and a field frequency lock. Moreover, due to the high concentration of the sample, measurement time in HR-MAS NMR is very short. / Neste trabalho, propõe-se uma metodologia que permita diferenciar feijões convencionais e transgênicos, cultivados em casa de vegetaçao sob condições controladas ou em campo, baseados em modificações na composição química, utilizando RMN 1H HR-MAS e infravermelho. Através da RMN foi possível identificar diferenças na composição química entre os feijões, segundo sua origem convencional ou transgênica, especialmente na região de hidrogênios aromáticos. Os espectros de 1H HR-MAS, gHSQC e gHMBC conduziram às estruturas dos flavonóides quercetina e miricetina, presentes em maior concentração no feijão geneticamente modificado. Além disso, através da técnica de HR-MAS, foi possível caracterizar os aminoácidos treonina, alanina, valina, isoleucina e lisina e os oligossacarídeos estaquiose, verbascose e rafinose, em mistura. As linhagens BRS Pontal 5.1 e Pérola 5.1, derivadas de cultivares de grande aceitação comercial, BRS Pontal e Pérola, e que receberam o transgene do feijão Olathe 5.1, através de cruzamentos e retrocruzamentos, apresentaram o mesmo perfil de variação química observado para as cultivares Olathe Pinto e Olathe 5.1. Esse estudo demonstrou ainda, que as variáveis edafoclimáticas, típicas de condições de plantio no campo, não tiveram influência significativa sobre a capacidade de separação entre cultivares transgênicos e convencionais. Esta metodologia foi corroborada pela análise multivariada dos dados dos espectros de RMN de 1H. Por outro lado, estudos realizados através da técnica de infravermelho demonstraram que os resultados foram menos conclusivos, quando comparados àqueles obtidos através de RMN. O estudo da influencia da exposição da cultivar ao ar, indicou uma variação no teor do flavonóide miricetina, visualizado pelo decréscimo da intensidade de seus sinais no espectro. Para o flavonóide quercetina, nenhuma variação foi observada. Por fim, esse trabalho aponta para a simplicidade do uso da técnica HR-MAS para análises de alimentos. A medida é extremamente simplificada, pois não requer nenhum prétratamento da amostra além da moagem e adição de gotas de D2O.

La RMN est un outil analytique extrêmement puissant pour l’analyse quantitative et structurale, et est très utilisée en biologie structurale. C’est dans ce contexte que nous avons choisi d’étudier les interactions par RMN. Le premier système choisi est un système de polymères, les PEO. Ils sont caractérisés par plusieurs grandeurs physiques dont l’indice de polydispersité. Cet indice représente la distribution de taille d’une population de polymères. Nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode de diffusion par RMN, la DOSY afin d’accéder à cet indice : J. Viéville et al. / Journal of Magnetic Resonance 212 (2011)169–173 Le deuxième système complexe étudié est un type de molécules chimiques mimétiques de l’ADN, les PNA, acides nucléiques peptidiques. Les PNA possèdent des bases nucléiques leur permettant de former des liaisons avec l’ADN ou l’ARN. Nous avons montré par des analyses de RMN que les PNA en solution peuvent former des complexes très stables avec des températures de fusion élevées. Ces analyses RMN sont complétées par des analyses de dichroïsme circulaire.Afin de compléter notre panel d’études sur les interactions moléculaires par RMN, nous avons étudié les interactions protéine-ligand avec greffage de la protéine sur phase solide : J.M.P. Viéville et al. / Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 89 (2014) 18–23 / NMR is a powerfull technique we decided to extend to follow interactions in complex mixtures. First part is about polydispersity index of polymer which is an important physical parameter when working with polymers. We developed here a new method, based on PEO analysis, using diffusion experiments (DOSY) by NMR to assess the polydispersity index: J. Viéville et al. / Journal of Magnetic Resonance 212 (2011) 169–173. In a second time, we worked on peptidic nucleic acids, PNA. These chemicals molecules are designed to bind DNA or RNA for clinical studies. We studied PNA in solution, by NMR to showwhich kind of interactions they form on themselves. We found very stable complexes with high fusion temperatures. Circular dichroism measurements were helpful for fusion temperature determination and structural studies. To complete this panel, we were interested in the study of protein-ligand interaction. We developed a new way to follow them, using a grafted protein on a solid phase based on HR-MAS NMR technology: J.M.P. Viéville et al. / Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 89 (2014) 18–23

O ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA), um grupo de isômeros do ácido linoleico, é encontrado no leite e na carne de animais ruminantes, e apresenta propriedades anticarcinogênica, antidiabética, antiadipogênica e antiaterogênica. Neste trabalho de doutorado estudou-se o efeito do CLA (cis-9, trans-11) em duas linhagens de células de câncer de mama, MCF-7 e MDA-MB-231, com a técnica de RMN denominada HR-MAS (High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning). O HR-MAS foi usado para identificar e quantificar os principais metabólitos das linhagens e também foi eficiente para observar mudanças significativas na variação dos metabólitos em função da adição de CLA ao meio de cultura. As células de câncer de mama, MCF-7 submetidas a 100 µM CLA tiveram aumento significativo do sinal de acetona. Esse padrão não foi observado para a MDA-MB-231. Também se observou que o teor de fosfocolina decresceu em ambas as linhagens celulares quando tratadas com 100 µM CLA. Mediante esses resultados e simulação por modelagem molecular propôs-se que o CLA pode atuar inibindo a ação da enzima HMG-CoA redutase (HMGR), de maneira similar as estatinas. Ao se ligar a HMGR, o CLA impede a ligação do HMG-CoA (substrato), impedindo a sua conversão para mevalonato e consequentemente a biossíntese do colesterol. O HMG-CoA é então convertido para acetoacetato e posteriormente a acetona. Esse mecanismo pode explicar tanto o aumento da acetona quanto a redução da fosfocolina, uma vez que há controle positivo mútuo entre o colesterol e os fosfolipídios. Desta forma, pode-se concluir que a inibição da HMGR pelo CLA pode ser uma demonstração do mecanismo bioquímico tanto de sua ação anticarcinogênica quando das atividades antidiabética, antiadipogênica e antiaterogênica, relatadas na literatura. Neste trabalho também foi demonstrada a potencialidade do processamento dos sinais de HR-MAS no domínio do tempo pelo método de diagonalização filtrada. Essa técnica foi capaz de obter espectros de alta resolução, sem necessidade de supressão do sinal da água e filtro de T2, para suprimir linhas largas. / Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a group of isomers of linoleic acid,is found in milk and meat of ruminant animals, which have anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, antiatherogenic and anthiadipogenic properties. In this thesis the effect of CLA (cis-9, trans-11) in two cell lines of breast cancer, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 was studied High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HR-MAS) NMR technique. HR-MAS was used to identify and quantify the metabolites of the two cells and was effective to observe significant changes in metabolites due to the addition of CLA to the culture medium. The breast cancer cells, MCF-7 subjected to 100 µM CLA had a significantly higher acetone signal. This pattern was not observed for MDA-MB-231. It was noted that the content of phosphocholine decreased in both cell lines treated with 100 µM CLA. Given these results and simulation with molecular modeling we are suggesting that CLA inhibits the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR), similar to statins. By binding to HMGR, CLA prevents binding of the HMG-CoA (substrate), preventing their conversion to mevalonate, and consequently the cholesterol biosynthesis. The HMG-CoA is then converted to acetoacetate and then acetone. This mechanism explains the increase of acetone and decreased of phosphocholine, since there is mutual positive control with cholesterol and phospholipids. Therefore, the inhibition of HMGR by CLA may be the biochemical explanation for its anticarcinogenic activities as well as antidiabetic, antiatherogenic and antiadipogenic properties reported in the literature. It was also demonstrated the capability of Filter Diagonalization Method (FDM) to process time domain HR-MAS signals. FDM was able to obtain high-resolution spectra without the water suppression and T2 filter.

O ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA), um grupo de isômeros do ácido linoleico, é encontrado no leite e na carne de animais ruminantes, e apresenta propriedades anticarcinogênica, antidiabética, antiadipogênica e antiaterogênica. Neste trabalho de doutorado estudou-se o efeito do CLA (cis-9, trans-11) em duas linhagens de células de câncer de mama, MCF-7 e MDA-MB-231, com a técnica de RMN denominada HR-MAS (High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning). O HR-MAS foi usado para identificar e quantificar os principais metabólitos das linhagens e também foi eficiente para observar mudanças significativas na variação dos metabólitos em função da adição de CLA ao meio de cultura. As células de câncer de mama, MCF-7 submetidas a 100 µM CLA tiveram aumento significativo do sinal de acetona. Esse padrão não foi observado para a MDA-MB-231. Também se observou que o teor de fosfocolina decresceu em ambas as linhagens celulares quando tratadas com 100 µM CLA. Mediante esses resultados e simulação por modelagem molecular propôs-se que o CLA pode atuar inibindo a ação da enzima HMG-CoA redutase (HMGR), de maneira similar as estatinas. Ao se ligar a HMGR, o CLA impede a ligação do HMG-CoA (substrato), impedindo a sua conversão para mevalonato e consequentemente a biossíntese do colesterol. O HMG-CoA é então convertido para acetoacetato e posteriormente a acetona. Esse mecanismo pode explicar tanto o aumento da acetona quanto a redução da fosfocolina, uma vez que há controle positivo mútuo entre o colesterol e os fosfolipídios. Desta forma, pode-se concluir que a inibição da HMGR pelo CLA pode ser uma demonstração do mecanismo bioquímico tanto de sua ação anticarcinogênica quando das atividades antidiabética, antiadipogênica e antiaterogênica, relatadas na literatura. Neste trabalho também foi demonstrada a potencialidade do processamento dos sinais de HR-MAS no domínio do tempo pelo método de diagonalização filtrada. Essa técnica foi capaz de obter espectros de alta resolução, sem necessidade de supressão do sinal da água e filtro de T2, para suprimir linhas largas. / Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a group of isomers of linoleic acid,is found in milk and meat of ruminant animals, which have anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, antiatherogenic and anthiadipogenic properties. In this thesis the effect of CLA (cis-9, trans-11) in two cell lines of breast cancer, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 was studied High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HR-MAS) NMR technique. HR-MAS was used to identify and quantify the metabolites of the two cells and was effective to observe significant changes in metabolites due to the addition of CLA to the culture medium. The breast cancer cells, MCF-7 subjected to 100 µM CLA had a significantly higher acetone signal. This pattern was not observed for MDA-MB-231. It was noted that the content of phosphocholine decreased in both cell lines treated with 100 µM CLA. Given these results and simulation with molecular modeling we are suggesting that CLA inhibits the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR), similar to statins. By binding to HMGR, CLA prevents binding of the HMG-CoA (substrate), preventing their conversion to mevalonate, and consequently the cholesterol biosynthesis. The HMG-CoA is then converted to acetoacetate and then acetone. This mechanism explains the increase of acetone and decreased of phosphocholine, since there is mutual positive control with cholesterol and phospholipids. Therefore, the inhibition of HMGR by CLA may be the biochemical explanation for its anticarcinogenic activities as well as antidiabetic, antiatherogenic and antiadipogenic properties reported in the literature. It was also demonstrated the capability of Filter Diagonalization Method (FDM) to process time domain HR-MAS signals. FDM was able to obtain high-resolution spectra without the water suppression and T2 filter.

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2015-11-30T13:23:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Flávia Carneiro Gonçalves - 2015.pdf: 3718226 bytes, checksum: 3024f921d7aec7030599eee358d0593f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-12-01T06:45:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Flávia Carneiro Gonçalves - 2015.pdf: 3718226 bytes, checksum: 3024f921d7aec7030599eee358d0593f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-01T06:45:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Flávia Carneiro Gonçalves - 2015.pdf: 3718226 bytes, checksum: 3024f921d7aec7030599eee358d0593f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study objectives to evaluate the effect of an inappropriate night cooling condition, it is practiced by some shops with processed mozzarella cheese and conventional mozzarella chemical profiles, using nuclear magnetic resonance technique (NMR). The simulation of inappropriate cooling was performed using a Styrofoam box with ice, not covered, and leaving the system to reach thermal equilibrium with the ambient temperature during the night. To make studies with processed mozzarella cheese was acquired two packages of the same batch, at local shops. Subjecting the spectral data, coming from the analysis made with HR-MAS, in the chemometric treatment was observed a tendency of discrimination in the samples exposed to different cooling conditions, and signals concerning lactose and some of fatty acids had greater influence in the observed separation. For the mozzarella cheese, in addition to NMR studies, it was also performed physical and chemical characteristics studies. For these studies, it has been acquired twenty-two trays containing sliced cheese, in the local market, which were divided into two sets with eleven trays each. Samples were analyzed in nature, using HR-MAS probe, and the crude extract using TBI probe. The identification of metabolites was done from the HSQC experiments, J-resolved and NMR ¹H, the last one being also used in the relative quantification of twelve metabolites. For the mozzarella cheese maintained under improper cooling conditions, there was a reduction in the galactose content and an increasing of amino acids and organic acids contents. The physicochemical analysis of pH, saturated fat and protein showed no significant differences that could be correlated with the different conditions of sample cooling. Finally, it has been concluded that NMR technique and chemometric tools are promising in identify the cheese samples submitted to different cooling conditions that has been studied, which could not be done using the physical and chemical parameters commonly used in cheese quality analysis. / Neste estudo vislumbrou-se avaliar a o efeito da condição de refrigeração noturna inadequada, praticada por alguns estabelecimentos comerciais, no perfil químico dos queijos tipo processados sabor mozarela e tipo mozarela convencional, fazendo uso da técnica de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN). A simulação da refrigeração inadequada foi realizada utilizando-se uma caixa de isopor contendo gelo, sem tampa, deixando o sistema atingir o equilíbrio térmico com o ambiente no decorrer da noite. Para os estudos com o queijo tipo mozarela processado adquiriu-se dois pacotes, pertencentes a um mesmo lote, no comércio local. Submetendo-se os dados espectrais, advindos das análises fazendo uso da sonda HR-MAS, ao tratamento quimiométrico, observa-se uma tendência de discriminação das amostras submetidas a diferentes condições de refrigeração, sendo que os sinais referentes a lactose e de alguns ácidos graxos tiveram maior influencia na separação observada. Já para o queijo tipo mozarela convencional, além dos estudos de RMN, realizou-se também estudos de características físico-químicas. Para isso, foram adquiridas no comércio local vinte e duas bandejas contendo queijo fatiado, as quais foram divididas em dois conjuntos com onze bandejas cada. Foram realizadas análises da amostra in natura, fazendo uso da sonda HR-MAS, e do extrato bruto, fazendo uso da sonda TBI. A identificação de metabólitos foi feita a partir dos experimentos HSQC, J-resolved e RMN de ¹H, sendo este último utilizado também na quantificação relativa de doze metabólitos. Para o queijo tipo mozarela mantido sob condições inadequadas de refrigeração observou-se uma redução no teor de galactose e aumento no teor de aminoácidos e ácidos orgânicos. As análises físicoquímicas de pH, gordura total e proteína total não mostraram diferenças significativas que pudessem ser correlacionadas com as diferentes condições de refrigeração das amostras. Nesse sentido, conclui-se que a técnica de RMN e ferramentas quimiométricas mostraram-se promissoras na identificação das amostras de queijo submetidas às diferentes condições de refrigeração estudadas, o que não pôde ser feito utilizando-se os parâmetros físico-químicos rotineiramente empregados em análises da qualidade de queijos.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-27T11:23:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Rodolpho de Campos Braga - 2015.pdf: 15048949 bytes, checksum: 8c5fe5ec8f286e33101963872c33d8d5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-27T11:26:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Rodolpho de Campos Braga - 2015.pdf: 15048949 bytes, checksum: 8c5fe5ec8f286e33101963872c33d8d5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T11:26:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Rodolpho de Campos Braga - 2015.pdf: 15048949 bytes, checksum: 8c5fe5ec8f286e33101963872c33d8d5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In view of the alarming scenario of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil and in the world, especially due to the increasing number of cases of drug resistance and due to the few drugs available, it is essential to search for new therapeutic alternatives for this parasitosis. The complete sequencing of the genome of the main species of Leishmania opened great possibilities in understanding these diseases and initiated the post-genomic era of drug discovery against kinetoplastids. In this context, the enzyme 14 a-sterol demethylase (CYP51) of Leishmania is especially involved in the biosynthesis of ergosterol, the main sterol membrane and vital to the parasite. Furthermore, it was recently shown that inhibition of CYP51 of L. donovani is essential for the growth of the parasite, and therefore, is a validated target for the development of new leishmanicidal drugs. The aim of this work was the development and implementation of integrated strategies in medicinal chemistry to identify new bioactive compounds against L. infantum using CYP51 enzyme as molecular target. For this, we compiled, integrated and prepared the largest publicly available data sets related to CYP51 and phenotypic assays for Leishmania infantum amastigotes. Virtual screening models (VS) were constructed and extensively validated and applied to filter over 1 million of commercial compounds. The best models for VS were ROCS (LBDD) and pharmacophore (SBDD), with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) values of 0.86-0.90. The consensus between the two models had greater performance, with AUC of 0.93 and high recognition ability active ligands in the top 1% hits. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models robust and predictive were generated and validated for L. infantum (amastigote forms). The models were able to discriminate inactive active compounds with correct classification rate (CCR) values of 0.77 to 0.95 when evaluated for the external validation set. After the virtual screening, QSAR models were used to assist in the final selection of the compounds to be experimentally evaluated. This strategy allowed the identification of 12 compounds that were selected and acquired for in vitro assays against Leishmania (L.) infantum (MHOM / BR / 1972 / LD) in promastigote and amastigote forms, and determination of selectivity/cytotoxicity in NCTC in mammalian cells. Of the twelve compounds tested, six of them showed 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values raging from 3.48 to 58.94 μM and were more potent than the standard drug meglumine antimoniate, which is the drug of choice for the treatment of all forms of leishmaniasis. Three most promising compounds (LabMol-007, LabMol-009 and LabMol-012), had activity in leishmanicidal as amastigote and selectivity index promising (IC50 < 5.21 μM and selectivity index > 6.8) and were selected as new hits. We analyzed the parasite metabolic changes in the presence of known CYP51 inhibitors and new inhibitors using HR-MAS NMR 1H . We observed major changes in the energetic metabolism, amino acids catabolism, sterol biosynthesis, purine biosynthesis and thiol-redox system of the parasite. The three hit compounds identified in this work will continue in the drug development process, being necessary to carry out in vivo studies, elucidation of the mechanism of action, hit optimization, as well as the study of pharmacokinetic properties and toxicity. / Tendo em vista o quadro alarmante da leishmaniose visceral no Brasil e no mundo, especialmente devido ao crescente número de casos de resistência e aos poucos medi- camentos disponíveis, é imprescindível a busca de novas alternativas terapêuticas para esta parasitose. O sequenciamento completo do genoma das principais espécies de Leish- mania abriu grandes possibilidades no entendimento desses organismos e iniciou a era pós-genômica da descoberta de fármacos contra tripanossomatídeos. Nesse contexto, destaca-se a enzima 14 a-esterol desmetilase (CYP51) de Leishmania, que é especial- mente envolvida na biossíntese do ergosterol, principal esterol de membrana e vital para o parasito. Além disso, recentemente foi demonstrado que a inibição da CYP51 de L. donovani é essencial para o crescimento do parasito, sendo, portanto, um alvo validado para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos leishmanicidas. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de estratégias integradas em Química Medicinal para a identificação de novas substâncias bioativas contra L. infantum, utilizando a enzima CYP51 como alvo molecular. Para isso, foram compilados, integrados e preparados os maiores conjuntos de dados disponíveis publicamente relacionados a CYP51 e a ensaios fenotípicos para Leishmania spp. Modelos de triagem virtual (VS) foram construídos, exaustivamente validados e aplicados para filtrar uma quimioteca com mais de 1 milhão de compostos comerciais. Os melhores modelos para a VS foram o ROCS (LBDD) e o farmacofórico (SBDD), com valores de área sob a curva ROC (AUC) de 0,86-0,90. O consenso entre esses dois modelos foi superior com valor de AUC de 0,93 e alta capacidade de reconhecimento de ligantes ativos no topo de 1% hits. Modelos de relação quantitativa entre estrutura e atividade (QSAR) robustos e preditivos foram gerados e validados para um conjunto de dados de compostos com atividade contra L. infantum (formas amastigota). Os modelos de QSAR foram capazes de discriminar compostos ati- vos de inativos com uma taxa de acerto (CCR) de 0,77-0,95, quando avaliados utilizando o conjunto de validação externa. Após a triagem virtual, os modelos de QSAR foram usados para auxiliar na seleção final dos compostos a avaliados experimentalmente. Essa estratégia permitiu a identificação de 12 compostos que foram selecionados e adquiridos para realização de ensaios de atividade biológica in vitro contra Leishmania (L.) infantum (MHOM/BR/1972/LD) em formas promastigotas e amastigotas, e determinação de sele- tividade/citotoxidade em células mamíferas NCTC. Dos doze compostos testados, seis deles apresentaram valores de concentração inibitória de 50% (IC50) entre 3,48-58,94 μM e foram mais potentes que o fármaco padrão antimoniato de meglumina, que é o fármaco de primeira escolha para o tratamento de todas as formas de leishmaniose. Três compostos mais (LabMol-007, LabMol-009 e LabMol-012) tiveram atividade em leishmanicida na forma amastigota e índice de seletividade bastante promissores (IC50 < 5,21 μM e índice de seletividade > 6,8) e foram selecionados como novos hits. Analisou-se as alterações metabólicas do parasito na presença inibidores conhecidos de CYP51 e dos novos inibi- dores, empregando-se RMN HR-MAS 1H. Foram observadas alterações principais nas vias de metabolismo energético, catabolismo de aminoácidos, biossíntese de esteróis, metabolismo purinas e no sistema tiol-redox do parasito. Os três hits identificados neste trabalho prosseguirão no processo de desenvolvimento de novos fármacos, sendo necessá- ria a realização de estudos in vivo, elucidação do mecanismo de ação, otimização dos hits, além do estudo de propriedades farmacocinéticas e toxicidade.

La principale limite en chirurgie hépatobiliaire est représentée par l’insuffisance hépatocellulaire (IHC) posthépatectomie (Hx) ou la dysfonction du greffon (EAD) après transplantation (TH). Peu d’études ont évalué le métabolisme du foie dans son ensemble, du fait du manque de technique utilisable en clinique. La métabolomique HR-MAS-RMN pourrait pallier à ce manque. Le but de cette thèse était d’évaluer l’apport de cette technique en chirurgie hépatobiliaire.En TH (n=42), le profil métabolique (PM) prédisait le risque d’EAD et identifiait le lactate et la phosphocholine comme biomarqueurs permettant d’envisager un matching métabolique. Après Hx majeure (n=45), le PM prédisait la survenue d’un décès par IHC. Ce PM différait du profil cirrhotique en décompensation et était compatible avec celui de système cellulaire prolifératif. Une étude préliminaire montrait que le PM prédisait la récidive à 1 an après hépatectomie. Ce travail montre l’intérêt de la métabolomique par HR MAS RMN pour prédire l’issue d’une Hx ou d’une TH dans un temps compatible avec la clinique. Ces données orientent vers la piste de l’intervention métabolique en chirurgie hépatique. / One of the main limits in liver surgery is the risk of liver failure (LF) after hepatectomy (Hx) or graft dysfunction (EAD) after liver transplantation (LT). Few studies have evaluated global liver metabolism, probably due to the lack of clinically relevant techniques. HR-MAS-NMR metabolomics may fulfill this lack and the goal of this work was to evaluate its capacity to predict early outcomes after hepatectomy and LT. In LT (n=42), metabolic profile predicted EAD and lactate and phosphocholine were potent biomarkers providing means for metabolic matching. In liver biopsies harvested at the end of major Hx (n=45), metabolic profile predicted PHLF. The profile at risk of LF differed from that of decompensated cirrhosis but correlated to that of proliferative multicellular systems. A preliminary study showed that the metabolic profile predicted the risk of liver metastases recurrence at 1 year. This work underlines the potential value of HR-MAS-NMR metabolomics in the prediction of short-term outcomes in liver surgery. It provides clues to be further investigated for future evaluation of metabolic intervention in the field of liver surgery.

Cette thèse présente une approche multicompartimentée en métabolomique appliquée au diagnostic des tumeurs indéterminées de la thyroïde et à la caractérisation de l’effet du fructo-oligosaccharide sous condition de régime hyperlipidique chez la souris. L’objectif était de montrer qu’une telle approche permettrait de visualiser de façon plus globale des modulations du métabolisme induites, et par conséquent, d’améliorer la pertinence des marqueurs discriminants identifiés. Dans le cas de l'analyse nutritionnelle, l’analyse mono-compartimentée des différentes organes/segments intestinaux des souris ont permis de mettre en évidence les voies métaboliques affectées par le régime hyperlipidique mais pas d’observer un effet significatif du prébiotique FOS. Dans le cas du cancer de la thyroïde, l’étude multicompartimentée n’a pas pu être mise en place dans de bonnes conditions (problème de prélèvement d’échantillons). Cependant, l’analyse métabolomique monocompartimentée basée sur l’analyse HR-MAS des ponctions prélevées à l’aiguille fine a mené à une discrimination significative entre les lésions bénignes et malignes avec une prédictivité similaire aux tests moléculaires actuellement disponibles. En parallèle, nous avons exploré la technique HR-MAS à rotation lente dans le but de préserver l’intégrité des tissus au cours des expériences. L’utilisation de cette technique s’accompagne d’un certain nombre d’inconvénients que nous avons contournés en utilisant des séquences RMN particulières, et en mettant en place un protocole robuste de préparation d’échantillons. Enfin, nous avons évalué le filtre T1ρ et son application en métabolomique comme alternative au filtre T2. / This thesis presents a multicompartmental metabolomics approach applied to the diagnosis of indeterminate thyroid tumours and to the characterization of the effect of fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), a prebiotic, under high fat diet condition in a mouse model. The aim of this project is to show that such approach could lead to a more global visualization of the induced metabolic modulations, and therefore, improve the identified discriminant markers relevance. Regarding the diet study, the mono-compartmental analysis of the different mouse organs/intestine segments enabled us to identify metabolic pathways affected by the high fat diet whereas the effect of FOS could only be characterized for the feces samples collected at day 28. Regarding the thyroid cancer study, the multi-compartmental approach could not have been continued due to sample handling issues. However, the classical metabolomics analysis of the fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNAB) from patients with benign or malignant tumours led to a clear discrimination between both groups with a predictivity similar to that of commercial diagnosis tests. In the meantime, we explored the slow-spinning NMR HR-MAS technique in order to preserve the integrity of the tissues during the experiments. The use of this technique is accompanied by a number of drawbacks that we have avoided using special NMR sequences, and putting in place a robust protocol for sample preparation. Finally, we evaluated the T1ρ filter and its applications to metabolomics as an alternative to T2 filter.

La majorité des méthodes d’analyse et de contrôle actuelles dans l’agroalimentaire sont basées sur une approche ciblée, c'est-à-dire avec une définition en amont des contaminants recherchés, et présentent ainsi le risque de ne pas détecter certaines fraudes ou sources potentielles de contaminations de produits authentiques. C’est autour de cette problématique que le projet Agrifood GPS (Global Protection System), dont fait partie cette thèse, a été initié. Celui-ci a pour objectif principal la mise en place de nouvelles méthodes analytiques de criblage (non-ciblées) afin de garantir l’intégrité des produits analysés. Cette thèse regroupe ainsi les différents résultats obtenus sur des matrices semi-solides (poisson principalement), par RMN Haute Résolution en Rotation à l’Angle Magique (HR-MAS), et sur des extraits de caviar par RMN liquide haute résolution (HR). Ce manuscrit présente, tout d’abord, une méthode de détermination rapide de la fraîcheur et la qualité du poisson basée sur la mesure de deux indicateurs chimiques (le TMA-N et la valeur K) ainsi que les résultats portant sur l’évaluation de la texture du poisson à travers l’étude du temps de relaxation transversale (T2) de l’eau contenue dans les tissus musculaires, ces deux études étant réalisées par RMN HR-MAS. Puis, les résultats des travaux réalisés sur la détermination de l’origine géographique du caviar à l’aide du profil métabolique enregistré par spectroscopie RMN liquide haute résolution et d’analyses statistiques multivariées, dans le cadre de la démarche d’obtention d’une IGP (Indication Géographique Protégée) des producteurs de l’Aquitaine, et sur l’étude de la dégradation du caviar au cours de sa conservation au réfrigérateur sont alors présentés. / Most of the current analytical and quality control methods in the food industry are based on a targeted approach, with an upstream definition of the intended contaminants, and may fail to detect some frauds or contaminations of genuine products. It is around this issue that the Agrifood GPS (Global Protection System), of which this thesis is part of, has been initiated. This project aims at developing new holistic analytical methods (untargeted) in order to ensure the integrity of the foodstuff analyzed. This thesis manuscript gathers the results obtained on semi-solid foodstuffs (mainly fish), by High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning NMR, and on caviar extracts by high resolution liquid-state NMR (HR NMR). First of all, it presents a rapid method to evaluate fish freshness and quality based on the determination of two chemical indicators (the TMA-N and the K-value) and the results of a fish texture study through the measurement of the transverse relaxation time (T2) of water in muscle tissues, both by HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy. Thereafter, are presented the results of the work carried out on the determination of the geographical origin of caviar using the metabolic profile acquired by liquid-state NMR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis in the context of the PGI (Protected Geographical Indication) status for the Aquitaine producers, and on the degradation study of caviar during its storage in a fridge.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-02-22T11:22:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Brenda Gomes Carvalho - 2012.pdf: 1987679 bytes, checksum: 63fde171cc8d47f38d2c59890c3a1b90 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-02-22T11:24:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Brenda Gomes Carvalho - 2012.pdf: 1987679 bytes, checksum: 63fde171cc8d47f38d2c59890c3a1b90 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-22T11:24:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Brenda Gomes Carvalho - 2012.pdf: 1987679 bytes, checksum: 63fde171cc8d47f38d2c59890c3a1b90 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-19 / Araucaria angustifolia is a dioecious plant, which is endangered due to their extensive exploitation and reforestation difficulties related to its slow development and lack of methods for determining the sex of the plant before its reproductive age (15 to 20 years). Through analysis of 1H HR-MAS NMR and multivariate analysis was possible to propose a method to predict the sex of the plant still young, by assessing the metabolic profile of fresh leaves. This analysis led to the identification of regions of spectrum with higher influence on differentiation between males and females, although the corresponding metabolites have not been elucidated. / Araucaria angustifolia é uma planta dióica, que se encontra ameaçada de extinção devido à sua extensiva exploração e às dificuldades de reflorestamento, relacionadas ao seu lento desenvolvimento e à inexistência de métodos para a determinação do sexo da planta antes de sua idade reprodutiva (15 a 20 anos). Através de análises de RMN HR-MAS de 1H e análise multivariada foi possível propor um método para a predição do sexo da planta ainda jovem, através da avaliação do perfil metabólico de folhas in natura. Esta análise levou à identificação de regiões do espectro com maior influência na diferenciação entre machos e fêmeas, embora os metabólitos correspondentes não tenham sido elucidados.