The discourse about intimate partner violence often centers around men’s homicide against women, whereas women’s homicide against men is a topic that rarely receives attention. Hence, this study aims to investigate how female perpetrators of intimate partner homicide rationalize their reasons for committing the act. To address the purpose of the study, the following research questions have been formulated: How do women rationalize committing intimate partner homicide? Which accounts do women use in the court in their reasonings of committing intimate partner homicide? The study does not intend to explain influencing factors but rather to understand the women’s reasonings. The empirical data consists of preliminary investigation protocols. Womens interrogations have been analyzed through qualitative text and thematic analysis. Scott & Lyman’s (1968) theory of accounts and a feminist perspective consisting of Hunnicutt’s (2009) approach to patriarchy within the context of criminology has made up the theoretical framework of the study. Some key findings concern the women’s intimate relationship with the victims. Common in all but one case is that the intimate relationship was characterized by violence, control, and dominance, which urged the women to find a way out of the situation. In most cases, the act was not intentional in the sense that the violence would have a deadly outcome, but rather that the women felt the need to use violence in different situational contexts. The result suggests that the woman, as a victim of intimate partner violence committed homicide in self-defense, as revenge, or as an accident caused by fear. The results also include a case that stands out from the rest, where the relationship was not characterized by any violence or dominance, but where the woman rationalized the homicide as a humanitarian deed.

Sulla base delle analisi transnazionali degli effetti della violenza collettiva (guerra e terrorismo) sui tassi di omicidi, la mia ricerca di dottorato contribuisce all' apertura di studi criminologici sull' omicidio verso una prospettiva integrata sulla violenza. La principale scoperta originale è che sia il terrorismo che le varie forme di guerra (ad esempio guerre etniche, civili e internazionali) sono associate in modo forte e positivo all' omicidio. Queste conclusioni si basano sul calcolo di una serie di modelli ad effetti fissi su un panel che comprende più di 100 paesi in oltre 20 anni dal 1990. I risultati danno un sostegno provvisorio alle ipotesi di "legittimazione della violenza" e "legittimazione-abituazione" formulate per quanto riguarda gli effetti transnazionali delle guerre nazionali sui tassi di omicidi, e gli effetti degli attentati terroristici e dei prolungati stati di belligeranza sui tassi di omicidi in Israele, rispettivamente. Entrambe le ipotesi suggeriscono che la violenza collettiva abbia un effetto causale positivo sull' omicidio, ma il tema è stato ampiamente trascurato nella ricerca criminologica fin dalla formulazione originale delle ipotesi più di 30 anni fa. Questo studio conclude che l’influenza causale della violenza collettiva sull'omicidio è probabile, ma non può essere dimostrata in modo definitivo entro i confini di un disegno di ricerca transnazionale. Da un punto di vista teorico, i quadri criminologici rilevanti dovrebbero essere arricchiti da due concetti distinti della scienza politica che permettono di collocare le ipotesi in un quadro più ampio di "cultura della violenza" e di "governance in aree di limitata statualità". / Based on the cross-national analyses of the effects of collective violence (warfare and terrorism) on homicide rates, my Ph.D. research contributes to the opening of criminological homicide studies towards an integrated perspective on violence. The main original finding is that both terrorism and various forms of warfare (e.g. ethnic, civil and international wars) are robustly and positively associated with homicide. These findings are based on the calculation of a series of fixed-effects models on a panel that incorporates more than 100 countries over more than 20 years since 1990. The results lend tentative support to the so-called ‘legitimation of violence’ and ‘legitimation-habituation’ hypotheses that have been formulated in regard to the cross-national effects of nation-wars on homicide rates, and to the effects of terror attacks and prolonged states of belligerence on homicide rates in Israel, respectively. Both hypotheses suggest that collective violence bears a positive causal effect on homicide, but the topic has been largely neglected in criminological research since the original formulation of the hypotheses more than 30 years ago. This study concludes that a causal influence of collective violence on homicide is likely, but cannot conclusively be proven within the confines of a cross-national research design. From a theoretical perspective, relevant criminological frameworks should be enriched with two distinct concepts from political science which allow to situate the hypotheses within a larger framework of ‘culture of violence’ and ‘governance in areas of limited statehood’.

This study examines the impact of white ethnic concentration on robbery and homicide in Chicago and New York City. As one of the first to disaggregate white ethnic populations, this study has the expectation that Italian-American concentration will have a stronger influence on robbery and homicide than any other white ethnic concentrations. This study is founded on prior qualitative research suggesting that the reputation of Italian-Americans influences the behavior of outsiders in their communities. The data show there is a significant and negative relationship between Italian-American concentration and the violent crimes robbery and homicide. This relationship only exists for white ethnic concentration with robbery. These patterns occur across both cities at three different aggregate levels. The results indicate that there may be particular characteristics about Italian-American ethnic concentrations which have dampening effects on the frequency of homicide and robbery in their communities; it is speculated that a reputation for Mafia involvement is one of the protective factors.

Entre 1880 et 1930, la ville de Québec est considérée comme un endroit paisible avec très peu de violence. Cette croyance découle en grande partie de la situation socio-économique qu'on y retrouve à l'époque. La réalité est pourtant bien différente, particulièrement lorsque l'on se penche sur la question des homicides. Québec enregistre des taux d'homicides tout à fait similaires à ceux de grandes villes européennes comme Londres ou Liverpool. Les homicides répertoriés à Québec, comme partout ailleurs, impliquent majoritairement des hommes dans la force de l'âge, et prolétaires. Cependant, une particularité des homicides à Québec est que ceux-ci sont commis majoritairement par des résidents canadiens-français, et non des étrangers. Les crimes perpétrés sont caractérisés par l'utilisation des armes à feu, particulièrement des revolvers. Finalement, on assiste à ce que l'on pourrait appeler une "privatisation" de la violence alors que les homicides se déroulent de plus en plus à l'intérieur de la demeure familiale.

Although interpersonal violence is the leading cause of nonnatural death among adolescents in South Africa, research is limited. This thesis examined homicides among adolescents (15-19 years) in the city of Johannesburg, South Africa, during the period 2001 to 2009. It aimed to describe the incidence and epidemiology; depict the situational contexts based on victim, offender and event characteristics, and to develop a situational typology of adolescent homicides; and to identify the structural factors associated with neighbourhood levels of adolescent homicide within the city. Four separate studies were conducted using data from the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System (NIMSS), police case records, and Census 2001. The results revealed an average annual homicide rate of 23.4/100 000, with firearm homicides decreasing considerably over the study period, while homicides due to sharp instruments and blunt force increased. The epidemiological results highlighted the vulnerability of male, and black and coloured adolescents. The typological analysis identified three categories of adolescent homicide, namely: 1) male victims killed by strangers during a crime-related event; 2) male victims killed by a friend/acquaintance during an argument; and 3) female victims killed by male offenders, and indicates the need for multiple and focused prevention strategies. Alcohol use was also prevalent, with 39% of the victims tested having positive blood alcohol concentrations (BAC). The characteristics found to be associated with alcohol-related homicides, specifically, male victims killed with sharp instruments in public places, over the weekends and during the evenings, and by a friend/acquaintance draw attention to both the harmful pattern of intoxication-oriented drinking and the risky situational contexts in which adolescents consume alcohol. Finally, the results also showed that the incidence of male and female adolescent homicides was greater in neighbourhoods characterised by poverty and deprivation, while female adolescent homicides were also higher in neighbourhoods marked by high concentrations of households where children were not living with their parents. Overall the results point to the urgent need for a comprehensive prevention strategy that targets adolescents, their families and communities, and also addresses weapon availability, alcohol use, and issues of masculinity and gender to reduce homicides among adolescents. / D. Litt et Phil. (Psychology)

De plus en plus d’études s’intéressent aux variations des taux d’homicides et de la criminalité à travers les villes. Ces dernières suggèrent que des facteurs sociaux, économiques et démographiques expliqueraient ces variations, comme le revenu national brut par habitant, les inégalité de revenus, la corruption, la consommation d’alcool, la taille des populations des villes, etc. Cependant, ces recherches ont été effectuées en Amérique du Nord majoritairement, et aucune ne s’est intéressée à ces variations à l’échelle mondiale. Ce mémoire analysera la variation des taux d’homicides à travers les grandes villes du monde en lien avec les prédicteurs déjà connus. Il intègrera en plus des données issues du site Numbeo.com sur la perception de la criminalité contre la personne et les bien, ainsi que le sentiment de sécurité le jour et la nuit. L’objectif est d’observer s’il existe des différences ou ressemblances au niveau des facteurs contributeurs des taux d’homicides des villes. La présente étude portera sur le taux d’homicide, la perception de la criminalité contre la personne et les biens et sur le sentiment de sécurité le jour et la nuit à travers 108 villes de la planète. L’objectif est d’identifier les principaux facteurs associés à la criminalité. Des analyses bivariées permettront de voir jusqu’à quel point ces variables se ressemblent, en plus de sélectionner les variables sociales, économiques et démographiques restantes à intégrer dans le modèle de régressions linéaires multiples. Les résultats des analyses multivariées indiquent que les inégalités sociales et la corruption sont les meilleurs prédicteurs des taux d’homicides, de la perception de la criminalité et du sentiment de sécurité. La corruption est ressortie plus forte concernant la perception de la criminalité et le sentiment de sécurité que les inégalités sociales comparées aux taux d’homicides. Ainsi, ces résultats établissent que les mêmes facteurs sont associés à la criminalité des villes comparées aux pays, même s’il existe quelques petites différences. / More and more studies focus on variations in homicide rates and crime across cities. These suggest that social, economic and demographic factors explain these variations, such as gross national income per capita, income inequality, corruption, alcohol consumption, cities population size, etc. However, these searches were mainly conducted in North America, and none were interested in these changes across the planet. This thesis will investigate homicide rates, in respect to known predictors, of the largest cities across the world. It will also incorporate data from Numbeo.com about crime perception against person and property as well as the feeling of safety during the day and night. This is done to observe if differences or similarities in the factors linked to homicide rates in cities exist. This study will focus on the homicide rate, the crime perception against person and property as well as the feeling of safety in 108 cities across the globe. The goal is to identify principle-contributing factors to crime. Bivariate analysis will determine to which degree these three variables share common area and further, which variables form the social, economic and demographic variables can be appropriately integrated into the linear multiple regressions analysis model. Multivariate analysis results indicate that social income inequalities and corruption are the strongest predictors of homicide rates, crime perception and safety feeling. Corruption emerged stronger on crime perception and feeling of safety than social income inequalities compared to homicide rate. Thus, these results indicate that the same factors are associated with crime in cities as in countries, although some small differences exist.

Although interpersonal violence is the leading cause of nonnatural death among adolescents in South Africa, research is limited. This thesis examined homicides among adolescents (15-19 years) in the city of Johannesburg, South Africa, during the period 2001 to 2009. It aimed to describe the incidence and epidemiology; depict the situational contexts based on victim, offender and event characteristics, and to develop a situational typology of adolescent homicides; and to identify the structural factors associated with neighbourhood levels of adolescent homicide within the city. Four separate studies were conducted using data from the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System (NIMSS), police case records, and Census 2001. The results revealed an average annual homicide rate of 23.4/100 000, with firearm homicides decreasing considerably over the study period, while homicides due to sharp instruments and blunt force increased. The epidemiological results highlighted the vulnerability of male, and black and coloured adolescents. The typological analysis identified three categories of adolescent homicide, namely: 1) male victims killed by strangers during a crime-related event; 2) male victims killed by a friend/acquaintance during an argument; and 3) female victims killed by male offenders, and indicates the need for multiple and focused prevention strategies. Alcohol use was also prevalent, with 39% of the victims tested having positive blood alcohol concentrations (BAC). The characteristics found to be associated with alcohol-related homicides, specifically, male victims killed with sharp instruments in public places, over the weekends and during the evenings, and by a friend/acquaintance draw attention to both the harmful pattern of intoxication-oriented drinking and the risky situational contexts in which adolescents consume alcohol. Finally, the results also showed that the incidence of male and female adolescent homicides was greater in neighbourhoods characterised by poverty and deprivation, while female adolescent homicides were also higher in neighbourhoods marked by high concentrations of households where children were not living with their parents. Overall the results point to the urgent need for a comprehensive prevention strategy that targets adolescents, their families and communities, and also addresses weapon availability, alcohol use, and issues of masculinity and gender to reduce homicides among adolescents. / D. Litt et Phil. (Psychology)

A proporção de mulheres encarceradas está crescendo em ritmo mais acelerado que o dos homens. As razões para este aumento importante têm sido atribuídas principalmente ao estilo de vida relacionado ao consumo de substâncias psicoativas e delitos associados ao uso de drogas. De fato, cerca de metade das mulheres presas tem histórico de abuso de substâncias, e um terço demonstra níveis elevados de impulsividade. Os objetivos do estudo, geral e especifico, foram avaliar entre mulheres condenadas por crime de homicídio, o consumo de álcool e outras drogas ilícitas, os sintomas depressivos e os aspectos da sexualidade (orientação sexual, práticas sexuais atuais e pretéritas, história de abuso sexual e impulsividade sexual). Outrossim, desenvolver uma proposta de elaboração de cluster para a população investigada, aventando possibilidade de avaliação e manejo específico para cada grupo encontrado, partindo da identificação de subtipos de mulheres condenadas por homicídio, foi desenvolvida. Os dados analisados foram provenientes de 158 pessoas presas do sexo feminino, cumprindo pena por homicídio na Penitenciária Feminina Sant\'Ana, no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A análise de classes latentes foi usada para agrupar as participantes em grupos, a partir de variáveis associadas ao uso indevido de substâncias e impulsividade. Duas classes foram identificadas: Grupo 1 - Sem problemas (no problematic) (cluster 1: 54,53%; n=86); Grupo 2 - Com problemas (problematics) (cluster 2: 45,57%; n =72). Após controlar diversas variáveis psicossociais e criminológicas, no Grupo 02 (cluster two), as presas mostraram ter iniciado mais cedo as práticas criminosas, além de apresentarem um nível de escolaridade mais baixo do que as presas do Grupo 01 (cluster one). Reconhecer as necessidades de grupos específicos de infratoras femininas é crucial para desenvolvimento de um sistema adequado de política de saúde e para a diminuição da reincidência criminal entre as delinquentes que demonstraram maior risco / The proportion of incarcerated women is growing faster than the rate of men. The reasons for this significant increase were mainly attributed to drug use lifestyle and offenses related to drug use. About half of the women prisoners, has a history of substance abuse and a third shows high levels of impulsivity. The objectives of the study, general and specific, were: GENERAL: Evaluate, among women convicted of homicide crime, alcohol and other illicit drugs (use, abuse and dependence meters); depressive symptoms and aspects of sexuality (sexual orientation, current and previous sexual practices, history of sexual abuse and sexual impulsivity). ESPECIFIC: Propose development cluster for the study population, considering their heterogeneity. (Note: The cluster analysis will be based on categorical and continuous variables obtained in this study.); propose evaluation and management for each type based on identifying subtypes of women convicted of homicide. Data were from 158 people trapped females, serving a sentence for murder in the Women\'s Penitentiary Sant\'Anne, in São Paulo, Brazil. Latent class analysis was used to group the participants into misuse of substance classes and impulsivity. Two classes have been identified: Group 1 - No problem (the problematic) (cluster 1: 54.53%; n = 86). Group 2 - With problems (problematics) (cluster 2: 45.57%; n = 72). After controlling for various psychosocial and criminological variables in Group 02 (cluster two), the tusks shown to have earlier started criminal practices, in addition to having a lower educational level than the fangs of Group 01 (one cluster). Recognizing the needs of specific groups of female offenders, it is crucial to developing an appropriate health policy system and to reduce the recidivism among offenders who demonstrated greater risk

Submitted by Samira Bueno (samibueno@gmail.com) on 2018-04-27T14:40:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_SamiraBueno.pdf: 2979663 bytes, checksum: 1e5c569c56541617ea874a9e81c6789d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2018-04-27T16:26:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_SamiraBueno.pdf: 2979663 bytes, checksum: 1e5c569c56541617ea874a9e81c6789d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-04-27T16:36:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_SamiraBueno.pdf: 2979663 bytes, checksum: 1e5c569c56541617ea874a9e81c6789d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-27T16:36:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_SamiraBueno.pdf: 2979663 bytes, checksum: 1e5c569c56541617ea874a9e81c6789d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-21 / Esta tese teve por objetivo investigar a persistência da letalidade na ação da Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo (PMESP), não obstante a redução dos homicídios verificada entre os anos de 2000 e 2016. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa buscou-se identificar os mecanismos e estratégias que sustentam a prática letal dentro da organização. Em termos metodológicos foram mobilizadas estratégias que aliaram técnicas quantitativas e qualitativas de pesquisa, o que envolveu a análise de boletins de ocorrência e documentos oficiais relacionados às ocorrências de morte decorrente de intervenção policial/resistência seguida de morte, a realização de entrevistas com 16 policiais militares sentenciados por homicídio que cumpriam pena no Presídio Militar Romão Gomes e uma pesquisa observacional em perfis públicos de policiais militares no Facebook. Foi possível identificar três categorias empíricas que estariam diretamente associadas à conformação de um etos profissional pautado no modelo de enfrentamento violento ao criminoso e que influenciam na disposição homicida por parte do policial. Essas categorias convergem para o desenvolvimento de uma doutrina de uso da força letal, a instrumentalização de uma subcultura do universo policial que compreende a prática do homicídio como uma forma eficiente de controle do crime. Não se trata, portanto, de uma ação mobilizada ideologicamente no dia a dia, mas de uma estratégia funcional dentro de um frame em que vigora a crença genuína de que a missão da polícia é caçar bandidos. Deste modo, a disposição homicida não aparece como um desvio ou crime, mas como elemento central da própria atividade policial, que é cotidianamente retroalimentado pela corporação a partir de estratégias relacionadas à produção de estatísticas, à construção da imagem do sujeito criminoso e na interação com a sociedade através das mídias sociais. / This thesis aimed to investigate the persistence of the use of deadly force in the action of the Military Police of the State of São Paulo, despite the reduction of homicides verified between the years 2000 and 2016. The issue that determined the achievement of the research lies on the identification of the mechanisms and strategies that sustain lethal practice inside the organization. In methodological terms, strategies used for the research allied quantitative and qualitative research techniques and involved the analysis of occurrence reports and official documents related to the occurrences of death resulting from police intervention / resistance followed by death, interviews with 16 military police officers sentenced for homicide who were serving time at the Romão Gomes Military Prison, and a observational research of public profiles of military police officers on the social network Facebook. The research allowed the identification of four empirical categories that would be directed associated to the shaping of a professional ethos based on the model of violent confrontation of the criminals and that would influence the homicidal disposition. These categories converge to the development of a doctrine of the use of lethal force, the instrumentalisation of a subculture among the police universe which comprises the practice of murder as an efficient form of crime control. It is not, therefore, an action ideologically mobilized on a day-to-day basis, but a functional strategy within a frame in which there is a genuine belief that the police's mission is to hunt bandits. Therefore, the homicidal disposition does not appears as a deviation or crime, but as a central element of the police activity itself, which is daily fed back by the corporation and its members through strategies that involve the production of statistics, standardized discourses about the victims of their actions and in the interaction with society through social media.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:26:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Ruth Minamisava.pdf: 2670149 bytes, checksum: 04542bda37ab81a72c173b931eb7a157 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-19 / Background: Deaths due to homicides and traffic accidents among youth are a public health issue worldwide. Studies of the complex network of cause and effect on this topic point to both poverty and health inequalities. Different investigational approaches to intentional and unintentional deaths combined with socioeconomic variables can help create a better understanding of the association between violence and socioeconomic conditions. This study analyzed the spatial distribution and potential clusters of risk for intentional and unintentional deaths among youths aged 15-24 years in Goiânia, a newly urbanized city in central Brazil. Methods: Death data and residential addresses were extracted from the national Mortality Information System and validated by household visits. To detect all potential cases, we prospectively investigated every death classified as a transport accident, assault, legal intervention,intentional self-harm, unknown underlying cause, and undetermined intent according to the ICD-10. The Geographical Information System was used to plot residential addresses, and cases were interactively geocoded to the residential address level using a digital map of the municipality. Spatial scan statistic was applied (Poisson model) to identify clusters of census tracts with high mortality due to intentional injuries and traffic accidents. The socioeconomic variables obtained using census data were compared between the most likely cluster and other areas of the municipality. Results: The most violent deaths among young people were due to intentional injuries. Between August 2005 and August 2006, 145 addresses for cases of intentional injuries and traffic accidents were located and geocoded. No significant clusters for deaths due to traffic accidents were found within the municipality. One significant cluster (RR = 4.65; p = 0.029) composed of 14 cases of intentional deaths, mostly homicides, was detected in an emergent, populated, and very poor area on the outskirts of the town. This cluster had a significantly higher proportion of people with the lowest educational status, lowest income, and poor housing conditions in comparison to the remainder of the municipality. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the link between social inequalities and intentional deaths, clearly showing the need for urgent social interventions to reduce violence and premature mortality. / Introdução: As causas externas, particularmente as violentas (acidentes de transporte e traumas intencionais), estão entre as primeiras causas de morte tanto em países desenvolvidos como nos em desenvolvimento, atingindo desproporcionalmente a população jovem. Embora o Brasil tenha realizado esforços nos últimos anos para combater a violência, os dados oficiais mostram alta mortalidade por homicídios e por acidentes de transporte envolvendo motociclistas. Objetivo: analisar a distribuição espacial e potenciais aglomerados de risco para óbitos intencionais e não-intencionais em jovens de 15 a 24 anos ocorre de forma aleatória no município de Goiânia. Metodologia: dados de óbitos por causas intencionais e não-intencionais residentes do município de Goiânia foram obtidos no Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade e confirmados por visita domiciliar. Cada óbito foi classificado em acidente de transporte, agressão e intervenção legal de acordo com a CID-10. Foram excluídos os casos de óbitos por suicídio. Endereços da residência foram geocodificados, gerando uma camada que foi espacialmente sobreposta à camada dos setores censitários. Aplicou-se a estatística especial scan baseada no modelo de Poisson para identificar clusters de setores censitários com alta taxa de mortalidade. Foram utilizadas variáveis socioeconômicas disponibilizadas pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística para comparar dados do aglomerado mais provável e as outras áreas do município. Resultados: A maioria das mortes violentas entre jovens foi devido a acidentes intencionais. Entre agosto de 2005 e agosto de 2006, 145 endereços de óbitos intencionais e acidentes de transporte foram identifocados e geocodificados. A distribuição espacial dos óbitos por acidentes de transporte ocorreu de forma aleatória no município de Goiânia. Detectou-se um aglomerado de alto risco para óbitos por trauma intencional (RR=4,65; p=0,029), sendo a maioria, homicídios. A área de risco localiza-se na periferia do município - Distrito Sanitário Noroeste, que apresentou piores indicadores de renda, de escolaridade, de condições sanitárias e de domicílios com maior número de moradores quando comparado com o restante do município. Conclusões: a associação entre mortes intencionais e desigualdades sociais mostra a necessidade de políticas sociais urgentes.