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The 17th century saw a time of great power for Sweden, in some cases called the Swedish empire. This period in Sweden is known as a time where Sweden’s government and state organization became more structuralized. One of the many elements that contributed to this was the process of centralization where more matters were handled by the central government and many laws were standardized throughout the nation. This essay looks at this process through some of the local fire law documents that were written during this time in order to establish a more effective fire prevention system. The aim of the essay thus becomes to analyze these documents to see whether or not they share similarities enough to showcase a centralization process. The key theoretical terms in the essay are organization, participation, central, local, private and public. The last three of these terms will be used partially to analyze how the division of responsibility worked in these laws as this time also saw development in the differentiation of what is public and private respectively. The documents were compared with each other to see whether or not they shared similarities as well as if there was any development in them between the older and newer ones. The conclusion was that the documents do prove that a certain development can be seen. The fire departments organization became much clearer in the later editions of the documents. Centralization can also be seen to a certain extent as some of the laws that came out of Stockholm started appearing in other cities documents as well. Some cities chose to have a different format but still applied some of the same laws as the capital. As a whole, however, there is no evidence to suggest a complete centralization of fire prevention in early modern Sweden. Responsibility did prove to be somewhat equally shared between the population and public officials such as the local fire department.

In 1924 a new law stated that every Swedish municipality had to create one authority containing al the boards that handled child issues. Before 1924 children often was put into fostercare without supervision or auctioned out to the lowest bidders and was used as farmworkers or for housekeeping.This essay will adress the fact that the authorities diden´t always know how well or unwell the children was being treated in fostercare. Many times people with good social and economic status could demand having a fosterchild without the authorities asking to many questions. With the material from Ljungbys local archives containing documents from the early 20th century, newspaper articales and other research this essay will compare and discuss how the authorities acted in different cases based on gender and social class. In this discussion we will focus manly on the children but also on the biologicalparents, the fosterparents and the members of the childrensboard. We will discuss if the authorities really did treat people different in mather of the fact that they are male, female, poor or rich. / Nej

This thesis has examined the popular rising of September 1855 in Jönköping. The events are called Brödupproret and has its origin in the rising prices in grains and potatoes following new more liberal trading policies. The rising lasted two days, 25-26 of September, starting with an angry crowd outside one of Jönköping´s more famous merchants of grain. The local police force could not control the angry masses and people from the upper class formed a “peace loving” force that tried to calm the protesters. On the second day of the events military forces entered the city and finally terminated the rising. The following judicial process lasted well into the spring of 1856, resulting in 49 people sentenced. Some with a leading role in the uprising had to serve 6 to 8 years of hard labour.Based on E.P Thompson´s theory on moral economy the investigation has analysed protocols from the judicial process that followed the events. The investigated judicial protocol is a printed version of the hand-written original documents. These contains hearings with suspected rioters and witnesses.In short moral economy states that in the pre socialistic era people of all classes had a view that each social class had its responsibilities against the others. For the upper class one of these responsibilities was to keep prices on food on a morally agreeable level. If this responsibility was not fulfilled people had the right to protest. Through a text analysis words that indicate a consciousness of social class, trade with large quantities of grain or potatoes or threats of violence has been searched.Inquiries:What was the aim of the rising?Who was the target of the rising?How did the upper social class react to the events?The examination found that the aim of the uprising was to stop the buying of large quantities of grains and potatoes that had risen the prices and depleted the local market of these products. It was also clear that the merchants and the upper class were the targets and the ones who were blamed for the higher prices. Furthermore, it was found that the upper class reacted by trying to calm the angry masses. Mostly by talking to them or when threatened promising not to buy more grains and thereby raise the price.The thesis concluded that there in Jönköping in 1855 was a consciousness of social class. It also found that people of the working class were aware of what caused the rising prices and who was responsible for it. It is also possible to see what means people saw as a solution to the problem, violence and threats against the upper class. This means that E.P Thompsons theory of moral economy might be applicated on the events in Jönköping 1855.

The existence of the prehistoric cult buildings is a highly controversial subject in archeology. Perhaps the most interesting thing about the discussion is that it is not certain that these buildings existed. Most of the recent excavations have contributed to an increased interest in central places, cult centers and the discovered material associated with mansion-like settlements. Various exclusive discoveries link relevant interpretations and terms to kings and aristocracy. In some cultural contexts the larger magnate complexes during the Iron Age have had a significant importance. The buildings that are considered to have received a great ritual significance are special houses that have been interpreted as cult houses, but also the hall buildings had a significant role in the context of cult. In the interpretation of the Iron Age cult house, there are a number of aspects that should be taken into consideration, and not merely the material findings at the cult houses. The surrounding nature of the buildings is important, since the cult houses were built on settlements, where powerful chiefs of importance to the community lived and worked. Unlike the bronze ages cult houses, the iron age is more easily interpreted, due to several aspects. On the one hand, iron age cult houses are considerably more resourceful, on the other hand, pre-Christian scriptures have contributed to various aspects of the interpretation of the buildings. These interpretations can be questioned as they are not scientific.

In the early 20thcentury, homosexual acts were illegal in Sweden. During this time, “homosexuality” did not exist as a concept. Instead, the Swedish law referred to homosexual acts as “unnatural fornication”. In 1907 a man named Nils Santesson was arrested and sentenced for committing unnatural fornication with another man. The case was brought to the attention of the press, which for the first time began to use the term “homosexual” in headings and articles.    The purpose of this study has been to analyse how homosexuality was considered and defined in Sweden during the early 20thcentury, by studying the reporting of Nils Santesson’s court case and his self-image. The analysis is based on the categories: crime, illness and morality, and to achieve the purpose of the study, a qualitative text analysis has been implemented as a method. Also, the study was based on the theory of a masculinity hierarchy that subordinated homosexuals, and one version of queer theory.   The result shows that homosexuality was considered as an act rather than an integral part of someone’s character or identity. The society regarded homosexuality as obnoxious, indecent and unnatural, which was a direct consequence of the Swedish criminal law 18 § 10. Homosexuals were portrayed as sickening from three aspects: as a morbidly deviant phenomenon from heterosexuality, as contribution to mental illness and as carriers of sexually transmitted diseases. Morally, homosexuals were considered sexually licentious and constantly in search of seduction. Heterosexuality was upheld as a dominant system which placed homosexual men in a masculine subordination as homosexuality was regarded as a criminal act, immoral and were associated with disease.

Medicine and healing, constantly changing through time, have always been important aspects of life. The desire to avoid the inevitable state of death has driven mankind in all corners of the world to develop certain ways of prolonging life from a very early time. While it is recognized in the modern day that disease and infection are caused by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria and parasites, the ancient Egyptians believed that gods, demons, and spirits played the main roles in causing such troubles. Therefore, it does not seem strange that, besides being devoted to the use of various natural drugs and materials in healing treatments, the ancient Egyptians also incorporated religion and magic into their treatment methods. Magic, religion, and medicine enjoyed an equal symbiosis all throughout the Pharaonic times, and one cannot easily separate one from the other. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there is any kind of systematics in the way magic was used in ancient Egyptian healing treatments, specifically in the treatments involving incantations and spells. The comparison of the relevant treatments in relation to each other will be conducted both within and in between the individual papyri. The surviving ancient medical papyri are a handful of texts ranging approximately from 1800 BC to 300 AD and give us a precious idea of what the arts of medicine and healing could have looked like in the ancient Egyptian world. A chosen number of the ancient papyri, dated to the 18th dynasty, will be studied in order to better understand the concept of healing and, more significantly, the importance of the power in words. The main sources used are the ancient material of the medical papyri themselves, complemented by a knowledgebase built on the plentiful previous research on the subject available. Numerous studies on the subject of both medicine and magic in ancient Egypt, as well as on the surviving medical papyri have been conducted since the end of the 19th century. The collection of ‘Grundriss der medizin der alten Ägypter’, consisting of nine volumes, was published between the years of 1954 to 1973 and still stands as the most extensive study on the combined ancient Egyptian medical papyri. Several works on the different individual papyri, mainly the Edwin Smith papyrus and the Ebers papyrus, have also been published throughout the years. While there does not appear to have been any intentional systematics in the way the ancient Egyptians conducted their treatment methods containing incantations, there are similarities to be observed. It seems clear that rational medicine and magical incantations and rites, together with the fundamental element of religion, was the ideal combination in the treatment of any condition or complaint.

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The laws regarding amateur metal detecting varies greatly between Sweden, Denmark and Great Britain. The Swedish restrictive model is implemented to protect the cultural heritage and prohibits the use of metal detectors. In Great Britain it is encouraged to search for objects and reporting it to the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS). Denmark has a slightly less liberal model then Great Britain. The liberal model in Great Britain was met by the archeological community with great skepticism. The end results after almost 40 years of cooperation with detectorists is a massive amount of archeological data which has been used for various research in different fields. This paper aims to research the possibilities Sweden has to cooperate with amateur detectorists. An online survey which was answered by Swedish amateur detectorists sheds light on their opinions about the restrictive legislation, cooperation and interests in ethically detecting to aid the preservation of the cultural heritage.