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<p>The epic hero Diomedes is, in my opinion, considered a marginal hero, as he is relegated to a backbench in ancient Greek thought and ideology. I examine why this is the case, considering his role and impact in Homer's <em>Iliad</em>. Greek society valued its epic heroes beyond the words of the poets, yet some heroes received much more attention that others as central characters in tragedy and iconography, consequently regarded as favourites by mass audiences. I believe that examining a marginal hero like Diomedes is important in order to understand why Greek culture generally disregarded some warriors in favour of others, especially in the case of Diomedes, who displays heroic virtues more evidently than several other heroes who have received more attention. Overall Greek attitudes toward him offer an intriguing perspective on the epic heroes and the ways in which the Greeks idealized them. An examination of Greek literary, visual, and religious spheres of influence effectively aid in determining the reasons behind this phenomenon. In summary, this work attempts to understand Greek attitudes towards a hero who has received very little scholarly attention. The concept of the epic hero requires analysis of even the most neglected characters; one cannot understand Odysseus, Achilles, or Hector without examining Diomedes, who has a notable role in the very same tradition as the aforementioned heroes.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)

This study identifies and describes constituents, patterns and distribution of the system –or systems- of demonstratives of a representative selection of early Greek dialects, namely the “Arcado-Cyprian” group: Arcadian and Cyprian, including a short analysis of Pamphylian as well as a discussion of the particle νι/νυ and a brief note on Mycenaean; the “Aeolic” group: Lesbian, Boeotian and Thessalian; and a selection of West Greek dialects, including both “Doric” and “Northwest Greek” dialects: Elean, Cretan, Laconian, Cyrenaean and Theran. It also examines, describes and compares the syntactic functions and, where possible, pragmatic uses of the series of demonstratives in operation in the selected dialects, providing a classification capable of accounting for all uses cross-dialectically, as well as a succinct account of the evolution of the system of demonstratives from Indo-European to “Ancient Greek”. Additionally, it offers a glimpse of the way in which deixis and anaphora seem to have worked in early Greek dialectal inscriptions, addressing the issue of defining demonstrative pronouns, as well as deixis and anaphora in general terms. Finally, this thesis provides the basis for a cross-dialectal comparison of the structure and operation of the different systems of demonstratives, and corrects some general misconceptions about the scope, usage and inter-dialectal connections of some series of demonstratives, particularly with regard to Arcadian and Cyprian. The results of such a study might contribute towards the discussion of the classification and history of the evolution of early Greek dialects.

The matter of the Good in classical Greek philosophy and literature is so important and extensive that it can hardly be covered in one document. Therefore the aim of the first part of the thesis is to express both fundamental context and critical attitude towards the concept of the Good in the philosophy of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. The second part provides a coherent perspective on the development of archaic literature in terms of forming the idea of gods, virtues, good and evil in classical Greek epic and tragedy. Theoretical basis of the thesis relies on the studies of important philosophers, literature historians, religionists and mythologists, whose views are connected systematically or outlined comparatively in corresponding chapters. Both main parts of the thesis are divided into chapters which follow in logical sequence. The thesis is theoretical and corresponds to the assigned topic.

The main focus of this study concerns the contribution of focalisation to the creation of fictional worlds through the combination of the “building blocks” of a fictional world, namely the central focalising and focalised character(s), focalised social contexts, events and spaces, in Hermann Hesse’s Demian (1919), Narziß und Goldmund (1930), E.L. Doctorow’s Welcome to Hard Times (1960) and Homer & Langley (2009). The relationship between the focalisers and their social contexts influence their human, subjective perspectives and represented perceptions of their textual actual worlds. Focalisation is constructive in the synergistic relationship between the “building blocks” that leads to the creation of fictional worlds. Chapter 2 discusses the theoretical basis of the thesis which is formed by the concepts of M. Ryan, L. Doležel, R. Ronen and T.G. Pavel with regard to possible worlds and fictional worlds. G. Genette’s and M. Bal’s theories provide the foundation of this study with regard to this concept as regards focalisation. Chapter 3 contextualises focalisation and fictional worlds as possible worlds in Hesse’s and Doctorow’s fiction and as such constitutes part of a twofold basis for the following analyses and comparisons. Four textual analyses of the individual novels by Hesse and Doctorow then follow. In the textual analysis of Demian the notions of M. Bal, M. Ryan and A. Nünning provide a theoretical basis that is specifically relevant for the argument that through his consciousness the individual, Emil Sinclair, creates the fictional world, i.e. by “transforming” textual actual world components into individualised fictional world ones. The views of Viktor Frankl, feminist activists against prostitution such as M. Farley, M.A. Baldwin and C.A. MacKinnon as well as the views of Talcott Parsons (in conjunction with those of G.M. Platt and N.J. Smelser) offer a theoretical underpinning for the analysis of the social context as the product of the mindset in the community in Doctorow’s Welcome to Hard Times and the mindset of the focaliser, Blue, that concurs with the mindset of the community. Focalised events are considered as psychologically credible and as contributing to the fictional world in Hesse’s Narziß und Goldmund. In this textual analysis the theoretical points of departure were based on theories proposed by D. Cohn, M. Ryan and S. Chatman. Concepts advanced by J. Lothe, J. Lotman, H. Lefebvre, L. Doležel, N. Wolterstorff and D. Coste comprise the theoretical basis of the analysis of social spaces in Doctorow’s Homer & Langley. Chapter 8 consists of comparative analyses of the said focalised “building blocks” of Hesse’s and Doctorow’s novels. The analyses and comparisons argue that focalising characters “filter” their actual worlds and “transform” them through their individualistic and subjective representations, as actual people do. Even if characters are “non-actual individuals” their mindsets or physical, social and mental properties (Margolin, 1989:4) are like those of actual people, i.e. “psychologically credible”. Ryan (1991:45) identifies “psychological credibility” or “a plausible portrayal of human psychology” as an “accessibility relation”, i.e. one that allows the mental properties of a fictional character to be accessible from and possible for the actual world. The interaction between a focalising character and his social context that affects his consciousness and focalisation is comparable to the interaction between a hypothetical actual person and his social world, that would also influence his mindset and how he communicates about the actual world. Perspectives of characters such as Sinclair, Blue, Goldmund and Homer Collyer are recognisable to hypothetical actual world readers as psychologically credible. In the light of Bal’s (1990:9) argument that the whole text content is related to the (focalising) character(s), one could say that the elements of a textual actual world become, as it were, focalised “building blocks” of the fictional world. The central finding is that focalisation contributes to the creation of fictional worlds. The relationship between a fictional world and the actual one becomes apparent in literary texts through focalisation that transforms the textual actual world and its elements, i.e. the central (self-focalising) character, the social context, events and space(s), through a focaliser’s consciousness. The focaliser’s consciousness in Hesse’s and Doctorow’s fiction is marked by psychological credibility. A fictional world is comparable to the actual world with regard to other accessibility relations that Ryan (cf. 1991:31-47) identifies, but focalisation specifically allows a fictional world to become possible in actual world terms by creating credibility of this kind. A fictional world is plausible not in mimetic terms, as a factual text presents itself to be, but in possible terms, i.e. through the comparability of human psychology in fictional worlds and the actual world. Focalisation significantly contributes to the creation of a fictional world through the interaction between psychologically credible subjectivity and the imaginary level of the text on which the textual actual world obtains human value through focalisation. A fictional world is, in this sense, a possible world and, in fact, comes about through being a possible world. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Applied Language and Literary Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The main focus of this study concerns the contribution of focalisation to the creation of fictional worlds through the combination of the “building blocks” of a fictional world, namely the central focalising and focalised character(s), focalised social contexts, events and spaces, in Hermann Hesse’s Demian (1919), Narziß und Goldmund (1930), E.L. Doctorow’s Welcome to Hard Times (1960) and Homer & Langley (2009). The relationship between the focalisers and their social contexts influence their human, subjective perspectives and represented perceptions of their textual actual worlds. Focalisation is constructive in the synergistic relationship between the “building blocks” that leads to the creation of fictional worlds. Chapter 2 discusses the theoretical basis of the thesis which is formed by the concepts of M. Ryan, L. Doležel, R. Ronen and T.G. Pavel with regard to possible worlds and fictional worlds. G. Genette’s and M. Bal’s theories provide the foundation of this study with regard to this concept as regards focalisation. Chapter 3 contextualises focalisation and fictional worlds as possible worlds in Hesse’s and Doctorow’s fiction and as such constitutes part of a twofold basis for the following analyses and comparisons. Four textual analyses of the individual novels by Hesse and Doctorow then follow. In the textual analysis of Demian the notions of M. Bal, M. Ryan and A. Nünning provide a theoretical basis that is specifically relevant for the argument that through his consciousness the individual, Emil Sinclair, creates the fictional world, i.e. by “transforming” textual actual world components into individualised fictional world ones. The views of Viktor Frankl, feminist activists against prostitution such as M. Farley, M.A. Baldwin and C.A. MacKinnon as well as the views of Talcott Parsons (in conjunction with those of G.M. Platt and N.J. Smelser) offer a theoretical underpinning for the analysis of the social context as the product of the mindset in the community in Doctorow’s Welcome to Hard Times and the mindset of the focaliser, Blue, that concurs with the mindset of the community. Focalised events are considered as psychologically credible and as contributing to the fictional world in Hesse’s Narziß und Goldmund. In this textual analysis the theoretical points of departure were based on theories proposed by D. Cohn, M. Ryan and S. Chatman. Concepts advanced by J. Lothe, J. Lotman, H. Lefebvre, L. Doležel, N. Wolterstorff and D. Coste comprise the theoretical basis of the analysis of social spaces in Doctorow’s Homer & Langley. Chapter 8 consists of comparative analyses of the said focalised “building blocks” of Hesse’s and Doctorow’s novels. The analyses and comparisons argue that focalising characters “filter” their actual worlds and “transform” them through their individualistic and subjective representations, as actual people do. Even if characters are “non-actual individuals” their mindsets or physical, social and mental properties (Margolin, 1989:4) are like those of actual people, i.e. “psychologically credible”. Ryan (1991:45) identifies “psychological credibility” or “a plausible portrayal of human psychology” as an “accessibility relation”, i.e. one that allows the mental properties of a fictional character to be accessible from and possible for the actual world. The interaction between a focalising character and his social context that affects his consciousness and focalisation is comparable to the interaction between a hypothetical actual person and his social world, that would also influence his mindset and how he communicates about the actual world. Perspectives of characters such as Sinclair, Blue, Goldmund and Homer Collyer are recognisable to hypothetical actual world readers as psychologically credible. In the light of Bal’s (1990:9) argument that the whole text content is related to the (focalising) character(s), one could say that the elements of a textual actual world become, as it were, focalised “building blocks” of the fictional world. The central finding is that focalisation contributes to the creation of fictional worlds. The relationship between a fictional world and the actual one becomes apparent in literary texts through focalisation that transforms the textual actual world and its elements, i.e. the central (self-focalising) character, the social context, events and space(s), through a focaliser’s consciousness. The focaliser’s consciousness in Hesse’s and Doctorow’s fiction is marked by psychological credibility. A fictional world is comparable to the actual world with regard to other accessibility relations that Ryan (cf. 1991:31-47) identifies, but focalisation specifically allows a fictional world to become possible in actual world terms by creating credibility of this kind. A fictional world is plausible not in mimetic terms, as a factual text presents itself to be, but in possible terms, i.e. through the comparability of human psychology in fictional worlds and the actual world. Focalisation significantly contributes to the creation of a fictional world through the interaction between psychologically credible subjectivity and the imaginary level of the text on which the textual actual world obtains human value through focalisation. A fictional world is, in this sense, a possible world and, in fact, comes about through being a possible world. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Applied Language and Literary Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία συνιστά μια επισκόπηση του Συστήματος Ηλεκτρικής Ενέργειας της νήσου Ικαρίας. Πρόκειται για ένα Αυτόνομο Σύστημα Παραγωγής, που βασίζεται σε έναν Τοπικό Σταθμό Παραγωγής, ισχύος 14 MW, που λειτουργεί με εμβολοφόρες πετρελαιομηχανές. Σκοπός της εργασίας είναι τόσο η μελέτη του συγκεκριμένου συστήματος, αλλά και η γενικότερη προσέγγιση των ΣΗΕ, και ειδικά των ΑΣΠ με τις ιδιαιτερότητες που τα χαρακτηρίζουν. Στην συνέχεια χρησιμοποιείται το λογισμικό προσομοίωσης HOMER Energy, με το οποίο κατασκευάζεται ένα μοντέλο του ΣΗΕ. Το λογισμικό εκτελεί τεχνοοικονομική ανάλυση της λειτουργίας συστημάτων, σε όλο τον κύκλο ζωής τους, και εξάγει συμπεράσματα όσον αφορά την βιωσιμότητα και την βέλτιστη μορφή τους. Με το εργαλείο αυτό διερευνώνται ζητήματα όπως η δυνατότητα διείσδυσης Ανανεώσιμων Πηγών Ενέργειας στο ΑΣΠ Ικαρίας, καθώς και η μελλοντική λειτουργία του συστήματος, μετά την ένταξη του κατασκευαζόμενου Υβριδικού Ενεργειακού Έργου (αιολικού - υδροηλεκτρικού). Το πρότυπο αυτό έργο, ισχύος μέχρι 6,8 MW, θα επιτρέπει την αποθήκευση ενέργειας, με την μορφή της αντλησιοταμίευσης, σε δεξαμενή νερού. Η μελέτη του ΣΗΕ Ικαρίας συμπληρώνεται με την ανασκόπηση του ζητήματος των κεραυνικών πληγμάτων στις γραμμές μέσης τάσης, όπου γίνεται υπολογισμός των αναμενόμενων σφαλμάτων, σε αντιπαράθεση με καταγεγραμμένα, ενώ προτείνονται λύσεις για την μείωση των προβλημάτων που δημιουργούν οι υπερτάσεις. Η συλλογή των στοιχείων της εργασίας έγινε από επιτόπιες καταγραφές, από δεδομένα που μας διατέθηκαν και από δημοσιευμένες πληροφορίες. Τα στοιχεία αυτά παρουσιάζονται κατά την επισκόπηση, μαζί με απαραίτητες διευκρινήσεις και παραπομπές στην βιβλιογραφία. Στην συνέχεια με τα στοιχεία αυτά κατασκευάζεται το μοντέλο του συστήματος, γίνονται οι υπολογισμοί, και συγκρίνονται τα αποτελέσματα. Αφού στο 1ο Κεφάλαιο δοθούν οι απαραίτητες εισαγωγικές διευκρινήσεις για τα ΣΗΕ και τα ΑΣΠ, και μια αναφορά στις ΑΠΕ, παρουσιάζονται στο 2ο Κεφάλαιο γεωγραφικά στοιχεία για το νησί, και μια σύντομη ιστορική αναδρομή στο ενεργειακό του σύστημα. Η επισκόπηση του ΑΣΠ Ικαρίας ξεκινά στο 3ο Κεφάλαιο με τα στοιχεία της Παραγωγής ενέργειας, περιγράφοντας αναλυτικά τον ΤΣΠ, τις μονάδες και τις εγκαταστάσεις του και αναλύοντας την λειτουργία του. Περιγράφεται έπειτα μία εγκατεστημένη Ανεμογεννήτρια των 600 kW, εξηγείται η λειτουργία της και σημειώνεται η επίδρασή της στην παραγωγή. Παρουσιάζεται το Υβριδικό Ενεργειακό Έργο, οι αρχές λειτουργίας, τα επιμέρους στοιχεία και αναφέρεται η αναμενόμενη συμπεριφορά του. Στην συνέχεια στο 4ο Κεφάλαιο γίνεται η επισκόπηση της Διανομής ενέργειας. Παρουσιάζεται το εναέριο δίκτυο Μέσης Τάσης, ο εξοπλισμός των γραμμών και η γεωγραφική εξάπλωση. Περιγράφονται τα δίκτυα διανομής Χαμηλής Τάσης, από τους Υποσταθμούς μέχρι τους καταναλωτές. Στο 5ο Κεφάλαιο η λειτουργία του ΣΗΕ εξετάζεται σαν σύνολο, με στοιχεία για την παραγόμενη ενέργεια, 28 GWh ετησίως, την εποχιακή και ημερήσια διακύμανση της ισχύος και την μελλοντική αύξηση της κατανάλωσης. Επισημαίνονται έπειτα οι κυριότερες αιτίες σφαλμάτων, οι μηχανισμοί δημιουργίας των συμβάντων κυρίως από καιρικά φαινόμενα, καθώς και η καταγραφή και η αποκατάσταση των βλαβών. Τέλος, στο 6ο Κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται η μελλοντική εξέλιξη του συστήματος, μετά την ένταξη του Υβριδικού Έργου, την αναβάθμιση του ΤΣΠ και του δικτύου ΜΤ, και οι προοπτικές για επιπλέον ΑΠΕ. Εκτός από τα Αιολικά συστήματα, εξετάζονται τα Φωτοβολταϊκά και η Γεωθερμία. Αναφέρεται και η ενδεχόμενη διασύνδεση του νησιού με το ηπειρωτικό δίκτυο της χώρας. Στο 7ο κεφάλαιο γίνεται η προσομοίωση του ΣΗΕ, με το λογισμικό HOMER. Παρουσιάζεται το πρόγραμμα, και οι οικονομικές έννοιες που χρησιμοποιεί για την αξιολόγηση των συστημάτων. Η διαδικασία μοντελοποίησης παρουσιάζεται αναλυτικά. Αρχικά κατασκευάζεται το μοντέλο του παρόντος συστήματος, όπου διαπιστώνεται η ορθότητα του μοντέλου σε σχέση με το πραγματικό σύστημα, και σημειώνεται η θετική οικονομική επίδραση της Α/Γ στο ΑΣΠ. Από την άλλη, διαφαίνεται η αδυναμία του προγράμματος να αντιληφθεί τα όρια διείσδυσης ΑΠΕ. Στην συνέχεια, λαμβάνοντας υπόψιν το παραπάνω ζήτημα, εμπλουτίζεται το μοντέλο με επιπλέον ΑΠΕ, και προκύπτει το συμπέρασμα ότι συμφέρει πρωτίστως η εγκατάσταση άλλων 2 Α/Γ, και 200 kWp Φ/Β συστημάτων, αλλά δευτερευόντως και άλλων συνδυασμών, μέχρι 7 Α/Γ συνολικά. Έπειτα, κατασκευάζεται το μοντέλο του Υβριδικού, προσεγγιστικά, λόγω έλλειψης υποστήριξης από το HOMER. Τα αποτελέσματα της εξομοίωσης της λειτουργίας του είναι σε συμφωνία με τα αναμενόμενα. Προκύπτουν επίσης τα εξής συμπεράσματα: (α) Το Έργο είναι οικονομικά βιώσιμο. (β) Η οικονομική επίδοση του Έργου βελτιώνεται με δέσμευση επιπλέον νερού στις δεξαμενές για αντλησιοταμίευση. (γ) Το Έργο υποστηρίζει οικονομικώς Ανεμογεννήτριες μέχρι 10 MW και Φ/Β 2,5 MWp. (δ) Το Έργο δεν επαρκεί για την μελλοντική αύξηση της κατανάλωσης, ακόμα και με επιπλέον ΑΠΕ, εκτός και αν αυξηθεί παράλληλα η ισχύς του ΤΣΠ. Η εργασία ολοκληρώνεται στο 8ο Κεφάλαιο, με το ζήτημα της θεωρητικής πρόβλεψης σφαλμάτων από κεραυνούς. Αφού παρουσιαστεί το φαινόμενο και οι επιπτώσεις του στις γραμμές, γίνεται υπολογισμός των αναμενόμενων σφαλμάτων σε όλο το δίκτυο ΜΤ της Ικαρίας, μήκους 120 km, με την χρήση (α) της απλής μεθόδου Ισοδύναμης Συλλεκτήριας Επιφάνειας, και (β) της μεθόδου που προτείνεται από τον κανονισμό IEEE-1410, περί βελτίωσης της αντικεραυνικής συμπεριφοράς ηλεκτρικών γραμμών. Τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν πολύ λιγότερα σφάλματα από τα καταγεγραμμένα κάθε χρόνο (90 έναντι 175 μέσο όρο). Εξηγούνται οι βασικότερες αιτίες, όπως η γενικότητα των υπολογισμών, η ασάφεια στις καταγραφές, αλλά και το γεγονός ότι συγκεκριμένα γεωγραφικά σημεία καταπονούνται ιδιαίτερα από κεραυνικά πλήγματα και είναι υπεύθυνα για πολλά σφάλματα. Το τελευταίο, επιδεικνύεται με την μελέτη ενός ορεινού εκτεθειμένου κλάδου των γραμμών, μήκους 2 km, που παρουσιάζει 20,5 ιδιαίτερα καταστροφικά σφάλματα ετησίως, έναντι των 1,5 που αναμένονται. Προτείνονται τέλος κάποιοι οικονομικοί τρόποι προστασίας, με περισσότερους απαγωγείς υπερτάσεων και βελτίωση της γείωσης και της στάθμης μόνωσης της γραμμής. / This diploma thesis is an overview of the Electrical Power System of Ikaria Island. It is an Autonomous Production System, based on a Local Station with diesel engines. The thesis describes the Station, an installed Wind Turbine, and the Hybrid Power Plant under construction. It presents the Distribution System, consisting of overhead medium voltage power lines, as well as the low voltage distribution wiring. It includes information about the power production, the main system faults, and the future development. The study is supplemented by a simulation of the system, using HOMER Energy software, in order to investigate the renewable penetration potential, and to validate the operation of the Hybrid Power Plant. The thesis is concluded with the estimation of lightning faults on the power lines of the island's grid.

Les épopées d’Homère et de Virgile, la Chanson de Roland sont marquées par une alternance qui peut paraître capricieuse. En fait, on la saisit beaucoup mieux dès lors qu’on prend en compte la présence des corps : ceux du jongleur, de l’aède, du récitant ; le corps du public. Postures, gestuelle, mouvements, regard, souffle, musique s’articulent à cette alternance pour en faire une véritable danse. Cette thèse étudie d’abord comment dansent chacun des temps principaux du récit dans ces épopées, en accordant la priorité à Homère et au Roland ; puis elle étudie comment cette danse des temps prend corps dans chacune des petites pièces dont nous décelons que sont composées les épopées anciennes comme le Roland : les laisses. / The Homeric and Virgilian epics, as well as the Chanson de Roland are full of tenseswitching, the use of which might seem capricious to the modern reader. It is in fact much better understood when bodies’ presence is taken into account — these bodies being the bard’s one as well as the audience’s. Postures, gestures, moves, eyes, breath, music are joint partners to tenseswitching, so that tenses really dance in epics. This study is firstly about how each one of the main narrative tenses dances in Homer and the Roland, and also in the Æneid. Then it studies the way tenses dance in each of the small pieces we find in the classical epics as well as in the Roland : the laisses.

Rembrandt's use of light in his self-portraits has received an abundance of scholarly attention throughout the centuries--and for good reason. His light delights the eye and captivates the mind with its textural quality and dramatic presence. At a time of scientific inquiry and religious reformation that was reshaping the way individuals understood themselves and their relationship to God, Rembrandt's light may carry more intellectual significance than has previously been thought. Looking at Rembrandt's oeuvre of self-portraits chronologically, it is apparent that something happened in his life or in his understanding that caused him to change how he used light. A distinct and consistent shift can be observed in the location and intensity of light to the crown of the forehead. This change indicates that light held particular significance for Rembrandt and that its connection to the head was a signifier with intentional meaning. This meaning could have developed as a result of Rembrandt's exposure to and interest in the contemporary theological and philosophical debates of the seventeenth-century Netherlands, particularly those relating to the physical and eternal nature of the soul stemming from the writings of René Descartes. The relative religious and intellectual freedom of the Dutch Republic provided a safe place for Descartes to publish and defend his metaphysical ideas relating to the nature of the soul and know-ability of God through personal intellectual inquiry. The widespread disturbance to established thought caused by his ideas and methods sped their dissemination into the early seventeenth-century discourse. Rembrandt's associations with the educated elite, particularly Constantijn Huygens and Jan Six, increases the probability that he knew of this new philosophy and had the opportunity to consider its relevance to his own quest for self-knowledge. With his particular emphasis on self-exploration and expression, demonstrated through his prolific oeuvre of self-portraits, and his inclination toward emotive, complex, and interdenominational religious works, it follows that Rembrandt would be eager to embrace Descartes' metaphysics and demonstrate his awareness through his self-portraits. Light on the forehead becomes a metaphor for enlightenment and is the key to reading Rembrandt's late self-portraits through the lens of Cartesian influence.