Cette thèse propose une nouvelle approche des images des miracles du Christ, entre le IIIe et le VIe siècle, basée sur un corpus aspirant à l'exhaustivité. Les images sont dans un premier temps étudiées de manière analytique et structurale : chacun des trente-quatre miracles de Jésus fait l'objet d'une analyse détaillée en ce qui concerne le texte biblique, les représentations paléochrétiennes et les commentaires patristiques contemporains. Les images sont ensuite replacées dans leur contexte historique, social, spatial et théologique, dans une perspective sérielle et statistique, dans le but de reconsidérer leurs fonctions diversifiées. Enfin, un essai d'interprétation synthétique explore au moyen du corpus des miracles la question, très discutée dans l'historiographie, du rapport entre l'activité thaumaturgique du Christ et celle des magiciens et faiseurs de prodiges dans l'Antiquité tardive. / This thesis proposes a new approach of the images of Christ as a miracle worker, between the 3rd and the 6th century, based on a corpus which aims for exhaustivity. In a first time, images are both analyzed in an analytical and structural way : each of the thirty-four miracles of Jesus is the subject of a detailed analysis of the biblical tex t; early Christian representations and contemporary patristic commentaries. Images are then replaced in their historical, social, spatial and theological context, from a serial and statistical perspective, in order to reconsider their diversified functions. Finally, this work explores, through the corpus of miracles, the question often debated in historiography, of the relationships between the thaumaturgical activity of Christ and that of magicians and prodigies makers in Late Antiquity.

Actif de ca. 1420 à ca. 1450-1460, le Maître de la « Légende dorée » de Munich est, comme le Maître de Dunois, une personnalité issue de l'atelier de Bedford. Miniaturiste ayant surtout exercé à Paris, son œuvre témoigne aussi d'ancrages provinciaux, normands et ligériens notamment. Ce travail s'appuie sur un catalogue de 48 manuscrits, dont 41 livres d'heures. L'étude vise à dégager des spécificités iconographiques et stylistiques du Maître. Parmi les premières se notent l'intérêt marqué pour l'ornementation et le souci du détail, ainsi des auréoles ouvragées, voûtes aux nervures festonnées, livres et meubles. Trait iconographique saillant de l'œuvre tant par sa fréquence que par sa nouveauté, les épis de blé aux crèches font l'objet d'une étude attentive, du fait du sens dont ils sont porteurs et du possible lien entre ce motif et la spiritualité contemporaine, notamment la Dévotion Moderne. Stylistiquement, le Maître de la « Légende dorée » de Munich se caractérise par des lèvres aux commissures tombantes, des arcades sourcilières marquées au trait, dont il use aussi abondamment pour souligner carnations et contours d'objets, et par une palette riche et contrastée. Calendriers et décors marginaux ont également servi à des rapprochements pour aboutir à des regroupements chronologiques au sein du corpus. Inspiré, directement ou via des modèles puisés au sein de l'atelier Bedford, par les Limbourg, le Maître d'Egerton et la peinture septentrionale, le Maître de la « Légende dorée » de Munich a collaboré, comme maître d’œuvre ou peintre de quelques miniatures, avec d'autres artistes, documentés ou non. Il a pu travailler pour des commanditaires aussi bien anglais que français. / As the Dunois Master, the Munich « Golden Legend » Master, fl. from ca. 1420 to ca. 1450-1460, is one artistic figure originating from the Bedford workshop. This miniaturist was active mostly in Paris, but his work also shows connections with provinces like Normandy and the Loire valley. This paper is based on a 48-manuscript catalogue, among which are 41 books of hours. The study aims at bringing out the iconographic and stylistic Master's salient features. Among the first, one notes a deep interest in details and ornaments, which is to be found in finely wrought haloes, vaults with festooned ribs, books and furniture. Within the corpus, ears of wheat in cribs are noteworthy due to both their frequency and novelty. They are subject to deep insight due to the meaning they bear, and to the possible relationship between this motif and the contemporary spirituality, especially the Modern Devotion. Stylistically, typical of the Munich « Golden Legend » Master are falling lip-corners, eyebrow arches marked with line, which he also largely uses to underline flesh tones and object outlines. His range of colours is varied and full of contrasts. Calendars and marginal decoration have also been used to compare manuscripts, in order to build chronological groupings within the corpus. The Munich « Golden Legend » Master has been, either directly or via models available inside the Bedford workshop, influenced by the Limbourgs, the Egerton Master and northern painting. He cooperated, being the chief illuminator or simply helping by painting a few miniatures, with other artists, whether documented or not, and may have worked for both English and French patrons.

Iris, l’arc-en-ciel, la rapide messagère « aux ailes d’or », est une divinité de rang B dont les représentations sur la céramique attique des VIe et Ve siècle avant notre ère ont été peu étudiées. Cet état de fait est dû aux très nombreuses représentations de déesses ailées dans la céramique attique, lesquelles entraînent nécessairement confusions et problèmes d’identification : avec Niké en premier lieu, avec Éos, Hébé, et d’autres divinités dans une moindre mesure. Nous avons alors cherché à comprendre ce lieu d’expérimentations et de jeux qu’est l’image attique et, plus particulièrement, que constitue ce « panthéon d’images » en analysant les confusions, en déterminant de probable fusions imagées, tout en envisageant la diversité mais aussi la polysémie de l'iconographie de la déesse Iris. L’enjeu de ces analyses est de nous permettre d’appréhender une vision grecque de l’image des femmes ailées, de voir l’évolution des représentations des dieux sur la céramique attique, et ce qu’implique la conceptualisation imagée des rapports entre monde divin et monde humain. Pour ce faire nous avons mené différentes enquêtes en fonction des thématiques que nous avons été amenés à aborder à cause de ces images et à partir de ces images. Nous avons envisagé non seulement les images mais aussi les lectures des textes antiques qui ont pu être faites ces dernières années, ainsi que la société qui a produit ces images. Nous cherchons donc à utiliser une perspective plurielle, amorcée, entre autres, par Jean-Pierre Vernant, alliant trois approches : l’anthropologie, l’histoire des religions et l’histoire du visuel afin de saisir l’étendue des représentations de la déesse Iris. / Iris—the rainbow and the “Golden Winged” swift messenger—is a divinity of the second rank whose representations on Attic ceramics of the 6th and 5th centuries BC have been little studied; this is due to the great number of representations of winged goddesses on Attic ceramics, which necessarily leads to confusions and identification problems, first and foremost with Nike, but also with Eos, Hebe and other divinities to a lesser extent. Therefore, we have tried to understand the experimentation and games of Attic images and, more specifically, what constitutes this “pantheon of images”: to this end, we have analysed the confusions by determining probable fusions of images, while at the same time considering both the diversity and the polysemy of the iconography of the goddess Iris. What is at stake with these analyses is the possibility to apprehend a Greek vision of the image of winged women, to see the evolution of the representations of gods on Attic ceramics, and what the conceptualisation of the connection between the divine and the human worlds through images implies; to do so, we have carried out various investigations depending on the themes that we have been led to address because of and starting from these images. We have considered not only the images but also the interpretations of Attic texts which have been made these last years, and the society which produced these images as well. Thus, we have tried to use a pluralist perspective, one which was initiated by Jean-Pierre Vernant, among others, and combining three approaches—anthropology, the history of religion and visual culture—in order to grasp the scope of the representations of the goddess Iris.

La thèse étudie les enjeux politiques et artistiques de la scène de bataille dans la peinture monumentale au XVIe siècle en Italie, avant que la représentation de la guerre ne présente une distinction entre peinture d’histoire pour les faits anciens et peinture historique pour les faits contemporains, selon les catégories artistiques qui s’affirment au cours du XVIIe siècle. C’est pourquoi notre étude ne propose pas une histoire de la scène de bataille mais une enquête au sujet de compositions singulières, sur les problématiques politiques, idéologiques, esthétiques et culturelles qui les traversent. Si l’hétérogénéité artistique du corpus et la fragmentation politique de la péninsule ont favorisé des approches monographiques, l’apparition de contextes historiques et thématiques, où les scènes de bataille s’inscrivent dans des ambitions analogues a conduit à adopter une perspective comparée, où les œuvres sont considérées en dialogue – deux à deux, par cycle ou par typologie – autour d’enjeux politiques et formels communs. Après 1500, plusieurs commandes majeures passées par les principales puissances italiennes donnent une monumentalité nouvelle à la bataille dans l’iconographie politique. Dans le contexte d’urgence des guerres d’Italie, la peinture de l’histoire des faits passés est investie de l’espoir d’une efficace politique, à laquelle l’évolution mimétique et expressive dans laquelle est engagée la peinture italienne peut répondre. Les batailles inachevées de Léonard et Michel-Ange adoptent un traitement rhétorique de l’histoire, qui engage le spectateur dans une narration qui se déploie autour des émotions des personnages en action. Par le traitement des figures et l’intelligence de la composition d’ensemble, les batailles de Léonard de Vinci, Michel-Ange puis celles de Raphaël et Titien deviennent des exemples paradigmatiques, qui marquent les prémices de la scène de bataille comme forme politico-artistique, mettant la noblesse et l’ambition de l’art de peindre au service de l’expression du pouvoir. Les compositions ponctuelles du début du XVIe siècle laissent place dans la seconde moitié du siècle à une extension du thème militaire dans les décors palatiaux. L’orientation du programme iconographique détermine alors les problématiques politiques et iconographiques des peintures. Dans les cycles dynastiques, la corrélation entre la généalogie et l’histoire conduit à associer étroitement le récit de l’événement à l’action du personnage ; les dispositifs d’héroïsation individuelle coexistent alors avec les procédés d’historicisation de l’épisode. Dans les décors d’État, la multiplication des scènes de bataille affiche la puissance militaire comme fondement de la souveraineté de l’État moderne. À Florence et à Venise, la représentation de la guerre prend un caractère encyclopédique, venu de l’humanisme militaire, qui témoigne de la centralité de la maîtrise de ces savoirs pour le gouvernement de l’État. Un dernier temps, consacré aux représentations monumentales de la bataille de Lépante, à Venise et à Rome, envisage l’émergence de problématiques spécifiques à la représentation de la bataille contemporaine. L’actualité de l’événement impose une exigence de documentation poussée dans la représentation historique de son déroulement. Les peintres proposent alors des expérimentations dans le langage artistique employé pour figurer la bataille et introduisent parfois un dialogue avec les formes descriptives ou schématiques de représentation de la guerre, pour répondre à cette ambition documentaire. Les scènes de batailles du XVIe siècle italien s’inscrivent ainsi au croisement de l’évolution de la culture de la guerre de la Renaissance, marquée par le début de la « Révolution militaire », et de celle de la théorie artistique, où apparaît progressivement une rationalisation de la manière de raconter l’histoire. / This thesis focuses on the political and artistic dimensions of battle scenes in 16th-century Italian monumental painting, at a time when the depiction of war had yet to develop a distinction between two forms of the depiction of history, history painting treating past events and historical painting focused on contemporary events, according to artistic categories established during the 17th century. Thus this work does not offer a history of the battle scene itself, but an enquiry on specific compositions, trying to ascertain the political, ideological, aesthetic and cultural issues that inform them. Although the artistic heterogeneity of the corpus and the political fragmentation of the Italian peninsula have encouraged previous studies to follow a monographical approach, the apparition of historically and thematically similar contexts in which various battle scenes answer analogous ambitions has led us to adopt a comparative methodology, which attempts to develop a dialogue between pairs, series or types of works, linked by common political and formal objectives. Starting from 1500, a series of major orders placed by the main political powers in Italy embued battle scenes with a new monumental dimension within political iconography. In the urgency of the context of the Italian Wars, the depiction of past historical events was invested with the hope of real political efficacy, to which the mimetic and expressive evolution of Italian painting was now able to respond. The battle scenes left unfinished by Leonardo and Michelangelo adopted a rhetorical treatment of history which involved the viewer into a narrative centred around the emotions of the characters during the action. By virtue of their treatment of figures and their complex narrative articulation, Leonardo’s and Michelangelo’s battle scenes, and later Raphaël’s and Titian’s, acquired paradigmatic status, and paved the way for the establishment of the battle scene as a political-aesthetical form, making the nobility and ambition of artistic endeavour subservient to the expression of power. Sporadic compositions of the beginning of the 16th century were followed, during the second half of that century, by an extension of military themes in palace decoration. The political and iconographic objectives of paintings was therefore determined by the orientation of the iconographic programme of the whole room. In dynastic painting cycles, the correlation between genealogy and history led the artist to closely associate the depiction of the event to the actions of the character, so that devices of individual glorification coexisted with devices historicizing the episode. In state ornamentation, the multiplication of battle scenes showcased military might as the basis for the sovereignty of the modern State. In Florence and Venice, the depiction of war received from military humanism an encyclopaedic dimension which illustrated the central role played by the mastery of these forms of knowledge in the administration of the State. The last part of this study, which focuses on the monumental representations of the Battle of Lepanto in Venice and Rome, describes the emergence of problems that are specific to the depiction of contemporary battles. The immediacy of the event demanded from the historical depiction of the unfolding of the event an advanced documentary quality. The artists had to develop new experiments in the aesthetic idiom used to represent the battle, sometimes in dialogue with more descriptive or schematic depictions of warfare. 16th-century Italian battle scenes thus find themselves at a crossroad between the evolution of warfare during the Renaissance, characterised by the beginnings of the « Military Revolution », and the evolution of aesthetic theory, defined by an increasing rationalisation in the way history is depicted.

La thèse est consacrée à l’expression emblématique chez Jean Baudoin (1584-1650). D’abord Lecteur de Marguerite de Valois, Marie de Médicis l’envoya en Angleterre afin de traduire l’Arcadie de la Comtesse de Pembroke en 1624. Il fit partie de la maison du cardinal de Richelieu et fut un protégé du chancelier Séguier. Dès 1634, il rejoignit les premiers membres de l’Académie française et participa à la rédaction de ses statuts. À cet auteur et traducteur très abondant, on attribue quatre-vingt six ouvrages, dont la plupart sont des traductions significatives pour l’orientation qu’il donne à son oeuvre : les Discours politiques sur l’oeuvre de Tacite de Scipio Ammirato (1618), La Sagesse Mysterieuse des Anciens de Francis Bacon, la Mythologie de Natale Conti (1627) ou encore les Monita et Exempla politica de Juste Lipse (1606 et 1650). La tradition iconographique est essentielle chez Jean Baudoin, ainsi que l’explication symbolique. Le Recueil d’Emblemes divers, publié pour la première fois à Paris en 1638-1639 est l’objet principal de la recherche ici entreprise. Ce recueil d’emblèmes est une oeuvre de l’invention de Jean Baudoin qui a toutefois été fortement influencé, dans sa rédaction, par ses traductions antérieures. Deux autres ouvrages traduits par Baudoin sont indispensables à l’étude approfondie du Recueil d’Emblemes divers : l’adaptation de l’Iconologia de Cesare Ripa (première partie, 1636-1637 ; première et seconde parties, 1644) et la traduction des Fables d’Esope Phrygien (1631). Ce travail se propose d’aborder dans un premier temps la façon dont Baudoin n’a eu de cesse de mettre sa personne et son oeuvre au service du renforcement et de l’affirmation de la monarchie française et de l’édification morale du lecteur. Dans un second temps, nous nous proposons d’étudier les connexions entre ces trois ouvrages majeurs qui permettent de comprendre la portée de l’expression emblématique chez Jean Baudoin, à travers trois axes majeurs. Le renouvellement de la forme emblématique ; la création d’un vocabulaire allégorique qui avait pour fin la codification de la représentation du pouvoir et de la figure royale et une étude des gravures, de leur fonctionnement dans le texte et des mécanismes de leur production. / This dissertation is about the emblematical expression in the work of Jean Baudoin. At first Marguerite de Valois’s lecturer, he was sent to England by Marie de Médicis in order to translate L’Arcadie de la Comtesse de Pembroke, in 1624. Baudoin belonged to the House of the Cardinal de Richelieu and was one of chancelier Séguier’s protégés. As soon as 1634, hejoined the first members of the Académie française and took part in the writing of its statutes. Eighty six pieces of work are attributed to this prolific author and translator, most of which are translations significant of the orientation he gave to his work: the “Discours politiques” on Tacite’s work by Scipio Ammirato (1618), La Sagesse Mystérieuse des Anciens by Francis Bacon (1619), Mythologie by Natale Conti (1627) or Monita et Exempla politica by Justus Lipsus (1606 & 1650). The iconographical tradition is paramount in Jean Baudoin’s work, as well as the emblematical expression. The Recueil d’Emblemes divers, first published in Paris in 1638-1639 is the focus of the present dissertation. This collection of emblems was designed by Jean Baudoin, but he was largely influenced in its writing by previous translations. Two other pieces of work translated by Baudoin are essential to the thorough study of the Recueil d’Emblemes divers: the adaptation of Cesare Ripa’s Iconologia (First part 1636-1637, First and second part 1644) and the translation of Esope Phrygien’s Fables in 1631. The present work will first focus on how Baudoin constantly put himself and his work at the service of the reinforcement and affirmation of the French monarchy and of the moral edification of the reader. Then, we will study the connections between these three major works which enable to understand the importance of emblematical expression in Jean Baudoin. To do so, three main aspects will be studied: the renewal of the emblematical form/ genre, the creation of an allegorical vocabulary whose aim was the codification of the representation of power and monarchy, and a study of engraving, of it functioning in the text and of its production processes.

Ainda pouco conhecida e estudada, a pintura retabular O Juízo Final e a Missa de São Gregório é uma das raras obras tardo-medievais existentes no Brasil, fazendo parte do acervo do Museu de Arte de São Paulo (MASP). Essa obra foi produzida em Valência para ser o painel central de uma abadia na Borgonha, França. Apesar da excelente oportunidade de estudos que ela apresenta para os historiadores da arte medieval, ela não fora até agora objeto de pesquisas detalhadas. O nosso objetivo, portanto, é analisar tal peça, atentando-nos particularmente aos diversos elementos que nela remetem à Eucaristia, e que fazem dela um objeto fértil de estudos sobre esse sacramento no final da Idade Média. Para realizar essa tarefa, fundamentamos o nosso trabalho na análise e na interpretação da obra seguindo os métodos de leitura formal, estilística e iconográfica utilizados na História da Arte, relacionando também o nosso objeto ao contexto histórico de produção e recepção, através de uma revisão da documentação e da sua história até chegar ao acervo do MASP. Para atender esse objetivo, dividimos o nosso trabalho em dois eixos principais. No primeiro, versaremos sobre a imagem enquanto objeto material e estudaremos a sua história e o seu suporte. Já no segundo, analisaremos a sua iconografia em relação ao sacramento eucarístico e sua dimensão salvífica e, desse modo, investigaremos como esse painel se relaciona com o processo de legitimação do realismo eucarístico no contexto no qual a imagem foi produzida e exposta no final da Idade Média. / Still little known and studied, the altarpiece painting The Last Judgment and the Mass of Saint Gregory is one of the rare late-medieval works in Brazil as part of the collection in the Museum of Art of São Paulo (MASP). This work was produced in Valencia to be the central panel of an abbey in Burgundy, France. Despite the excellent opportunity to study it presents for historians of medieval art, it has not been, so far, a detailed research object. Our goal, therefore, is to analyse such piece, paying attention in particular to the various elements in it that refer to the Eucharist, and that makes it a fertile object of study about this sacrament in the late Middle Ages. To accomplish this task, we based our work on the analysis and interpretation of the piece following the formal, stylistic and iconographic reading methods used in Art History, also relating our object to the historical context of production and reception, through a review of the documentation and of its history until it reaches the MASP collection. To reach this goal, we divided our work in two main axes. In the first one, we will discuss about the image as a material object and we study its history and its support. In the second one, we will analyse its iconography relating to the Eucharistic sacrament and its saving characteristic and thereby we will investigate how this panel relates to the process of legitimation of the Eucharistic realism in the context in which the picture was produced and exposed in the late Middle Ages.

Esta investigação propõe caracterizar a incorporação da informação paleontológica nas narrativas expositivas em museus de história natural por meio da utilização de imagens. A iconografia paleontológica, vulgarmente referenciada como \"paleoarte\", é contextualizada na esfera do objeto museal. Objetiva-se aqui a caracterização do estado-de-arte das técnicas e modalidades iconográficas aplicadas às narrativas expositivas. Para tanto, três casos distintos são analisados: o do Museu Americano de História Natural (Estados Unidos), o do Museu da Evolução da Academia Polonesa de Ciências (Polônia) e o do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (Brasil). Além de aspectos ligados à materialidade, técnicas artísticas, precisão e escala, foram investigadas a proporção de sua inserção na composições das expografias, bem como as expectativas curatoriais em relação a sua contribuição comunicacional para as narrativas expositivas. Apesar de notáveis diferenças entre todas as instituições investigadas, evidenciamos a convergência da iconografia paleontológica - especialmente a paleontografia, uma abordagem sofisticada que combina técnica artística e epistemologia científica - como um recurso estratégico adotado pelos museus na comunicação de conceitos paleontológicos complexos para o grande público. Esta pesquisa também evidenciou que para além das decisões conceituais, a concepção, formulação e aplicação da iconografia paleontológica em exposições de história natural são diretamente influenciadas pelas políticas de comunicação institucional, enfrentam desafios práticos e são suscetíveis a restrições financeiras. Esta análise, que oferece possibilidades a desdobramentos futuros de pesquisa, busca oferecer subsidio para o planejamento de exposições em museus de história natural, de modo a contribuir à consolidação dessas instituições como espaços privilegiados para o diálogo e a prática da educação para a ciência, para a preservação do patrimônio e para a sustentabilidade. / This research proposes to characterize the incorporation of paleontological information in natural history museums exhibition narratives through the use of images. The paleontological iconography, commonly referred to as \"paleoart\", is contextualized in the realm of the museum object. The goal is featuring the techniques and iconographic modalities state-of-art applied in exhibition narratives. Three different cases are being analyzed: the American Museum of Natural History (United States), the Museum of Evolution of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland) and the Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo (Brazil). Besides aspects of iconography\'s materiality, artistic techniques, accuracy and scale, it was investigated the proportion of its insertion in expography compositions, as well as the curatorial goals regarding its communication contribution to exhibition narratives. Despite notable distinctions between all the institutions investigated, we evidenced the convergence of the paleontological iconography - especially the paleontography, a sophisticated approach that combines artistic technique and scientific epistemology - as a strategic resource of museum exhibitions to assist the communication of high complex paleontological concepts to broader audiences. This research also evidenced that in addition to conceptual decisions, the design, making and implementation of paleontological iconography in natural history exhibitions are direct influenced by institutional communication policies, face practical challenges and are susceptible to financial constraints. This analysis, which offers possibilities for future research developments, intends to provide subsidies for exhibitions planning at natural history museums, to contribute to their consolidation as privileged spaces for dialogue and the practice of education for science, for heritage preservation and sustainability.

Foram identificadas diversas ambigüidades e contradições acerca do significado semântico, e da identificação de imagens tidas como de \"felinos\", no trabalho de diversos pesquisadores da área andina. Essas contradições são constantemente acompanhadas por uma idéia de que as representações de felinos teriam um conjunto de significados comuns, presentes praticamente em todas as culturas pré-colombianas, desde o período pré-formativo. Este trabalho procura questionar essa idéia, demonstrando, através da sociedade mochica, que as representações de felinos que figuram em suas manifestações artístico-religiosas não correspondem a esta idéia de universalidade. Da mesma forma, são discutidas as contradições presentes na bibliografia, a fim de elucidar a condição do felino dentro do âmbito da cultura analisada. Será dada especial atenção ao fato de que, de forma geral, há uma identificação imediata de imagens de \"mamíferos com presas à mostra\", como sendo de felinos. / Several ambiguities and contradictions in relation to the meaning and the identification of images held as \"felines\" have been identified in the works of many researches specialized in the Andean Pre-Columbian cultures. Such contradictions are constantly followed by the concept that all feline representations would carry the same symbolic meanings, regardless of the cultural differences or of the context in which they would be inserted in. This present work challenges this idea by demonstrating, through the analysis of the iconography produced by the mochica culture, that its feline representations do not correspond to such generalizations. An attempt is also made to elucidate the condition of the image of the feline in realm of the culture here analyzed. Special attention will be given to the fact that usually images of other mammals that carry the symbol of the \"cross-fangs\" are mistakenly identified as felines.

Ainda pouco conhecida e estudada, a pintura retabular O Juízo Final e a Missa de São Gregório é uma das raras obras tardo-medievais existentes no Brasil, fazendo parte do acervo do Museu de Arte de São Paulo (MASP). Essa obra foi produzida em Valência para ser o painel central de uma abadia na Borgonha, França. Apesar da excelente oportunidade de estudos que ela apresenta para os historiadores da arte medieval, ela não fora até agora objeto de pesquisas detalhadas. O nosso objetivo, portanto, é analisar tal peça, atentando-nos particularmente aos diversos elementos que nela remetem à Eucaristia, e que fazem dela um objeto fértil de estudos sobre esse sacramento no final da Idade Média. Para realizar essa tarefa, fundamentamos o nosso trabalho na análise e na interpretação da obra seguindo os métodos de leitura formal, estilística e iconográfica utilizados na História da Arte, relacionando também o nosso objeto ao contexto histórico de produção e recepção, através de uma revisão da documentação e da sua história até chegar ao acervo do MASP. Para atender esse objetivo, dividimos o nosso trabalho em dois eixos principais. No primeiro, versaremos sobre a imagem enquanto objeto material e estudaremos a sua história e o seu suporte. Já no segundo, analisaremos a sua iconografia em relação ao sacramento eucarístico e sua dimensão salvífica e, desse modo, investigaremos como esse painel se relaciona com o processo de legitimação do realismo eucarístico no contexto no qual a imagem foi produzida e exposta no final da Idade Média. / Still little known and studied, the altarpiece painting The Last Judgment and the Mass of Saint Gregory is one of the rare late-medieval works in Brazil as part of the collection in the Museum of Art of São Paulo (MASP). This work was produced in Valencia to be the central panel of an abbey in Burgundy, France. Despite the excellent opportunity to study it presents for historians of medieval art, it has not been, so far, a detailed research object. Our goal, therefore, is to analyse such piece, paying attention in particular to the various elements in it that refer to the Eucharist, and that makes it a fertile object of study about this sacrament in the late Middle Ages. To accomplish this task, we based our work on the analysis and interpretation of the piece following the formal, stylistic and iconographic reading methods used in Art History, also relating our object to the historical context of production and reception, through a review of the documentation and of its history until it reaches the MASP collection. To reach this goal, we divided our work in two main axes. In the first one, we will discuss about the image as a material object and we study its history and its support. In the second one, we will analyse its iconography relating to the Eucharistic sacrament and its saving characteristic and thereby we will investigate how this panel relates to the process of legitimation of the Eucharistic realism in the context in which the picture was produced and exposed in the late Middle Ages.

A historiografia pesquisou o PCB a partir de sua militância, sua atuação eleitoral, sua ideologia, sua relação com a URSS etc, mas ignorou a importância das imagens difundidas pela imprensa partidária, aspecto fundamental da propaganda: principalmente em um país com altos índices de analfabetismo. Esta pesquisa pretende estudar a trajetória do PCB por meio da análise dos desenhos, caricaturas, charges e ilustrações presentes na imprensa comunista. As transformações, características, omissões e referências da iconografia comunista formam uma verdadeira história ilustrada do partido e contribuem para o estudo de novos problemas e perspectivas da história do PCB. A periodização enfatiza o momento de maior crescimento da legenda, da redemocratização de 1945 até o golpe de 1964, que desmantelou a estrutura partidária, condenou ao exílio parte dos militantes e torturou milhares de comunistas. / Historiography researched the PCB from its militancy, its electoral performance, its ideology, its relationship with the USSR, etc. However, ignored the importance of the images published by the party press, a key aspect of propaganda: especially in a country with high illiteracy rates. This research aims to study the trajectory of the PCB through the analysis of drawings, caricatures, cartoons and illustrations present in the communist press. The changes, features, omissions and references of this communist iconography form a true \"illustrated\" history of the party and contribute to the study of new problems and perspectives of the history of PCB. The periodization emphasizes the moment of greatest growth of the legend, the democratization of 1945 until the coup of 1964, which dismantled the party structure, ordered the exile of the militants and tortured thousands of communists.