This thesis seeks to relate the hitherto untold history of the Ontario Historical Society from its earliest precursors in the mid-nineteenth century to the present time. Since 1888, the OHS has been a considerable educational institution and cultural force endeavouring to develop an awareness of, and interest in, local and provincial history. Its credentials have been established by its programmes to record, interpret, publicize, and preserve Ontario's heritage, and by its efforts to co-ordinate and encourage the work of local historical associations and museums. The initial chapters provide an analysis of the nature, intent, personnel, philosophy, and accomplishments of the two lineal ancestors of the OHS -- the Historical Society of Upper Canada {est. 1861) and the United Canadian Association (est. 1872) as well as the dozen local historical groups that banded together after 1888 to create the OHS. The major emphasis of the remainder of the thesis is to illustrate how the OHS has established itself as an educational and cultural force. Its valuable role in historic preservation, a subject largely ignored by historians, is dwelt upon in detail. Another chapter provides valuable historiographical perspectives for the society's collection of publications, the largest and perhaps most important single body of material in print pertaining to the history of Ontario. The efforts of the OHS members to further the study of history in the schools and universities, to establish adequate archival and museum facilities in the province, and to assist the local historical groups, all of these are examined in each stage of the OHS's existence. So too are the motives, the philosophy, and the composition of the membership. Another major theme of this essay is that of ambition denied. For many reasons which are dealt with at length, the OHS has not been able to accomplish all of its declared objectives or to reach its full potential at any given time. Success and failure, accomplishment and frustration, go band in hand throughout its history. This work also provides valuable insights into some of the current enthusiasms of Ontarians since 1861. Nationalism and imperialism, anti-Americanists and anti-materialism, feminism and nativism, the social reform urge and the problem of assimilating new Canadians, these concerns and others are reflected in the history of the Ontario Historical Society. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This project is the conversion of the former foundry at the zoo pavilions.

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The advent of democracy brought about changes in the cultural heritage landscape. Cultural heritage used to be a preserve of the rich and experts. Heritage of places is not found lying around for it to be discovered, but it is continually reproduced to suit the needs of that particular society. Reproduction of heritage is due to it being amenable to be used and reused to suit the needs of that grouping. Cultural heritage in South Africa offers is used as an economic tool as it offers easy access for participants to the cultural tourism industry. The capital outlay is usually minimal. Politicians also use cultural heritage to create new identities. In South Africa, during the early stages of democracy, heritage was used to promote national reconciliation and nation-building. Robben Island was used as a flagship institution to open up the cultural heritage space and give voice to those previously denied access or whose heritage was distorted or misrepresented. Robben Island, a place of atrocity stemming from the colonial period, was seen as a beacon of hope and promoted as a symbol of the triumph of the human spirit over adversity. The site's positioning as an economic tool and fostering notions of national unity invariably leads to selecting a layer that will resonate with the nationalist ideals. The exploratory study uses interviews with tour guides and heritage experts to examine the message told to visitors. The results obtained are contrasted with the national legislation, the site's conservation management plans, and UNESCO's requirements for listed sites. At an international level, UNESCO is concerned with preserving the outstanding universal value of sites. The preservation of the heritage at a local level is done through national legislation.

This thesis is an ethnographic research of the cultural heritage conservation practices in İzmir, focusing particularly on the heritage site Historical Port City of İzmir’s conservation on individual, local, and global levels from an anthropological point of view. With its ongoing inscription process to UNESCO’s World Heritage List, the study aims, first, to understand the motivation behind this inscription, the current conservation practices in the city that are undergone by individual and local actors, and to analyze the impact and connection between the individual, local and global efforts to protect İzmir’s multicultural and multilayered heritage. Conducted during the 10-day long World Heritage Volunteers program “Heritage for the Future in the Historical Port City of İzmir” organized by the UNESCO World Heritage Education Program and Site Directorate of the Historical Port City of İzmir, the research employs the anthropological methods of participant observation, structured interviews, netnography, as well as multi-sensory ethnography. The study shows that the site’s WHL inscription is motivated by the desire to enhance the city’s further protection on different levels such as raising awareness, receiving financial help, and increasing its visibility to attract local, national, and international visitors and users. The same approach has also been observed within the current conservation practices conducted by local actors to preserve the multicultural values of the city and conserve its 8500 years of multilayered fabric that carries traces of Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Beylic, Ottoman, and Republican periods, stretching up to today. This short-term ethnographic research concludes that heritage conservation is a multi-level process where every level (individual, local, and global) and actor has an important role in the protection of the site’s integrity and the transmission of its values to future generations. Focusing on the current anthropological theories and studies on heritage and UNESCO, this case study of the Historical Port City of İzmir reflects that statement and points not only to the conservation of the city's past heritage but also to the fact that this cannot happen without addressing the city's contemporary needs such as sustainable development, cohesion, and the socio-economic prosperity of the city and its current inhabitants.

The dissertation analyzes the history of tourism at Shaker communities from their foundation to the present. Tourism is presented as an interaction between the host Shakers and the visitors. The culture, expectations, and activities of both parties affect their relationship to each other. Historically, tourists and other visitors have gradually dominated the relationship, shifting from hostility based on religion to acceptance based on a romantic view of the Shakers. This relationship has spilled over into related cultural phenomena, notably fiction and antique collecting. Overall, the analysis extends contemporary tourism theory and integrates Shaker history with the broader course of American history.

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This study presents a linguistic profile of a heritage speaker of Russian and recounts the efforts to revitalize his Russian after he had nearly stopped speaking it. The study was conducted over the course of almost two years, starting when the subject was twelve years old and ending when he was fourteen. Although this study found that the subject displayed many of the linguistic features typical of heritage speakers, the subject's Russian had suffered less attrition than is common for heritage speakers of Russian in the United States. This study presents its linguistic findings under the rubrics of phonology, morphosyntax, and semantics/pragmatics. This study also describes the pedagogical efforts to improve the subject's reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills in Russian. Finally, this study includes some reflections on the psychological factors that influenced the methodology and outcome.

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