Thesis. 1979. M.Arch.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 57-58. / by William L. Rawn, III. / M.Arch.

Houve um crescimento no consumo de alimentos fora do domicílio nas últimas décadas, impulsionado pela urbanização, economia, fatores demográficos e participação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho. O consumo em restaurantes de hotéis passou de 1,4 kg para 7,2 kg per capita entre 2005 e 2014 e apesar de seguir as orientações sanitárias, pode ser risco à saúde humana, devido ao tipo de prato, matéria prima ou cozimento. Assim, foram avaliados os cardápios de hotéis através de um índice de risco sanitário para os usuários, e comparou-se este índice médio do cardápio com características organizacionais e demográficas dos hotéis, seu sucesso midiático e a percepção do pessoal de problemas sanitários. Foi possível mostrar que há um conhecimento de risco pelo maior preço de pratos com risco mais alto. Os hotéis com mais risco têm cardápios mais variados e taxa de ocupação mais alta, sem diferença nos demais critérios demográficos. O pessoal de atendimento tem mais consciência de riscos que a gerência e avaliações midiáticas são menores nos hotéis de maior risco. Quanto à gestão do restaurante pelo hotel, este se mostrou mais segura para os hóspedes na gestão, sendo os restaurantes independentes mais ativos em número de pratos e turismo gastronômico, o que leva a uma melhor avaliação midiática, independente do maior risco. A avaliação do risco médio do cardápio pode levar uma melhor segurança sanitária do hóspede, mas existem outros fatores mercadológicos que podem interferir no cardápio do restaurante. Este conhecimento de risco sanitário pode orientar a escolha mercadológica do restaurante do hotel, provendo um elemento de julgamento da oferta de alimentos que podendo aumentar a fidelização e a segurança sanitária dos hóspedes. A alimentação segura de hóspedes é um processo extremamente importante para o sucesso da hotelaria, já que estes são associados a problemas pelos clientes, o que implica em maior cuidado sanitário na atual expansão do turismo de negócio e lazer no Brasil. / There has been an increase in consumption of food outside the home in the last decades, driven by urbanization, economy, demographic factors and women\'s participation in the labor market. The consumption in hotel restaurants went from 1.4 kg to 7.2 kg per capita between 2005 and 2014 and despite following the sanitary guidelines, can be risk to human health, by type of dish, raw food or cooking. Thus, we evaluated the hotel menus through a sanitary risk index for the users, and compared this average menu index with organizational and demographic characteristics of the hotels, their media success and the staff\'s perception of health problems. It was possible to show that there is a knowledge of risk by the higher price of dishes with higher risk. The hotels with more risk have more varied menus and higher occupancy rate, with no difference in the other demographic criteria. Service staff are more aware of risks that management and media reviews are lower in hotels at higher risk. As for the management of the restaurant by the hotel, this is safer for guests in hotel management, with independent restaurants more active in number of dishes and gastronomic tourism, which leads to a better media assessment, regardless of the greater risk. The evaluation of the average risk of the menu may lead to a better sanitary security of the guest, but there are other marketing factors that can interfere with the menu of the restaurant. This knowledge of sanitary risk can guide the market choice of the hotel restaurant, providing an element of judgment of the food supply that can increase the loyalty and sanitary security of the guests. The safe feeding of guests is an extremely important process for the success of the hotel industry, since these are associated with problems by the clients, which implies in greater health care in the current expansion of business and leisure tourism in Brazil.

O cenário do ciclo de implantação de hotéis apresenta características diferenciadas em relação aos demais empreendimentos de real estate. Dentre essas, se destaca a presença de diversos stakeholders capazes de influenciar de forma direta na configuração do empreendimento. Outra característica é a forte concentração dos processos de suprimento, em particular no final de sua fase de implantação, devido à necessidade de disponibilizar os insumos específicos dessa tipologia de empreendimento, necessários a sua entrada em operação. Esse cenário diferenciado traz ao sistema de gerenciamento de suprimentos do empreendimento demandas não usuais em outros tipos de empreendimentos de real estate, tais como: [1] um acurado processo de controle da baseline do empreendimento, [2] um abrangente processo de controle de escopo dos diversos fornecedores envolvidos, [3] necessidade de uma estreita coordenação da logística de implantação e operacionalização do empreendimento, em particular na área de suprimento. Nesse cenário, o objetivo da dissertação é apresentar diretrizes para os processos de gerenciamento da logística na implantação de hotéis, como parte integrante dos processos do gerenciamento do empreendimento, com foco naqueles aspectos que diferenciam os hotéis dos demais empreendimentos de real estate. O trabalho descreve os resultados dos levantamentos de campo sobre o escopo da implantação de hotéis, com a finalidade de identificar as necessidades desse ciclo. Estes dados, juntamente com uma análise dos processos de gerenciamento de suprimentos versus os requisitos de implantação já mencionados, permitiram estruturar diretrizes para ao gerenciamento dos processos logísticos diante das características da implantação de hotéis. A conclusão desse trabalho é a necessidade de recorrer a processos, que embora típicos do gerenciamento de empreendimentos, não são usuais na área de Gestão de Suprimentos, tais como: (1) processos de controle de escopo, (2) controle de configuração (de escopo e da baseline) e (3) controle de interfaces, aplicados em particular para a gestão da logística envolvida na implantação e operacionalização de hotéis. / The cycle of implantation of hotels is different among others real estate enterprises. There are many stakeholders capable to influence directly in the configuration of the hotel. Another characteristic is the strong concentration of the procurement processes, most in the end of the phase of implantation, due to necessity of the cycle of operation. This differentiated scene brings to the procurement management not usual demands in others real estate enterprises, such as: [1] a strong control of baseline, 2] an strong control process with involved suppliers, 3] necessity to see the needs of operation cycle during de implantation cycle. The objective of the research is to propose guidelines for the processes of the logistic in the implantation of hotels, as an integrant of the processes of management of the enterprise, with focus in those aspects that differentiate the hotels of others real estate enterprises. The research describes the results of the field surveys on the target of the implantation of hotels, with the purpose to identify the necessities of this cycle. These data, together with an analysis of the processes of procurement management versus the requirements of implantation, allowed structuralizing the guidelines for the logistic process. The conclusion of this research is the necessity to appeal the processes, that even so typical of the management of enterprises, are not usual in the area of procurement management, such as: (1) processes of scope control, (2) configuration control (baseline) and (3) control of interfaces, applied in particular for the logistic management of involved in the implantation and the of hotels operation.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo discutir o processo de produção do espaço litorâneo a partir da espacialização e regionalização dos meios de hospedagem, procurando identificar as diferentes tipologias presentes, bem como a sua incidência ao longo dos 275 municípios litorâneos, do Amapá ao Rio Grande do Sul. São estudadas e inventariadas as segundas residências, as redes hoteleiras nacionais e internacionais, os resorts e os empreendimentos turísticos imobiliários, frutos da associação entre segundas residências e resorts. A intenção, além de verificar a espacialização de tais empreendimentos, é compreender a participação do capital internacional neste processo de produção. Para tanto, parte-se da premissa da existência de circuitos de transferência de capital para o ambiente construído e da associação de agentes imobiliários locais com o capital estrangeiro que, avalizados por políticas públicas e incentivos fiscais, têm contribuído fortemente para a concretização de investimentos turísticos relacionados à hospedagem espalhados ao longo da costa. A liberalização e desregulamentação financeira dos anos 90, associadas ao forte papel interventor do Estado expresso, sobretudo, a partir da implantação da primeira Política Nacional de Turismo, na mesma década, perfazem o cenário que ora se apresenta, propiciando uma intensa ocupação do litoral brasileiro, uma significativa presença do capital nacional e uma diferenciação de incidência tipológica dos meios de hospedagem entre as regiões brasileiras. / This research aims to discuss the process of coastline geographical distribution and regionalization of lodging facilities through the identification of different typologies and their incidence along the 275 coastal towns from Amapa to Rio Grande do Sul. The focus is on national and international hotel chains, resorts and real estate ventures, which is an association between second homes and resorts. The main idea is to understand the role of international capital in the production process as well as to verify the places where these enterprises are located. Therefore, it is supposed that are transfer circuits of capital to built space and it there is an association between local real estate agents and the foreign capital helped by public policies and taxes incentives that strongly help the concretion of tourist investments in hotels all along the coastlines. The financial liberalization and deregulation in the 90\'s as well as the strong intervention of Brazilian State specially after the edition of the first Tourism National Policy in the same decade, is the scenario presented here, providing an intense occupation of the Brazilian coast, a significant presence of the national capital and a focus typological differentiation of types of accommodation between the regions.

This thesis focuses on the international hotel industry as part of the global economy and examines the implications that the strategic management of human capital has within the five-star sector of the hotel industry in Dubai, an emirate of the United Arab Emirates, and an economy based on the service sector. It examines the macro environmental factors influencing the potential strategic directions of two recognized international five-star hotel brands and considers the challenges this creates for the alignment of strategy, and the implications this has for management of human capital(people) as a key determinant of success that enhances organisational outcomes. In selecting this area of research, the author has adopted a grounded theory approach to the generation of new knowledge, allowing the literature to be guided by concerns raised by hotel managers and industry consultants working in the context of Dubai. This approach led to the employment of a case study method, through which the key influences of organisational culture and ownership are considered. Two international hotel chains were identified to represent the two strategic modes of entry into the destination. The first case being a locally owned and managed chain with 7 hotels in Dubai. The second case is a European chain operating 6 hotel properties under management contract in Dubai, with 6 different owners from the Middle East. Both companies operate within the luxury five-star market that is so prevalent in Dubai. The hospitality industry, by definition, relies heavily on human capital, both as a resource and a capability that may allow for the development of competitive advantage. However, the dynamics of the Dubai hotel environment, the strength of the Arab cultural values and the organisational conditions that exist in Dubai present HR managers with a number of unique challenges, including high levels of pastoral care, and approaches to managing the workforce that may be at odds with traditional ‘Western’ ideals. This thesis adds to the existing debate on the value and utilisation of existing theoretical frameworks attached to the alignment of strategy and the implications for managing human capital in the face of globalisation and presents a model of their application in a city that is characterised by power and control, predictability and change aversion.

Esta tese dedica-se à investigação e compreensão de um dos elementos considerados essenciais para o entendimento dos significados do ambiente urbano contemporâneo, os edifícios. Interpreto-os não a partir de uma visão reducionista, mas desde um ponto de vista amplo e totalizante: como produtos imobiliários e como artefatos arquitetônicos, dotados de valor material, social e simbólico. Parto do princípio de que, como artefatos, colaboram para ressignificação dos espaços urbanos por meio da configuração dos espaços internos e da edificação, bem como por sua relação com o entorno, a partir da dialética entre a estrutura material edificada e a sociedade. Como produtos imobiliários, inserem-se de uma maneira inovadora no circuito de valorização do capital, firmando-se como mercadorias e orientando a própria sobrevida e expansão do capitalismo. A dinâmica socioespacial e as características do capitalismo contemporâneo levam a um movimento de reestruturação imobiliária, processo complexo e amplo, que se dá em dois níveis: a reestruturação espacial (novas formas e funções do imóvel e a revisão de seu papel estruturante junto à sociedade e ao espaço) e a reestruturação produtiva (novas maneiras de construir e administrar o produto imobiliário). A pesquisa foi conduzida a partir da interpretação da produção imobiliária voltada para o mercado e direcionada para fins específicos e usos determinados, neste caso, a estrutura material de hospedagem ou simplesmente hotelaria instalada em importantes destinos do circuito mundial de viagens. A tese teve como objetivo maior orientar a apreensão do sentido e dos significados do ambiente construído e de sua adequação aos processos de valorização do capital e de reestruturação dos espaços urbanos contemporâneos. / This thesis devotes itself to inquiring and grasping of one of the elements considered essential to the understanding of contemporary urban environment meanings, the buildings. I interpret them not from a reductionist view, but from a wide and totalizing point of view: as real state products and architectural artifacts, endowed of material, social and symbolic value. I argue that, as artifacts, they collaborate with resignification of urban spaces by means of internal spaces and building configuration, as well as their relation with surroundings, from a dialectics between built material structure and society. As real state products, they insert and brace themselves in an innovative way into the circuit of capital valuing as commodities, allowing the survival and the expansion of capitalism. The social-spatial dynamics and the characteristics of contemporary capitalism lead to a movement of real state restructuring, a wide and complex process, which takes place in two levels: spatial restructuring (new real state forms and functions and the review of its structuring role in society and in space) and productive restructuring (new ways of building and managing real state product). The research has been conducted from the interpretation of real state production focused on market and directed to specific purposes and determined uses, in this case, the material structure of hospitality or simply hotels installed in important destinations of the world travelling circuit. The thesis aims at orienting the apprehension of sense and meanings of the environment built and its adequacy to processes of capital valuing and contemporary urban spaces restructuring.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo discutir o processo de produção do espaço litorâneo a partir da espacialização e regionalização dos meios de hospedagem, procurando identificar as diferentes tipologias presentes, bem como a sua incidência ao longo dos 275 municípios litorâneos, do Amapá ao Rio Grande do Sul. São estudadas e inventariadas as segundas residências, as redes hoteleiras nacionais e internacionais, os resorts e os empreendimentos turísticos imobiliários, frutos da associação entre segundas residências e resorts. A intenção, além de verificar a espacialização de tais empreendimentos, é compreender a participação do capital internacional neste processo de produção. Para tanto, parte-se da premissa da existência de circuitos de transferência de capital para o ambiente construído e da associação de agentes imobiliários locais com o capital estrangeiro que, avalizados por políticas públicas e incentivos fiscais, têm contribuído fortemente para a concretização de investimentos turísticos relacionados à hospedagem espalhados ao longo da costa. A liberalização e desregulamentação financeira dos anos 90, associadas ao forte papel interventor do Estado expresso, sobretudo, a partir da implantação da primeira Política Nacional de Turismo, na mesma década, perfazem o cenário que ora se apresenta, propiciando uma intensa ocupação do litoral brasileiro, uma significativa presença do capital nacional e uma diferenciação de incidência tipológica dos meios de hospedagem entre as regiões brasileiras. / This research aims to discuss the process of coastline geographical distribution and regionalization of lodging facilities through the identification of different typologies and their incidence along the 275 coastal towns from Amapa to Rio Grande do Sul. The focus is on national and international hotel chains, resorts and real estate ventures, which is an association between second homes and resorts. The main idea is to understand the role of international capital in the production process as well as to verify the places where these enterprises are located. Therefore, it is supposed that are transfer circuits of capital to built space and it there is an association between local real estate agents and the foreign capital helped by public policies and taxes incentives that strongly help the concretion of tourist investments in hotels all along the coastlines. The financial liberalization and deregulation in the 90\'s as well as the strong intervention of Brazilian State specially after the edition of the first Tourism National Policy in the same decade, is the scenario presented here, providing an intense occupation of the Brazilian coast, a significant presence of the national capital and a focus typological differentiation of types of accommodation between the regions.

No description available.

This study gathered data from 14 four to five-star hotels in South-East Queensland, Australia, in an attempt to examine the nature and degree of influence organisational climate has upon the performance of hotels. Employee perception of customer satisfaction was studied both as an index of performance and as an intervening variable between organisational climate and financial performance as indexed by revenue per available room (REVPAR). The data provided a description of a young, relatively gender balanced, well educated and trained work force which received relatively low levels of financial remuneration and displayed very high levels of turnover. A new instrument was used to measure the dimensions of organisational climate across the hotels. This instrument represented a modification of that presented by Ryder and Southey (1990), which itself was a modification of the 145 item psychological climate questionnaire of Jones and James (1979). The instrument represented a subset of 70 items of the Ryder and Southey instrument. Responses to all items within the instrument were on a 7 point anchored scale. Principal components analysis (PCA) produced results consistent with earlier versions of the instrument, which had been reported elsewhere. This analysis described organisational climate within the sample to be composed of 7 underlying dimensions; Leader facilitation and support, Professional and organisational esprit, Conflict and ambiguity, Regulations, organisation and pressure, Job variety, challenge and autonomy, Workgroup co-operation, friendliness and warmth, and Job standards. These dimensions were judged to be consistent with those reported earlier by Jones and James, and by Ryder and Southey. Poor support was found for the first structural model that proposed that employee demographic variables would affect organisational climate and that organisational climate would affect customer satisfaction (although the latter link was quite strong). The most important finding of the study was the support for a second structural model when it was found that variation in the 7 dimensions of organisational climate accounted for 30% of the variation in Employee Perception of Customer Satisfaction. Furthermore, that Employee Perception of Customer Satisfaction accounted for 23% of the variation in REVPAR between the hotels. Possible extensions of this study using direct measures of customer satisfaction and expanding it to include hotels of different star ratings are discussed.

<p>Tio procent av Sveriges befolkning har någon form av funktionsnedsättning. Var tionde person har alltså särskilda behov i sitt resande och är därmed beroende av att hela destinationens miljö är tillgänglig. Tillgänglighet är någonting som Stockholm Stad arbetar med då de har som mål att år 2010 vara världens mest tillgängliga huvudstad. Stockholm är en destination och en destination består av många olika aktörer, både kommersiella och icke kommersiella. Studien syftar därför dels till att undersöka om, och i så fall hur, en god tillgänglighet i Stockholm skulle påverka de enskilda turistiska aktörerna på destinationen. Studien syftar även till att undersöka vad dessa aktörer har för inställning till och motiv för tillgänglighetsanpassningar. Tillgänglighet kan studeras utifrån olika aspekter men denna studie kommer främst att behandla fysisk tillgänglighet utifrån ett etiskt och ekonomiskt perspektiv.</p><p>I denna studie används en kvalitativ metod och ett hermeneutiskt synsätt. För att undersöka tillgänglighetsaspekter i turismbranschen intervjuades respondenter från Stockholm Stad, Stockholm Visitors Board, Sveriges Hotell och Restaurangföretagare, Clarion Hotel Stockholm, Hotell Birger Jarl, Nordic Light Hotel och Scandic Hotels.</p><p>I studien används artiklar som behandlar etik och ansvarsfullt företagande (bland annat Corporate Social Responsibility) samt på vilket sätt tillgänglighet kan vara till godo för turismföretag och samhället. Studien presenterar även tidigare forskning som belyser betydelsen av samverkan på en destination och svårigheter i att separera destinationen och de turistiska aktörerna från varandra. Dessutom presenteras lagar och regler kring tillgänglighetsanpassning för att ge en övergripande bild av vad som lagmässigt krävs av aktörerna.</p><p>Resultatet i undersökningen visar bland annat att turismföretag anser sig ta ett samhällsansvar när de gör tillgänglighetsanpassningar. Företagen vill vara etiska och tillgodose alla kunder, vilket inkluderar personer med funktionsnedsättning. Aktörerna anser samtidigt att ökad tillgänglighet skapar konkurrensfördelar då de får ett bredare kundunderlag samt bättre rykte och image genom sina anpassningar. De vill även vara affärsdrivande, det vill säga att investeringarna måste stå i proportion till kostnaderna. Med andra ord, om investeringar i tillgänglighetsanpassning inte skulle generera tillräckligt stora fördelar skulle företag inte anpassa mer än vad lagen kräver. Den etiska handlingen gällande tillgänglighetsanpassningar sker alltså inte alltid i osjälviskt syfte utan för att skapa ekonomiska fördelar genom gott rykte och bredare kundunderlag.</p><p>Resultatet visar även att turismaktörerna i Stockholm skulle gynnas av att staden blev världens mest tillgängliga huvudstad. Detta skulle resultera i att staden fick fler besökare vilket i sin tur skulle ge fler affärstillfällen för de enskilda turismföretagen.</p> / <p>Ten percent of Sweden’s inhabitants have some kind of disability. That is, every ten person has special needs when it comes to travelling, and therefore is depended on whether the destination is accessible or not. In their goal for year 2010 Stockholm City wants to be the most accessible capital in the whole world.</p><p>The destination involves many different operators, both commercial and non-commercial. This study is a research about how good the accessibility in Stockholm is, and how this would affect the individual tourism operators in Stockholm. Furthermore, this study’s purpose is to find out what the operators think about the accessibility adjustments. Accessibility can be studied from different aspects, but this specific study will first of all treat the accessibility from an ethic and economical perspective.</p><p>Qualitative methods have been used in this study, in order to investigate accessibility within the tourism line. Respondents from Stockholm City, Stockholm Visitors Board, the Swedish Hotel and Restaurant Association, Clarion Hotel Stockholm, Hotel Birger Jarl, the Nordic Light Hotel, and Scandic Hotels, have been interviewed.</p><p>In this study articles about ethics and responsible spirits of enterprise are used (for instance Corporate Social Responsibility), as well as in what way accessibility can be good for tourism enterprises and the society. The study also presents earlier research that brings up the signification of co-operation at a destination, plus how it is difficult to separate the destination and the tourism operators. Additionally, laws and rules about accessibility are presented to give an overall picture about what the operators need to do according to the law.</p><p>The results show that the operators believe that they take liability against the society when they do accessibility adjustments. The operators want to be ethic and satisfy all customers, disabled people included. The operators also believe that increased access create competition advantages when they get more customers, plus a better reputation and image. They want to make profits, which means that the investments must be in proportion to the expenses. In other words, if the investments wouldn’t be profitable enough the operators wouldn’t adjust more than the law says. The ethic deed about accessibility adjustments is not always an unselfish cause but a way to make a profit by good reputation and more customers.</p><p>The analysis shows that the operators in Stockholm would be favored if the city became the most accessible capital in the world. This would result in that the city got more visitors, which would generate more business opportunities for the individual tourism operators.</p>