選言主義在這個論文當中是指在知覺哲學當中的一個特定的理論。它最核心的主張是我們應該拒斥真實知覺與不真實知覺之間所分享的共同性，目的是為了防止懷疑論的攻擊。本篇論文的目的就是為了辯護這種立場的一個版本。 在我討論選言主義之前，我會在第一章先勾勒知覺哲學的議題的大概。在第二章，我會批評三種不同的表徵主義作為解釋知覺經驗的現象特質的理論。在第三章，我會討論麥克•馬丁的選言主義。由於他的立場過於極端，他的理論反對所以共同性在真實知覺與不真實知覺之間，並且蘊含在幻覺情況下，我們是無法知覺到任何的現象特質的。在最後一章，我會說明並且辯護我的立場。我的立場是宣稱知覺經驗具有表徵內容，用來說明現象特質，並且堅守選言主義的立場，解釋真實經驗與不真實經驗的現象特質不是訴諸相同的說明。我的主張看似不太融貫，因為知覺經驗的現象特質若是可以由表徵內容全部解釋，那為什麼還需要外在世界的對象呢。我會在本篇論文中說明為什麼我的主張是融貫的。 / Disjunctivism, in this thesis, refers to a specific position in philosophy of perception. The kernel of disjunctivism is that we should reject certain commonalities between veridical perception and non-veridical perception in order to preserve the relation between our perceptual experience and the world. The aim of this thesis is to defend one version of this position. Before I discuss the disjunctivism, I articulate the problem of perception in Chapter I and criticize three versions of intentionalism in Chapter II. Then, in Chapter III, I reject Mike Martin’s extreme position of disjunctivism. I defend my only theory in the last chapter that consists in the disjunctivists’ main concern that perception is in a relation to the external world (in order to resist the skeptics) and the intentionalists’ insight that the phenomenal character of experience is wholly explained by the intentionality of experience. My thesis prima facie sounds not coherent. It is because if the phenomenal character of experience can be wholly explained by the intentionality, it is not necessary to take the external objects into account. I will articulate why and how my thesis is coherent in this essay.

This dissertation concerns the location and nature of phenomenal qualities. Arguably, these qualities naively seem to belong to perceived external objects. However, we also seem to experience phenomenal qualities in hallucinations, and in hallucinations we do not perceive any external objects. I present and argue for a theory of the phenomenal qualities, "brain theory", which claims that all phenomenal qualities we experience are physical properties instantiated in the brain, regardless of whether they are experienced in veridical perceptions or in hallucinations. I begin by more carefully identifying the phenomenal qualities, discussing how they are related to "qualia" and "phenomenal character". Then I present brain theory, and investigate its implications for the perceptual relations we stand in to external objects, noting that it is mostly neutral. I also compare brain theory to a similar theory of perception advocated by Bertrand Russell. Next, I provide an overview over the competing theories of phenomenal qualities, and relate them to theories of perception, such as representationalism, qualia theory, sense data theory and disjunctivism. The majority of my argumentation for brain theory focuses on arguing that the phenomenal qualities are instantiated in the brain, rather than on arguing that they are physical properties. Instead, I largely assume physicalism. However, even independently of the physicalism assumption, I show that we have reason to believe that phenomenal qualities are experienced in hallucinations, and that qualities experienced in hallucinations are instantiated in internal objects, such as our brains or sense data. In the first step towards this conclusion I argue that theories which deny that phenomenal qualities are experienced in hallucinations face serious problems. In the next step I argue that theories which deny that phenomenal qualities experienced in hallucinations are instantiated in internal objects face serious problems. Finally, an important part of the argumentation is my replies to objections against brain theory, including common sense objections and the "observation objection". From these conclusions, together with the physicalism assumption, I infer that we have reason to believe that brain theory is true about hallucinations. On this basis, I then argue, through a generalizing argument, that the same is the case for veridical perceptions.

Hallucinations are often seen as a serious symptom of mental illness. Nonetheless, recent decades have produced a body of evidence that documented the presence of hallucinations even in non-clinical samples. Therefore, focusing on these samples is critical for improving understanding of processes underlying auditory hallucinations. The present study examines cognitive mechanisms that have been proposed to influence proneness to auditory hallucinations. A battery of experimental measures is implemented to assess some of the mechanisms implicated in the aetiology of hallucinations. Source monitoring, cognitive inhibition, bottom-up processes, working memory and traumatic experiences were measured in a laboratory study of 52 participants. Findings suggest that proneness to hallucinations is associated with impaired top-down processing and early traumatic experiences. No association between other cognitive mechanisms and hallucination proneness, contrary to previous evidence, has been found. This indicates that impaired source memory, working memory and bottom-up processing impairments might distinguish clinical and non-clinical hallucinators. An alternative implication of these findings points at issues with reproducibility in the hallucination research. Keywords: Auditory verbal hallucinations,...

No description available.

L’hallucination est une expérience subjective vécue en pleine conscience consistant en une perception impossible à distinguer d’une perception réelle, mais survenant en l’absence de tout stimulus en provenance de l’environnement externe. Les symptômes hallucinatoires, qui peuvent concerner toutes les modalités sensorielles, sont retrouvés dans divers troubles neurologiques et psychiatriques mais également chez certains sujets indemnes de toute pathologie. Dans le champ de la psychiatrie, la pathologie la plus fréquemment associée aux hallucinations reste la schizophrénie et la modalité auditive est la plus représentée, puisque 60 à 80% des patients souffrant de ce trouble sont concernés. Le retentissement fonctionnel des hallucinations auditives peut être important, altérant significativement la qualité de vie des patients.Dans ce contexte, la prise en charge de ce type de symptômes s’avère un enjeu considérable pour les personnes souffrant de schizophrénie. Pourtant, les moyens thérapeutiques actuellement disponibles (traitements médicamenteux antipsychotiques notamment) ne permettent pas toujours une rémission complète de la symptomatologie hallucinatoire et l’on considère que 25 à 30% des hallucinations auditives sont « pharmaco-résistantes ». C’est à partir de ce constat que, ces dernières années, ont émergé, pour le traitement des hallucinations auditives, des techniques de neuromodulation comme la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne répétée ou la stimulation électrique transcrânienne par courant continu. Toutefois, les résultats de ces nouvelles thérapies sur les hallucinations auditives résistantes restent modérés et le développement de stratégies alternatives demeure un enjeu de recherche majeur.Actuellement, les travaux en imagerie fonctionnelle permettent d'affiner les modèles physiopathologiques des hallucinations auditives, mais leur intérêt pourrait aller au-delà de la recherche fondamentale, avec possiblement des applications cliniques telles que l'assistance thérapeutique. Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit précisément dans le développement de l’imagerie cérébrale de « capture » des hallucinations auditives, c’est-à-dire l’identification des patterns d’activation fonctionnels associés à la survenue des hallucinations auditives.La première partie de ce travail est consacrée à la détection automatisée des hallucinations auditives en IRM fonctionnelle. L’identification des périodes hallucinatoires survenues au cours d’une session d’IRM fonctionnelle est actuellement possible par une méthode de capture semi-automatisée validée. Celle-ci permet une labellisation des données acquises au cours d’une session de repos en périodes « hallucinatoires » et « non-hallucinatoires ». Toutefois, le caractère long et fastidieux de cette méthode limite largement son emploi. Nous avons donc souhaité montrer comment les stratégies d’apprentissage machine (support vector machine ou SVM, notamment) permettent l’automatisation de cette technique par le développement de classificateurs performants, généralisables et associés à un faible coût de calcul (indispensable en vue d’une utilisation en temps réel). Nous proposons également le développement d’algorithmes de reconnaissance de la période « pré-hallucinatoire », en mettant en évidence que ce type de classificateur présente aussi des performances largement significatives. Enfin, nous avons pu montrer que l’utilisation de stratégies d’apprentissage-machine alternatives au SVM (e.g, le TV-Elastic-net), obtient des performances significativement supérieures au SVM [...] / Hallucination is a transient subjective experience perceived as real, but occurring in the absence of an appropriate stimulation coming from the external environment. Hallucinatory events, which can occur across every sensory modality, are observed in various neurological and psychiatric disorders but also among “non-clinical” populations. The most frequent disorder associated with hallucinations in the field of psychiatry is schizophrenia. Auditory-verbal experiences are particularly frequent, with a lifetime-prevalence of 60 to 80% in patients suffering from schizophrenia. Hallucinations may cause long-term disability and poorer quality of life.In this context, the management of auditory-verbal hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia constitutes a major challenge. However, despite the increasing sophistication of biological and psychosocial research methods in the field, no significant therapeutic breakthrough has occurred in the last decade and a consensus exists that a significant proportion of patients with schizophrenia (i.e., around 25 %), exhibit drug-resistant auditory-verbal hallucinations. Non-pharmacological treatments, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have been proposed as an option for addressing the unmet medical needs described above. However, these neuromodulation techniques show a moderate effect in alleviating drug-resistant auditory-verbal hallucinations and the development of innovative therapeutic strategies remains a major challenge.In recent years, the number of brain imaging studies in the field of auditory-verbal hallucinations has grown substantially, leading to a better pathophysiological understanding of this subjective phenomenon. Recent progress in deciphering the neural underpinnings of AVHs has strengthened transdiagnostic neurocognitive models that characterize auditory-verbal hallucinations, but more specifically these findings built the bases for new therapeutic strategies. In this regards the development of auditory hallucinations “capture" brain-imaging studies (i.e. the identification of functional patterns associated with the occurrence of auditory hallucinations), was the main topic of this thesis.The first part of this work is devoted to the automatized detection of auditory-verbal hallucinations using functional MRI (fMRI). The identification of hallucinatory periods occurring during a fMRI session is now possible using a semi-automatized procedure based on an independent component analysis applied to resting fMRI data combined with a post-fMRI interview (i.e. the patient is asked to report auditory-verbal hallucinations immediately after acquisition). This “two-steps method” allows for the identification of hallucination periods (ON) and non-hallucination ones (OFF). However, the time-consuming nature of this a posteriori labelling procedure considerably limits its use. In these regards, we show how machine-learning, especially support vector machine (SVM), allows the automation of hallucinations capture. We present new results of accurate and generalizable classifiers which could be used in real-time because of their low computational-cost. We also highlight that algorithms able to identify the "pre-hallucinatory" period exhibit significant performances. Finally, we propose the use of an alternative learning-machine strategy, based on TV-Elastic-net, which achieves slightly better performances and more interpretable discriminative maps than SVM [...]

A questão que originou esta pesquisa surgiu da clínica, campo de investigação e reduto de trabalho do psicanalista. Ao observar a mudança de constelações psíquicas que vêm se apresentando no consultório, e constatar os limites que a técnica clássica impõe à escuta psicanalítica, fez-se necessário conhecer outras teorias e técnicas que possibilitassem a ampliação da sensibilidade clínica, buscando, via contratransferência, uma forma de escutar os conteúdos psíquicos de pacientes com falha no processo de simbolização. O trabalho de investigação visou então desenvolver e sustentar a tese de que a perlaboração da contratransferência pode ser um importante recurso que coloca à disposição do trabalho analítico o material necessário para realizar construções em análise de representações-coisa. Os argumentos são construídos em três etapas: aproximação dos conceitos de contratransferência e de perlaboração, sustentando a primeira proposição da tese de perlaboração da contratransferência; apresentação dos aportes teóricos relativos ao conceito de contratransferência, desenvolvidos por autores pós-freudianos, e descrição do trabalho psicanalítico, lançando luz na metapsicologia do analista, composta, precisamente, dos processos psíquicos envolvidos na perlaboração da contratransferência, quais sejam, empatia, identificação projetiva em sua forma comunicativa e rêverie. Entendemos que esses três conceitos operando juntos permitem sustentar a dimensão estética da contratransferência, que, via trabalho do analista, disponibiliza material para realizar a figurabilidade necessária às simbolizações primárias. Trata-se do último passo da tese, que é sustentar a proposição dequea perlaboração da contratransferência é uma etapa sinequa non das construções em análise. O modelo de trabalho que propomos como paradigma deste modo de psicanalisar é o da Gradiva, que encontra na sua própria alucinação a forma de rememoração e perlaboração das cadeias representacionais interrompidas no psiquismo de Hanold. Os argumentos foram desenvolvidos a partir dos seguintes historiais clínicos de autores consagrados na psicanálise: o Homem dos Lobos, a análise de Margareth Little com Winnicott, o caso de análise mútua de Elizabeth Severn e por fim, o caso Didier da psicanalista Julia Kristeva. O percurso nos levou a contribuir com o campo científico a partir de três pontos: compreender como o psicanalista realiza este trabalho; alçar a contratransferência a uma dimensão estética, que visa dar forma e sentido quando há falhas nesses aspectos no analisando, e, sobretudo, recuperar o conceito de alucinação como processo de rememoração, sendo esta compreendida como a matriz da criação simbólica / The question that originated this research arose from the clinic, field of investigation and heartland of work of the psychoanalyst. When observing the change in psychic constellations that are appearing in the practice, and verifying the limits that the classical technique imposes to the psychoanalytical´s listening, it became necessary to know other theories and techniques that would allow the amplification of the clinical sensitivity, seeking, via countertransference, a way of listening to the psychic contents of patients with failure in the process of symbolization.The research work aimed at developing and sustaining the thesis that the perlaboration of the countertransference can be an important resource that makes available to the analytical work the material necessary to perform constructions in analysis of thing representations. The arguments are constructed in three stages: approximation of the concepts of countertransference and perlaboration, underpinning the first proposition of the thesis of perlaboration of countertransference; presentation of the theoretical contributions on the concept of countertransference, developed by post-Freudian authors, and description of psychoanalytic work, throwing light on the analyst\'s metapsychology, precisely composed by the psychic processes involved in the perlaboration of countertransference, namely, empathy, projective identification in its communicative and rêverie forms.We understand that these three concepts working together allow us to underpin the aesthetic dimension of countertransference, which, through the work of the analyst, provides material to achieve the necessary figurability of primary symbolizations. This is the last step of the thesis, which is to underpin the proposition that the perlaboration of the countertransference is a sine qua non stage of the constructions in the analysis. The work model that we propose as a paradigm for this way of psychoanalysis is Gradiva\'s, who finds in its own hallucination the form of recalling and perlaboration of the representational chains interrupted in the psychism of Hanold. The arguments were developed from the following clinical histories of well-known authors in psychoanalysis: the Man of the Wolves, the analysis of Margareth Little with Winnicott, the case of mutual analysis of Elizabeth Severn and, finally, Didier case of the psychoanalyst Julia Kristeva.The course led us to contribute with the scientific field since three points: to comprehend how the psychoanalyst achieves this work; to elevate countertransference to an aesthetic dimension, which aims to give form and meaning when there are flaws in these aspects in the analysand, and, above all, to recover the concept of hallucination as a process of recalling, which is understood as the matrix of symbolic creation

A questão que originou esta pesquisa surgiu da clínica, campo de investigação e reduto de trabalho do psicanalista. Ao observar a mudança de constelações psíquicas que vêm se apresentando no consultório, e constatar os limites que a técnica clássica impõe à escuta psicanalítica, fez-se necessário conhecer outras teorias e técnicas que possibilitassem a ampliação da sensibilidade clínica, buscando, via contratransferência, uma forma de escutar os conteúdos psíquicos de pacientes com falha no processo de simbolização. O trabalho de investigação visou então desenvolver e sustentar a tese de que a perlaboração da contratransferência pode ser um importante recurso que coloca à disposição do trabalho analítico o material necessário para realizar construções em análise de representações-coisa. Os argumentos são construídos em três etapas: aproximação dos conceitos de contratransferência e de perlaboração, sustentando a primeira proposição da tese de perlaboração da contratransferência; apresentação dos aportes teóricos relativos ao conceito de contratransferência, desenvolvidos por autores pós-freudianos, e descrição do trabalho psicanalítico, lançando luz na metapsicologia do analista, composta, precisamente, dos processos psíquicos envolvidos na perlaboração da contratransferência, quais sejam, empatia, identificação projetiva em sua forma comunicativa e rêverie. Entendemos que esses três conceitos operando juntos permitem sustentar a dimensão estética da contratransferência, que, via trabalho do analista, disponibiliza material para realizar a figurabilidade necessária às simbolizações primárias. Trata-se do último passo da tese, que é sustentar a proposição dequea perlaboração da contratransferência é uma etapa sinequa non das construções em análise. O modelo de trabalho que propomos como paradigma deste modo de psicanalisar é o da Gradiva, que encontra na sua própria alucinação a forma de rememoração e perlaboração das cadeias representacionais interrompidas no psiquismo de Hanold. Os argumentos foram desenvolvidos a partir dos seguintes historiais clínicos de autores consagrados na psicanálise: o Homem dos Lobos, a análise de Margareth Little com Winnicott, o caso de análise mútua de Elizabeth Severn e por fim, o caso Didier da psicanalista Julia Kristeva. O percurso nos levou a contribuir com o campo científico a partir de três pontos: compreender como o psicanalista realiza este trabalho; alçar a contratransferência a uma dimensão estética, que visa dar forma e sentido quando há falhas nesses aspectos no analisando, e, sobretudo, recuperar o conceito de alucinação como processo de rememoração, sendo esta compreendida como a matriz da criação simbólica / The question that originated this research arose from the clinic, field of investigation and heartland of work of the psychoanalyst. When observing the change in psychic constellations that are appearing in the practice, and verifying the limits that the classical technique imposes to the psychoanalytical´s listening, it became necessary to know other theories and techniques that would allow the amplification of the clinical sensitivity, seeking, via countertransference, a way of listening to the psychic contents of patients with failure in the process of symbolization.The research work aimed at developing and sustaining the thesis that the perlaboration of the countertransference can be an important resource that makes available to the analytical work the material necessary to perform constructions in analysis of thing representations. The arguments are constructed in three stages: approximation of the concepts of countertransference and perlaboration, underpinning the first proposition of the thesis of perlaboration of countertransference; presentation of the theoretical contributions on the concept of countertransference, developed by post-Freudian authors, and description of psychoanalytic work, throwing light on the analyst\'s metapsychology, precisely composed by the psychic processes involved in the perlaboration of countertransference, namely, empathy, projective identification in its communicative and rêverie forms.We understand that these three concepts working together allow us to underpin the aesthetic dimension of countertransference, which, through the work of the analyst, provides material to achieve the necessary figurability of primary symbolizations. This is the last step of the thesis, which is to underpin the proposition that the perlaboration of the countertransference is a sine qua non stage of the constructions in the analysis. The work model that we propose as a paradigm for this way of psychoanalysis is Gradiva\'s, who finds in its own hallucination the form of recalling and perlaboration of the representational chains interrupted in the psychism of Hanold. The arguments were developed from the following clinical histories of well-known authors in psychoanalysis: the Man of the Wolves, the analysis of Margareth Little with Winnicott, the case of mutual analysis of Elizabeth Severn and, finally, Didier case of the psychoanalyst Julia Kristeva.The course led us to contribute with the scientific field since three points: to comprehend how the psychoanalyst achieves this work; to elevate countertransference to an aesthetic dimension, which aims to give form and meaning when there are flaws in these aspects in the analysand, and, above all, to recover the concept of hallucination as a process of recalling, which is understood as the matrix of symbolic creation

No description available.

En nous référant aux théorisations de l’épistémologie psychanalytique, nous concevons la schizophrénie comme résultant d’une expérience traumatique primaire n’ayant pu être intégrée au sein de la subjectivité. Ce traumatisme, nous le rattachons moins à un évènement en tant que tel qu’à la position impensable qu’il désigne pour le sujet. Ainsi, en nous inspirant de la pensée de P. Aulagnier et de R. Roussillon, nous suggérons que le noyau traumatique conditionnant le développement d’une problématique schizophrénique se rapporte à la position d’objet pulsionnel, ou de non-désir, à laquelle se trouve identifié le sujet au sein des premiers échanges avec son environnement. <p><p>Face à l’impensable de cette position identificatoire, le sujet se voit contraint de s’extraire de la scène relationnelle avec ses objets primaires, se clivant par la même opération du capital représentatif qui lui est associé. Dans ces conditions, nous pensons que le délire, moins d’apparaître comme une production pathologique dépourvue de sens, correspond à un mode de réponse face au retour hallucinatoire de l’impensé traumatique. Aussi, à partir d’une méthodologie qualitative basée sur l’analyse d’une douzaine de cas cliniques, nous mettons en évidence trois principales fonctions du délire dans la schizophrénie. La première, conceptualisée sous le terme de « fonction contenante », procède à la mise en forme et à la transformation signifiante de ce qui ne put être symbolisé de l’expérience traumatique. La seconde, nommée « fonction localisante », tente de situer en dehors du sujet le débordement pulsionnel inhérent au traumatisme primaire. La troisième, appelée « fonction identifiante », permet à la personne délirante de s’attribuer un énoncé identificatoire qui, de manière auto-créée, supplée à l’énigme de son histoire insensée.<p><p>Enfin, l’analyse de nos données cliniques souligne que ces trois fonctions de l’activité délirante ne se réalisent pas de façon aléatoire mais qu’elles s’articulent selon une logique particulière. Ainsi, nous suggérons qu’à partir de sa triple opération le délire schizophrénique tend à se déployer en un « processus délirant », par lequel le sujet peut rendre pensable et supportable la position traumatique à laquelle il a été identifié au cours de son histoire.<p><p><p>By following theories from the psychoanalytical epistemology, we consider schizophrenia as the result of a primary trauma that has not been assimilated within the subjectivity. We connect less this traumatism with an event than with the unthinkable position the subject is identified to. Therefore, being inspired by the thought of P. Aulagnier and R. Roussillon, we suggest that the traumatic nucleus which conditions the development of schizophrenia is related to the position of instinctual object, or of non-desire, to which the subject is identified within the first exchanges with his environment. <p><p>In view of this unthinkable position, the subject is forced to remove himself from the relationship with his primary objects, splitting off from the representative capital that is associated with it. In these conditions, we think that the delusion appears less as a meaningless pathological production than as a way of answering to the hallucinatory return of the traumatic unthought. From a qualitative methodology based on the analysis of a dozen clinical cases, we highlight three main functions of the delusion in schizophrenia. The first, conceptualized under the term «containing function», carries out the shaping and the significant transformation of what could have not been symbolized of the traumatic experience. The second, called «localizing function», tries to locate outside of the subject the instinctual overflow inherent to the primary trauma. The third, named «identifying function», enables the delusional person to assume an identificatory principle which, in a self-created way, compensates for the enigma of his senseless history.<p><p>Finally, the analysis of our clinical data underlines that these three functions of the delusional activity are not randomly accomplished but are organized according to a particular logic. Thus from its triple operation, we suggest that the schizophrenic delusion tends to develop into a «delusional process», by which the subject can make thinkable and bearable the traumatic position to which he was identified during his history.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences Psychologiques et de l'éducation / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L'objectif de ce travail consiste dans la mise en lumière et la description d'une certaine forme littéraire que nous définissons comme «roman paranoïaque»: il s'agit de grandes oeuvres en prose de Fiodor Sologoub, Rêves lourds et Démon mesquin ainsi que de celles d'Andreï Biély, La Colombe d'argent, Pétersbourg, Carnets d'un toqué, Moscou. Le roman paranoïaque reproduit le processus de connaissance déficiente, réalisée par le héros et transformée par l’auteur en une réalité délirante, c’est-à-dire romanesque. L’objet de notre étude est la stratégie symboliste d'utilisation d’un certain modèle clinique dans le but de lui donner un sens métaphysique, mystique, mythologique, esthétique et de la transmuer en une poétique. Nous aborderons également des textes de Vladimir Nabokov que nous nous proposons de présenter comme un reflet parodique et une étape postsymboliste de cette tradition. / The aim of this study is to extract and describe a literary form which we define as a “paranoid novel”. We attribute this form to Heavy dreams and Petty daemon by Fyodor Sologub and Silver dove, Diary of a crank, Petersburg and Moscow by Andrey Belyï. A paranoid novel reproduces a process of a deficient learning of a hero. The author converts this process into a delirious reality i.e. a reality of novel. Our study is focused on the symbolistic strategy which confers a specifcic meaning to a relevant clinical model. This metaphysical, mystical, mythological, aesthetical meaning transforms the model yielding poetics. We study Nabokov’s texts as well in order to provide an insight into their parodying and post-symbolistic developing of the tradition.