Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka Miles Aldridges fotografi Immaculée#5 som gestaltar en Jungfru Maria som innehar ett uttryck av extas. Med hjälp av Panofskys ikonografiska metod och feministisk och psykoanalytisk teori analyseras verket för att utforska hur det religiösa verket kan tolkas i en samtida kontext. Slutsatsen innehåller en konklusion om att en förhistorisk kontext om Jungfru Maria och genomförda kritiska analyser visar att Immaculée#5 kan representera ett visuellt kvinnoförtryck baserat på bland annat sexuell voyeurism. / The purpose of the essay is to examine Miles Aldridge's photograph Immaculée#5, which depicts a Virgin Mary holding an expression of ecstasy. Using Panofsky's iconographic method and feminist and psychoanalytic theory, the work is analyzed to explore how the religious work can be interpreted in a contemporary context. The conclusion is that a prehistoric context about the Virgin Mary and critical analyses show that Immaculée#5 can represent a visual oppression of women based on sexual voyeurism, among other things.

The goal undertaken in this Bachelor´s thesis was to establish, and possibly audit, the assumed motif, provenance, dating and formal style regarding two Medieval wooden sculptures depicting Saint Martin of Tours and Saint George. Both are preserved in the art collection formerly owned by one of the great Swedish artists and art collectors of the nineteenth century: Anders Zorn (1860-1920). The purpose of the study was to account for the two sculptures using the Iconographic analysis developed by Erwin Panofsky (1892-1968), and the style critical method founded by Giovanni Morelli (1816-1891). The goal was furthermore to incorporate the sculptures into a broader art historical context and discuss in what way history has impacted the usage of and attitude towards the Medieval wooden sculptures i Sweden. The result of the study concluded that the majority of what had earlier been assumed about the sculptures in regards to their respective motif, geographical orgin, style and age had been correct. Some new contributions were however made concerning similar representations, local contextualizations and the mere act of researching an object to which no major research had yet been devoted. The study also concluded that the ever changing usage of and attitude towards the Middle Ages from the Reformation during the sixteenth and seventeenth century until the beginning of the twentieth century, has likewise affected the usage of and attitude towards the medieval wooden sculptures. The consequences for the sculptures were never unequivocally positive or negative.

Les empires néo-assyrien et perse achéménide qui ont conquis le Proche-Orient au 1er millénaire av. J.-C., ont eu un besoin constant en équidés. Ces animaux sont non seulement utilisés dans les cadres militaires et cynégétiques, mais ils apparaissent également lors des défilés. Objets de prestige et convoitise, ils représentent une part importante des tributs livrés aux rois conquérants. Victorieux, les souverains ont orné les murs de leurs palais de bas-reliefs narrant leurs hauts faits. Les équidés, tant domestiques que sauvages, y occupent une place centrale. Ce travail doctoral propose une étude iconographique centrée sur la figure de l’équidé afin de procéder à un déplacement analytique qui permet d’appréhender les images impériales sous un autre angle. Ainsi, après avoir enregistré et décrit formellement les équidés, nous avons procédé à diverses analyses précises des détails de leur figuration. Les résultats attestent notamment du caractère réaliste et naturaliste des représentations, qui permet de renforcer l’adhésion des observateurs. Ces figurations prennent part au discours politique et idéologique véhiculé par les reliefs car elles développent un langage visuel spécifique qui montre une armée disciplinée, invincible et victorieuse, à l’image du monarque qui la mène. Enfin, les équidés apparaissent dans les scènes de défilés, leur pas assuré et digne ajoute encore à la gloire de celui vers lequel ils se dirigent : le souverain. / Neo-Assyrian and Achaemenid empires that conquered the major part of the Near East in the 1st millennium B.C., had a constant need for equids. These animals are indeed not only used in military and hunting actions but they also appear during parades. Prestigious objects, they represent an important part of the tributes delivered to the conquering kings. Victorious, the rulers adorned the walls of their palaces with reliefs recounting their deeds. Equids, both domestic and wild, appear to be central in these images. This doctoral thesis proposes an iconographic study centred on the equids figure in order to carry out an analytical displacement that allows imperial images to be viewed from another angle. Therefore, after having recorded and formally described the equids, we proceeded to several precise analyses of the details of their figuration. The results attest in particular to the realistic and naturalistic aspect of their representations, which makes it possible to enhance the support of the observers. These images take part in the political and ideological discourse conveyed by the reliefs because they develop a specific visual language that shows a disciplined, invincible and victorious army, just like the monarch who leads it. Finally, the equids appear in the parades scenes, their confident and dignified steps add once more to the glory of the one they are heading for: the king himself.

In my dissertation, I inquire into the phenomenon of monastic architecture and its plastic decoration in 16th century New Spain. The aim of this work is to present Mexican monasteries and their artistic significance. In my analysis, I build on the interpretation of monastic architecture from the perspective of early colonial society, I also reflect on the individual level, assessing its impact on the conquest and colonization of America. The methodology of this research project combines analysis of historical (e.g. study of historical sources) and art historical processes (iconological analysis of E. Panofsky) with analysis of anthropological concepts (e.g. rituals of transition of A. van Gennep, thick description of Cl. Geertz, concepts of liminality, structure and communitas of V. Turner). During my PhD studies, I conducted a field trip in Central Mexico (2013), supported by a grant from the Government of Mexico. I visited and documented one hundred and sixteen monasteries and the photographic documentation is the main empirical source of my analysis which further draws from the study of historical sources and academic literature. My research primarily focuses on three aspects: 1. the monastic architecture and art; 2. the role of the monastery in the process of European conquest and colonization...

The National Gallery in Prague conserves an important masterpiece of the Fle- mish mannerist Jan Gossaert. The panel painting Saint Luke painting the Virgin was originally determined for the cathedral of Saint Roumboult in Mechelen in Belgium. The artwork represents one of the first applications of Renaissance style behind the Alps. Gossaert was educated in this new style during a visit to Italy several years earlier and combined it with traditional Flemish art. The artist worked for the court of Margaret of Austria in Mechelen around the year 1513, the year the painting originates. His traditional style became influenced by the techniques used in Mechelen by foreign artists. The theme is painted the tradi- tional manner of work on an oak panel. Renaissance and Gothic architecture is decorated by " en grisaille" sculptures. A seemingly simple theme is given deeper meaning thanks to these objects containing hidden meanings. There are also some prints from the time the panel was in the Saint Vitus Cathedral in Prague due to which we can contemplate the progress in presentation of the painting during centuries. 1

This diploma thesis deals with the life and work of the Dutch painter Geertgen tot Sint Janse in the context of the beginning of Dutch Renaissance. This diploma thesis contains an analyses of Triptych with The Adoration of the Kings from the Prague Castle Collections. In particular, the art influences and the possible inspiration by the work of Albert van Ouwater is discussed. The Adoration of the Kings is an important piece of art not only in the context of Dutch Renaissance painting but also in the context of European Renaissance at the end of 15th century. The rich symbolic apparatus of the tryptich refers to the medieval tradition, but the beginning of illusionism can be recognised from the painting as well.

This Master Thesis "The animals in the cathedral. Architectural sculpture of animals and fantastical creatures by parlerian lodge in the St. Vitus Cathedral, their symbols and iconography" looks into the architectural sculpture of animal's motifs and motifs of fantastical Creatures. The goal of this work is to summarize recent aspects of research about this theme, explain in more detail individually motifs of animal's and their Iconography and their meaning for Cathedral of St. Vitus. Also this thesis want to explain how could this special animal's motifs fit into the places, where are they have been situated. Their Iconography is taken with larger perspective, by literature's reception from antique over czech medieval age. Concerning animals and fantastic Creatures in the southern vestibule - pelican and phoenix; an owl in the Crown Chamber; gryphon and fight between cat and dog in the inner triforium; an eagle, an unicorn, a horse with bird's legs, a phoenix, a pelican, a stag, a lion, a gryphon, a lioness, a bear, a "cat" and three chimera in the outer triforium; a lion, a dog, a dragon and an eagle in buttresses and at least a dragon and a goat on the Big Tower. Keywords Cathedral st. Vitus, animal's motifs, symbols, iconography, architektonical sculpture, sculptures, console, relief, gothic...

[ES] Esta tesis sondea los estereotipos y apropiaciones alrededor de la figura femenina en el arte, con énfasis en la pintura contemporánea occidental. La figura femenina se analiza desde la religión, la mitología y la literatura, pero también a través de la idea de una cultura sobreexcitada en lo tecnológico-publicitario y en lo estético, donde el cuerpo femenino ha sido constantemente provisto de un contenido erótico. Analizamos la manera como se ha enseñado "la figura humana" en general y "la figura femenina" en las academias de Bellas Artes desde el caso que conocemos en la ciudad de Bucaramanga. Revisamos las olas y corrientes feministas para aproximarnos a este piso conceptual, acercándonos también al feminismo en el contexto colombiano. Analizamos las posibilidades de apropiación como método creativo. Mostramos que estos estereotipos fueron protagonistas en las obras de muchos artistas del siglo XIX y la primera mitad del siglo XX, y que su origen se remonta a las mitologías, a las figuras bíblicas y a personajes literarios e históricos, entre otros. Indagamos en las formas de ver la figura femenina en el contexto sociocultural colombiano, primero abordando algunos estereotipos del ámbito local, y luego analizando un producto publicitario que se inserta en el cotidiano social y en la forma de percibir el cuerpo de la mujer como objeto de consumo en la publicidad cervecera. También nos aproximamos al tema "Mujer, paisaje y cultura, enfoques sobre la figura femenina", a través de la obra de tres artistas colombianos. En la última parte de la tesis, abordamos la proyección del dolor en la figura femenina a través de la aportación personal, primero, con algunos antecedentes en el entorno colombiano, luego, con algunas experiencias pictóricas acerca del dolor propio, recordando la muerte de Kelly Estefanía y otros duelos. Finalmente, damos cuenta del proceso y el resultado de comisariados y exposiciones hechas en Bucaramanga: la exposición individual Estereotipos femeninos, realizada en el Museo de Arte Moderno de Bucaramanga, el comisariado Iconografías femeninas, con artistas de España, México y Colombia, y el comisariado Mujeres en cuerpo y alma, con estudiantes, egresados y una profesora del programa de Artes Plásticas de la Universidad Industrial de Santander, estos últimos realizados en la Sala de exposiciones Macaregua de la UIS. La metodología de esta investigación se basa en técnicas cualitativas como las entrevistas, las revisiones y análisis de obras artísticas, y la actividad de inmersión y participación que brinda la tarea del comisariado y la exposición de obras propias. Por lo tanto, la metodología atenderá a la especificidad de las prácticas artísticas. Concluimos señalando la posición que asumen los artistas que participaron en los comisariados y las exposiciones Iconografías femeninas y Mujeres en cuerpo y alma sobre el tema de las mujeres, con una clarísima intención de asumir responsabilidades al elegir sus enfoques conceptuales y el modo de materializar las imágenes, objetos o acciones. También evidenciamos su convicción de que los asuntos de violencia de género, de igualdad de derechos y de narrativas autobiográficas son de interés mundial, y que apuntan al desmonte de estereotipos. / [CA] La tesi sondeja els estereotips i apropiacions al voltant de la figura femenina en l'art, amb èmfasi en la pintura contemporània occidental. La figura femenina s'analitza des de la religió, la mitologia i la literatura, però també a través de la idea d'una cultura sobre excitada en el tecnològic-publicitari i en l'estètic, on el cos femení ha sigut constantment, proveït d'un contingut eròtic. Ens situarem primer en una breu anàlisi sobre la manera com s'ha ensenyat "la figura humana" en general i "la figura femenina" en les acadèmies de Belles arts des del cas que coneixem a la ciutat de Bucaramanga. Revisarem les ones i corrents feministes per a tindre un reconeixement d'aquest pis conceptual, acostant- nos també al feminisme en el tapís colombià. Analitzem les possibilitats d'apropiació com a mètode creatiu. Veurem que aquests estereotips van ser protagonistes en les obres de molts artistes del segle XIX i la primera meitat del segle XX, i que el seu origen es remunta a les mitologies, a les figures bíbliques, i a personatges literaris i històrics, entre altres. D'altra banda, indaguem en les maneres de veure la figura femenina en el context soci cultural colombià, primer abordant alguns estereotips de l'àmbit local, i després analitzant un cas de producte publicitari que s'insereix en el quotidià social i en la manera de percebre el cos de la dona com a objecte de consum en la publicitat cervesera. Fem també una aproximació al tema "Dona, paisatge i cultura, enfocaments sobre la figura femenina", mitjançant l'obra de tres artistes colombians. En l'última part de la tesi, abordem la projecció del dolor en la figura femenina a través de l'aportació personal, primer amb alguns antecedents en l'entorn colombià, després amb algunes experiències pictòriques sobre el dolor propi recordant la mort de Kelly Estefanía, i altres pintures de duel. Finalment, donem compte del procés i el resultat de comissariats i exposicions que realitzem en Bucaramanga: l'exposició individual "Estereotips femenins", realitzada en el Museu d'Art Modern de Bucaramanga, el comissariat "Iconografies femenines", amb artistes d'Espanya, Mèxic i Colòmbia, i el comissariat "Dones en cos i ànima", amb estudiants, egressats i una professora del programa d'Arts Plàstiques de la Universitat Industrial de Santander, aquests últims realitzats a la Sala d'exposicions Macaregua de la UIS. La metodologia d'aquesta investigació es basa en tècniques qualitatives com les entrevistes, les revisions i anàlisis d'obres artístiques, i l'activitat d'immersió i participació que brinda la tasca del comissariat i l'exposició d'obres pròpies. Per tant, la metodologia atendrà l'especificitat de les pràctiques artístiques. Es conclou assenyalant la manera com els artistes que van participar en els comissariats i les exposicions Iconografies femenines i Dones en cos i ànima prenen posició en les seues obres sobre el tema de les dones, amb una claríssima intenció d'assumir responsabilitats en triar els seus enfocaments conceptuals i la manera de materialitzar les imatges, objectes o accions. També s'evidencia la seua convicció que els assumptes de violència de gènere, d'igualtat de drets i de narratives autobiogràfiques són d'interés mundial, i que apunten al desmunt d'estereotips. / [EN] The thesis probes stereotypes and appropriations around the female figure in art, with emphasis on contemporary Western painting. The female figure is analyzed from religion, mythology and literature, but also through the idea of an overexcited culture in technology-advertising and aesthetics, where the female body has been constantly, provided with an erotic content. We will first place ourselves in a brief analysis of the way in which "the human figure" in general, and "the female figure", has been taught in the academies of Fine Arts from the case that we know in the city of Bucaramanga. We will review the feminist waves and currents to have a recognition of this conceptual floor, also approaching feminism in the Colombian tapestry. We analyze the possibilities of appropriation as a creative method. We will see that these stereotypes were protagonists in the works of many artists of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, and that their origin dates back to mythologies, biblical figures, and literary and historical figures, among others, and that their origin dates back to mythologies, biblical figures, and literary and historical figures, among others. We investigate the ways of seeing the female figure in the Colombian sociocultural context, first addressing some stereotypes of the local sphere, and then analyzing a case of an advertising product that is inserted in the social daily life and in the way of perceiving the body of women as an object of consumption in beer advertising. We also make an approach to the theme "Women, landscape and culture, approaches to the female figure", through the work of three Colombian artists. In the last part of the thesis, we address the projection of pain in the female figure through personal contribution, first with some antecedents in the Colombian environment, then with some pictorial experiences about one's own pain, remembering the death of Kelly Estefania, and other paintings of mourning. Finally, we account for the process and result of curatorships and exhibitions that we carry out in Bucaramanga: the solo exhibition "Female Stereotypes", held at the Museum of Modern Art in Bucaramanga, the curatorship "Feminine Iconographies", with artists from Spain, Mexico and Colombia, and the curatorship "Women in Body and Soul", with students, graduates and a professor from the Plastic Arts program of the Industrial University of Santander, the latter held in the Macaregua Exhibition Hall of the UIS. The methodology of this research is based on qualitative techniques such as interviews, reviews and analysis of artistic works, and the immersion and participation activity offered by the task of curating and exhibiting one's own works. Therefore, the methodology will attend to the specificity of artistic practices. It concludes by pointing out the way in which the artists who participated in the curatorships and the exhibitions "Feminine iconographies" and "Women in body and soul" take a position in their works on the subject of women, with a very clear intention of assuming responsibilities when choosing their conceptual approaches and the way of materializing images, objects or actions. Their conviction is also evidenced that issues of gender violence, equal rights and autobiographical narratives are of global interest, and that they point to the dismantling of stereotypes. / Toloza Hernández, JG. (2022). Apropiaciones y usos de la figura femenina en la pintura contemporánea. Un estudio a partir de pinturas y muestras propias [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/181950 / TESIS

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The subject of this master’s thesis is depictions of Old Norse mythology and related motifs in the visual arts during the period 1775–1855. The main question of this research is how the motifs were visualized and how the depictions are related to the classical tradition. Three artworks are objects of detailed study: Johann Heinrich Füssli’s painting Thor Battering the Midgaard serpent (1790), Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg’s The death of Balder (1817) and Nils Jacob Blommér’s painting Näcken and the daughters of Ägir (1850). The paintings are compared with literary sources and analyzed in relation to classicism as well as ideas about history and the Old Norse. It is argued that symbols, themes and compositions from the classical tradition, such as the heroic nude, were used by artists to visualize motifs from Old Norse mythology. It is also argued that the depictions, which by previous scholars have been considered primarily classical, are in fact characterized by a resistance against likeness with the Olympic gods and antique costume.