Doctor of Philosophy / Operating in the space between state, market and society, nonprofit housing associations are part of a new generation of hybrid organisations. Unlike traditional organisations delivering publicly subsidised affordable rental accommodation, governance is networked not hierarchical. The state can influence - through subsidy, regulation and direct intervention - though seldom chooses to directly control. Housing associations regularly partner with public sector agencies, private developers and other nonprofit or hybrid organisations. Networking is used to share resources, build local coalitions and increase institutional learning. This thesis uses a cross-national case study approach to develop frameworks leading to a deeper understanding of what housing associations are becoming. The topic is addressed through the research focus on how to strengthen housing association capacity, taken to be ‘the capability of an organisation to achieve goals’. Nine associations of three organisation types, selected from the city regions of San Francisco, Melbourne and Manchester, provided rich documentary and interview information. This was supplemented by interviews with senior staff at networked organisations identified through snowballing techniques. Organisational capacity is often seen as a set of attributes that housing associations possess, such as a mission statement and governance procedures. This has led to a narrow focus on capacity building through professionalisation, introducing management approaches from the private sector. The research findings suggest the importance of broader approaches to strengthening organisational capacity, for example though collaboration between associations by merger, group structure, or procurement partnerships. Capacity can also be built with assistance from both traditional and emerging networked support organisations. Trade and professional bodies, together with consultants, lobby organisations, researchers and community groups form part of a broader web. The success of contemporary housing associations depends not only on the skills of individuals working for the organisation, but their ability to make connections across the wider environment - organisational capacity strengthened through network power.

Doctor of Philosophy / Operating in the space between state, market and society, nonprofit housing associations are part of a new generation of hybrid organisations. Unlike traditional organisations delivering publicly subsidised affordable rental accommodation, governance is networked not hierarchical. The state can influence - through subsidy, regulation and direct intervention - though seldom chooses to directly control. Housing associations regularly partner with public sector agencies, private developers and other nonprofit or hybrid organisations. Networking is used to share resources, build local coalitions and increase institutional learning. This thesis uses a cross-national case study approach to develop frameworks leading to a deeper understanding of what housing associations are becoming. The topic is addressed through the research focus on how to strengthen housing association capacity, taken to be ‘the capability of an organisation to achieve goals’. Nine associations of three organisation types, selected from the city regions of San Francisco, Melbourne and Manchester, provided rich documentary and interview information. This was supplemented by interviews with senior staff at networked organisations identified through snowballing techniques. Organisational capacity is often seen as a set of attributes that housing associations possess, such as a mission statement and governance procedures. This has led to a narrow focus on capacity building through professionalisation, introducing management approaches from the private sector. The research findings suggest the importance of broader approaches to strengthening organisational capacity, for example though collaboration between associations by merger, group structure, or procurement partnerships. Capacity can also be built with assistance from both traditional and emerging networked support organisations. Trade and professional bodies, together with consultants, lobby organisations, researchers and community groups form part of a broader web. The success of contemporary housing associations depends not only on the skills of individuals working for the organisation, but their ability to make connections across the wider environment - organisational capacity strengthened through network power.

Au coeur de la recherche sur les logiques institutionnelles, l’objectif de cette thèse est d’apporter un nouvel éclairage sur l’identification des logiques et de leur cohabitation dans les organisations hybrides. La question de l’identification est centrale pour comprendre les logiques, leurs interrelations et leurs implications dans les organisations hybrides, soumises à l’influence d’une pluralité de logiques. Grâce à la prise en compte de données à la fois textuelles et visuelles, nous contribuons à l’analyse des informations contenues dans ces données et leur rôle dans la diffusion des logiques. Il en résulte que pour favoriser la cohabitation des logiques, les organisations hybrides utilisent les textes et les visuels au sein de différents supports. Cette recherche se concentre sur une étude de cas, l’organisation des Scouts et Guide de France. Nous y développons plusieurs analyses de contenu, qualitative et quantitative, textuelle et visuelle, pour capturer les logiques et comprendre leurs interactions / The purpose of this thesis is to bring new insights on the identification and cohabitation of institutional logics in a hybrid organization. The question of the identification of logics is the main concern to then be able to understand the inner workings of logics, their relationships and implications in hybrid organisations, under the influence from a plurality of logics. By taking into account both textual and visual data, we contribute to consider the information contained in these data, as their role in the diffusion of logics. To support the cohabitation of logics, hybrid organizations use texts and visuals in different support. Focused on a case study, the organisation of Scouts and Guides of France, we develop several content analyses, qualitative and quantitative, textual and visual, to capture logics and understand their relationships

The Swedish model is a concept that over time has become widely known. Lately, the first thing that springs to mind may be the way Sweden has handled the pandemic of covid-19. Originally however, the Swedish model is an attempt develop a strategy of cooperation between conflicting interests. It has a long history in the relationship between employers and employees and also more structurally, between labour unions and the employers’ association, as well as between government and various interest organisations. The Swedish Sports Confederation (SSC) is a membership organisation of 72 special federations of sport. In addition, it disperses the government funding to sports and hence has a relationship with the state where the government has particular interest in how sport delivers on the government targets for sport. As a member organisation however, the SSC is governed by its members. The question then arises: does the government funding and the state’s expectations influence how sport is governed even though it is an independent organisation? This study based on a theory of leading change, where leadership is categorised in eight steps examines to what extent and how leadership surfaces in the relationship between the SSC and its members. How can this leadership be described and understood? The method used is a study of documents, more explicitly propositions from the board to the general assembly of the confederation, documents for discussion in workshops and documents containing information and knowledge pertinent to the process. All the documents that were studied have been presented by the board to the members between the years 2013 and 2019. Analysis were quantitative where leadership that could be identified as one of the eight categories of the model was marked in a specially developed protocol and thereafter summarised to determine the extent of leadership that occurred, and qualitative where sections of text that related to the steps of the model were analysed. The leadership was then described based on how steps of the model were utilised or not. The results of the analysis show that the SSC emphasised the creating of a sense of urgency early in the process. This emphasis however, decreased as time passed. During the whole process the SSC kept focus on involving all federations as well as focusing on what to achieve and how this is to be done. From about halfway and onwards the communication about the change process and the vision was given more attention. The SSC has not identified any small, leading coalition, created short term results or celebrated early successes in order to build up more power for change. In the discussion section there is speculation on whether this is due to the type of member organisation that the SSC is. To conclude several suggestions are presented with regards to how a hybrid organisation could handle leadership in order to strengthen knowledge, democracy and at the same time meet expectations from several directions. / En ideell medlemsorganisation styrs av organisationens medlemmar genom beslut på årsmöte. Om samma organisation mottar bidrag för sin verksamhet, med förväntningar på effekter som verksamheten ska ha – hur påverkas då organisationen? Denna uppsats finner sin bakgrund i en ideell organisation, Riksidrottsförbundet (RF), som under lång tid ingått ett korporativt samröre med staten. En av RF:s uppgifter är att, tillsammans med sina medlemmar, leda den idrottsliga utvecklingen. I ljuset av en teori om ledarskap i förändring där åtta steg identifierats som nödvändiga i en sådan process analyseras RF:s ledarskap i relation till medlemmarna. I vilken utsträckning och på vilket sätt framträder ledarskap? Hur kan detta ledarskap beskrivas och förstås? Studien är gjord i form av en dokumentstudie där besluts-, diskussions- och kunskapsunderlag som RF presenterat för sina medlemmar under perioden 2013–2019 studerats och analyserats. Denna period kan sammanfattas som idrottsrörelsens strategiarbete, med inriktning på fem övergripande mål 2025. Analysen har dels skett kvantitativt där ledarskap som kunde kategoriseras till någon av de åtta steg som återfanns i teorin noterades i ett särskilt utvecklat protokoll och därefter sammanställdes när det gäller omfattning, dels kvalitativt där identifierade textstycken härletts till den teoretiska modellens åtta steg. Ledarskapet har sedan beskrivits utifrån hur modellens olika steg använts och inte använts. Resultatet av analysen visar att RF lagt stor vikt i periodens början på att etablera en känsla av att förändring är nödvändig och brådskande. Dock har betoningen på detta minskat längs vägen. Under hela processen har RF haft stort fokus på involvering, samt vad som ska uppnås och hur det ska göras. Från mitten av processen och framåt kan också noteras ett större fokus på kommunikation kring förändringsprocessen. RF har inte i processen identifierat någon mindre ledande koalition, skapat några kortsiktiga resultat eller befäst framgångar för att skapa ytterligare framgångar. I diskussionen spekuleras i om en anledning till avsaknaden av dessa tre steg kan vara att RF är just en medlemsorganisation och därigenom inte vill behandla medlemmar olika. Som konklusion ges ett antal förslag kring hur en hybridorganisation kan fundera på att hantera ledarskapet för att stärka kunskap, demokrati och samtidigt klara att möta olika intressenters förväntningar.

Purpose – This thesis aims to investigate the use and design of informal controls inan organization’s management control package (MCP). Informal controls areoperationalized as the intra-organizational social network.  Design/methodology/approach – An inductive case study is used to investigate ahybrid organization. The thesis uses data from interviews, documents, and a surveyto gather information about the organization’s MCP and intra-organizational socialnetwork.  Findings – It was found that the use of informal controls in the case organizationwas related to the spreading of clans and beliefs. The intra-organizational socialnetwork acts as conduits for clans, while the social network at the individual levelrelates to the spreading of certain beliefs. Furthermore, it was found that informalcontrols play a part in the design of different groups’ MCPs. Specifically, thatcertain groups use informal controls differently depending on whether theycoordinate other groups or directly work with the ongoing operations.  Research limitation/implications – This study has implications for the MCPresearch, as it is the first empirical study to operationalize informal controls associal networks in an MCP. It shed light on the role of informal controls in theMCP. A limitation is that no observational data has been used to analyze theorganizational culture, which may have affected the conclusions. Originality/value – This is the first empirical study that operationalizes informalcontrols as social networks in an MCP. The study also presents the MCPs of 38intra-organizational groups and classifies them according to configurations. / Syfte – Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka användandet och designen avinformell kontroll, i form av ett intra-organisatoriskt social nätverk, i enorganisations styrpaket. Metod – En induktiv fallstudie har använts för att studera en hybrid-organisation.Studien använder data från intervjuer, dokument och en enkät för att kunnakonstruera organisationens styrpaket och intra-organisatoriska sociala nätverk. Slutsats – Studien visar på att användandet av informell kontroll inomorganisationen är relaterat till sprdiningen av klaner och övertygelser. Det intraorganisatoriska sociala nätverket agerar som ledningar för spridningen av klaner,medan det sociala nätverket mellan individer är relaterat till vissa övertygelser.Utöver detta, så visar även studien på att informell kontroll har en roll i designen avolika gruppers styrpaket. Mer specifikt, att grupper använder informell kontroll påolika sätt beroende på om de kordinerar andra grupper eller själva utför aktiviteter iden dagliga verksamheten.  Begränsingar & Implikationer – Denna uppsats har implikationer för litteraturenom styrpaket. Det är den första empiriska studien som operationaliserar informellkontroll som ett socialt nätverk vid studie av ett styrpaket. Uppsatsen belyser däravrollen av informell kontroll i styrpaketet. En av studiens begränsningar är att ingenobservationsdata har använts för att analysera verksamhetens organisationskultur,detta kan möjligen fått konsekvenser för slutsatsen Originalitet – Detta är den första empiriska studien som operationaliserar informellkontroll som ett social nätverk vid stidue av ett styrpaket. Denna uppsats presenteraräven styrpaketen hos 38 styckna intra-organisatoriska grupper och klassificerar demi enlighet med styrkonfigurationer

This research provides insights into how leaders in hybrid organisations, like Business Sweden, interpret and make sense of institutional logic and sustainability complexities. The inherent complexity of hybrids poses greater challenges for leaders than single-sector organisations. This research aims to contribute knowledge to understanding leaders’ experiences in hybrids, particularly in addressing sustainability. Sustainability is a concept that is open to interpretation, and this research seeks to improve the lack of understanding about how leaders in hybrids navigate and make sense of sustainability, especially given the urgent need to address the apparent climate crisis. Such a knowledge gap hinders organisations from effectively utilising their leaders' experiences to enhance sustainability efforts and manage the complexities inherent in hybrid structures. The research adopts a qualitative approach grounded in social constructivism as a research philosophy. It employs a hermeneutic approach and thematic narrative analysis to present the findings. Through semi-structured interviews with leaders, the research finds that leaders encounter challenges in balancing dual institutional logics of their owners and aligning social missions with profit goals. Contrary to previous theories emphasising cultural complexity, leaders in this context primarily grapple with mission alignment. They use metaphors and personal stories to make sense of these challenges. Although sustainability is crucial for organisational legitimacy, leaders lack sufficient support and tools for effective implementation. Overall, leaders view the hybrid structure positively and closely align with the organisation's sustainability goals. However, all leaders need to personally embrace sustainability values rather than solely using them as a competitive advantage for the organisation to establish long-term sustainability efforts.

Submitted by Maria Lucia Villela Garcia (maluvillela@gmail.com) on 2017-01-23T19:44:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_Governance and value creation in hybrid organisations_Maria Lucia Villela Garcia_Versao Biblioteca FGV-EAESP.pdf: 2399385 bytes, checksum: db7d7f08cdbb2368087c0090cfa7c55c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2017-01-24T09:23:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_Governance and value creation in hybrid organisations_Maria Lucia Villela Garcia_Versao Biblioteca FGV-EAESP.pdf: 2399385 bytes, checksum: db7d7f08cdbb2368087c0090cfa7c55c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-24T11:17:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_Governance and value creation in hybrid organisations_Maria Lucia Villela Garcia_Versao Biblioteca FGV-EAESP.pdf: 2399385 bytes, checksum: db7d7f08cdbb2368087c0090cfa7c55c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-19 / B Corporation é um fenômeno contemporâneo crescente, atraindo não só a atenção da mídia, mas também de empresários interessados em desenvolver organizações com o propósito de "redefinir o sucesso nos negócios" e "usar o poder dos negócios para resolver problemas sociais e ambientais" (B Lab, 2012). Ao combinar duas lógicas diferentes (i.e. social e econômica), B Corps podem ser consideradas organizações híbridas. Battilana e Lee (2014) contribuíram significativamente com a literatura sobre organizações híbridas ao fornecer um tipo ideal que torna mais fácil examinar este tipo de organização. No entanto, afirmamos que a literatura sobre este tema deva ir além desse tipo ideal e se envolver nos desafios e oportunidades que envolvem as organizações híbridas em suas práticas cotidianas. A falta de estudos sobre B Corps no Brasil e em todo o mundo apresenta lacunas empíricas para o campo que são abordadas por nossa pesquisa. Além disso, a negligência do papel de governança e a concentração de estudos nas tensões do dualismo híbrido, no âmbito da literatura de lógicas institucionais, nos proporcionam duas lacunas teóricas. Elas são exploradas de modo a dar à governança seu papel proeminente em possibilitar o hibridismo e trazer outros três conceitos para avançar na literatura de organizações híbridas, como engajamento de stakeholders, criação de valor e modelo de negócios. O método comparativo de estudo de caso é empregado para analisar cinco organizações, sendo elas: quatro B Corps (i.e. Abramar, Avante, Combio e Via Gutenberg) e Sistema B Brasil. A análise revela que a governança é fundamental na criação de valores sociais, econômicos e ecológicos contemplados no modelo de negócios da organização. Além disso, há evidências suficientes para apoiar que a participação e o envolvimento das partes interessadas é o que permite à governança acessar esses valores no modelo de negócios. Como resultado, propõe-se uma nova conceituação para as organizações híbridas, no contexto das B Corps. / B Corps is a growing contemporary phenomenon, attracting not only the media attention, but also entrepreneurs interested in developing organisations that set their purpose to “redefine success in business” and “use the power of business to solve social and environmental problems” (B Lab, 2012). By combining two different logics (i.e. social and economic), B Corps are regarded as hybrid organisations. Battilana and Lee (2014) have made a significant contribution to the literature on the hybrid organisation, by providing an ideal type that makes it easier to examine this kind of organisation. However, we claim that the literature on this topic should go beyond that ideal type and engage in the challenges and opportunities that surround hybrid organisations in daily life practices. The lack of studies on B Corps worldwide and mostly in Brazil presents the empirical gaps for our research to address. Additionally, the overlook of the governance role and concentration of studies in the hybridity tensions, within the institutional logics literature, provide us with two theoretical gaps. They are explored by giving governance its prominent role in enabling hybridity and bringing three other concepts to advance the literature of hybrid organisations, such as stakeholder engagement, value creation and business model. A comparative case study method is employed to analyse five organisations, four B Corps (i.e. Abramar, Avante, Combio and Via Gutenberg) and Sistema B Brazil. The analysis reveals that governance is pivotal in the creation of social, economic and ecological values contemplated in the organisation’s business model. Moreover, there is enough evidence to support that stakeholders’ participation and engagement is what enable governance to access those values in the business model. As a result, a new conceptualisation for hybrid organisations, in the context of B Corps, is proposed.

Användandet av agila metodiker har ökat under de senaste decennierna. Detta har lett till en uppskalning av agila metodiker då även stora organisationer vill uppnå fördelarna som kommer med det agila arbetssättet. Att skala upp agila metodiker, och använda dessa i storskaligt agila miljöer (författarnas koncept skagila miljöer, som återfinns i sektionen ’Begreppet ’skagil’'), kommer dock med flera nya organisatoriska utmaningar. En utmaning, som omnämns i både litteratur och i arbetets empiriska undersökning på företaget Avanza, är inter-teamsamordning i skagila miljöer. Avanza har identifierat problemen med beroenden mellan team i skagila mjukvaruutvecklingsprojekt. För att möta problemet med beroenden initierades det här arbetet med syftet att, utifrån Avanzas nuvarande projekt design, undersöka hur teamöverskridande arbete kan samordnas för att möta beroenden i projektprocessen. För att uppnå syftet genomfördes en fallstudie på Avanza innehållande intervjuer med tolv respondenter och observation av interna dokument. Den empiriska undersökningen bekräftade ursprungsproblematiken gällande inter-teamsamordning och bidrog även med information om företagets nuvarande projektdesign. Resultatet visade att projektorganisationen verkar som en hybrid organisation med starka, agila inslag. Dock visade sig Avanza uppleva sin projektdesignen som helt agil. Vidare ansågs projektets beroenden bidra till agilt slöseri, vilket påverkar både produktivitet och effektivitet negativt i mjukvaruutvecklingsprocessen. Fyra huvudområden av agilt slöseri identifierades vilka var väntan, rörelse, defekter och tilläggsprocesser. Genom att klustra ihop liknande slöseri framtogs tre problemområden kopplade till Avanzas projektprocess, nämligen ’viss frånvaro av proaktivt angreppssätt och planering’, ’viss frånvaro av forum för hantering av inter-teamberoenden’ och ’skillnader i implementering av agila metodiker och projektprioritering bland teamen’. För att möta problemen fastställdes sex åtgärder, nämligen implementering av en mer proaktiv projektledarroll, anammning av hybridkulturen, skapande av rollspecifika team, implementering av arrangerade forum för teamsynkronisering, kodifiering och utveckling av befintliga mekanismer och samordning samt skapande av ett gemensamt förhållningssätt till agila principer i projekt. Arbetets slutsatser är till viss del generaliserbara och skulle kunna adopteras av andra företag eller projektorganisationer som har liknande problem och projektdesign som Avanza. Dock krävs en viss ansträngning för att först identifiera vilken projektdesign intressentföretag har samt att identifiera projektrelaterat slöseri. Avanza är även verksamma inom tech-branschen där projektorganisationen verkar kring mjukvaruutveckling. Därför kan det antas att slutsatserna mer sannolikt, passar andra organisationer som jobbar med mjukvaruutveckling. / The usage of agile methodologies has rapidly increased over the last decades. This has led to an upscaling of agile methods since larger organizations want to gain the benefits of the agile way of working. However, this has not come without issues, and using agile at scale (authors’ concept scagile, in upcoming section ’Begreppet ’skagil”) has introduced new organizational challenges. One challenge that is mentioned both in literature and in the empirical findings at the case company, Avanza, is inter-team coordination in scagile environments. Today Avanza is struggling with dependencies between teams in scaled agile software projects. To address this issue this study was initiated with the purpose to, based on Avanza’s current project design, investigate how cross-team collaboration could be coordinated to face and overcome dependencies in the project process. To accomplish this a case study, containing interviews with twelve respondents and observation of internal documents, was made. The empirical findings confirmed the original issues related to inter-team coordination and also provided valuable information about the company’s project design. Regarding the project design the findings showed that the project organization is a hybrid organization with strong agile influences. However, the alleged perception of the project design was a fully agile organization. Further, the dependencies in the projects seem to cause agile waste, which has a negative influence on productivity and efficiancy in software projects. Four main areas of agile waste were detected, namely waiting, motion, defects and extra processes. By clustering similar waste, three main problem areas were detected, viz ’a certain absence of a proactive approach and planning’, ‘a certain absence of forums for handling inter-team dependencies’, and ‘differences between teams regarding the implementation and usage of agile principles, and project prioritization’. To face these issues, six measures were determined, namely implementation of a more proactive project management approach, embracing the hybrid culture, creating role specific teams, arranging forums for team synchronization, codifying and developing the current coordination mechanisms and deciding on a shared approach for project methodologies. The findings of this study is to some extent generalizable and could be adopted by other companies, or project organizations, that are struggling with the same problem areas and have the same project design as Avanza. However, some effort is required to first determine current project design and to identify project related waste. Further, the client company is operative in the fin-tech industry where the project organization orbits around software development. Therefore it can be assumed that the findings are more likely to fit another software organization.