本研究旨在應用網路計量法，尤其是網頁連引分析法，對我國大學圖書館網站網頁進行測量和分析。一方面、以EXtract URL蒐集大學圖書館網站網路資源之相關數據，並從國家/地區(top-level domain)、單位屬性(Second-level domain)、網域名稱(Domain Name)、一致性資源位址(URL)等四個網域層級，剖析我國大學圖書館網站所蒐錄之「網路資源」的數量、網站類型、網頁內容屬性等，從而比較各大學圖書館網站所連引網路資源的共通性與特殊性；另一方面，採用搜尋引擎A1taiSta檢索並分析這些大學圖書館網站綱頁在網網相連的虛擬世界中，為其他綱頁所連結引用的程度與情形，包括連引次數與網路影響係數的計算，以及連引網頁之語文，並透過跨時研究比較其在前後七個月的兩個時點上被連引情形的消長。 本研究所規範的「網路資源」範疇，乃依圖書館網站組織與呈現網路資源的方式與取向區別為三類，其中以「一般性網路資源」和「參性網路資源」居多，「專題性網路資源」則相對較少。研究結果發現39個大學圖書館網站中提供「網路資源」服務的佔有34個，共收錄了10,144筆網路資源，平均每個圖書館收錄298.35筆，其中靜宜大學圖書館以1,429筆奪得第一。實際上，這些網路資源來自於54個國家/地區網域；4,606個不同的綱域名稱；6,818個不同的網址。若將其網址依國家/地區網域做分析，我國(.tw)網域佔五成以上，而其中又有半數為學術網域所含括；居次者為美國，所佔將近四成，而商業網域又佔有其申四成；若依單位屬性網域做分析，以屬於學術網域的網路資源所佔達四成為最多，其中以我國與美國網域貢獻最多；屬於公司網域緊隨於後，佔有將近三成．，其申以美國與我國綱域貢獻最多。在被連引次數上，國內網站以被連引網頁次數累積達150次的中央研究院為最高，其次為教育部、行政院主計處、國家圖書館等網站；國外網站則以美國國家醫學圖書館與柏克萊數位圖書館SunSITE並列第一。大致上，可將我國大學圖書館網站所連引網路資源歸納為八類，被連引最多的類型是圖書資訊服務，其餘依次為政府機關、學術單位、研究機構、博物館/數位博物館、書店/網路書店、國際組織、其他等。" 外部連引可作為評估圖書館網站對外部網站的影響力之依據；而內部連引則反映了圖書館網站與校園網域內的其他網站的互動。本研究結果顯示，外部連引次數以成大、台大、央大等圖書館次數為領先；內部連引次數則以台大、交大、政大等圖書館居前。以連引數為分子，網頁數為分母所計算出的網路影響係數方面，所有大學圖書館網站的影響係數為0，33，亦即表示我國大學圖書館網站，平均每一個網頁被連引0.33次；外部連引的網路影響係數以逢甲、東華、中正等大學圖書館領先；內部連引的網路影響係數則以東華、南華、世新等大學圖書館居前。另外,在連引網頁的語文方面，我國大學圖書館網站被中文綱頁所連引的數量佔 93.57%；被英文綱頁所連引的數量佔9．46%，其餘語言則佔0、73%。 本研究建議圖書館應透過電腦軟體與人工定期檢閱連引節 點之有效性；並拓展專題性與特藏性網路資源的建置，以期建立各館之不可替代性的網路資源；同時深入連引網站內層之綱頁內容，以一個網頁或一個網頁片段作為一個連引單元，俾能強化其對使用者的實質效益。圖書館也能善用搜尋引擎以調查圖書館網站被內部和外部連引的情形，以自我評估圖書館網站與內、外部網域社群之間的互動和影響。另外，本土性的幾家中文搜尋引擎，加Openfind、Gais等，除應致力於擴展索引涵蓋的版圖興提升穩定性高的檢索結果外，還能豐富其相關檢索功能。 / The purpose of this study is to apply webometrics, especially sitation analysis, to examine and analyze thirty-nine university library websites in Taiwan. On one hand, the study utilized Extract URL to collect data aboutInternet resources of university library websites, and analyzed top-level DNS,second-level DNS, Domain Name, URL, respectively. The similarities and differences of the university library websites among each other were compared based on the analyses of number, types of websites and attributes of web pages of the "Internet resources". On the other hand, the study used AltaVista to retrieve and analyze the web pages of university library websites which interlinked by other web pages in the labyrinthine cyberspace. The Items measured included the numbers of total sitation, external sitation, internal sitation, and self-sitation, as well as languages of linking web pages.Furthermore, the investigation ran through two time spots across seven months to observe the changes of the sitations. The "Internet resources" appeared on the library website were organized into three categories： "general resources" and "reference resources", came out to be the majority, whereas the "specific resources" was the minority. The study found that thirty-four out of thirty-nine university library websites had provided service of Internet resources, and the items of Internet resources were 10,144 in total, from 54 different top-level DNS, 4,606 different Domain Name, and 6,818 different URLs. The average number of Internet resources per library website was 298.35. The Providence University Library earned the first. The analysis of top-level domain showed that the Taiwan was in the majority, and USA got the second. The analysis of second-level domain also found that academic domain earned the first, and business domain was the second. TheInternet resources can be grouped into eight types： library and information services was the first, and the other included government institutions, academic organizations,reseah institutes, museum/digital museum, bookstores/Internet bookstores, international organizations and others. External sitation is seen as an indicator of significance and influence of a site for external websites, and internal sitation may respond interaction and effect between a university library website and other websites in web domain of campus. The findings of study revealed that the external sitations ofNational Cheng Kung Universe Library, National Taiwan University Library and National Central University Library were the first group； and the internal sitations of National Taiwan University Library, National Chengchi University Library and National Chiao Tung University Library were the top group.Besides, the Web Impact Factor of university libraries in Taiwan was 0.33. The number of Chinese web pages that linked to university library websites turned out to be 93.57% whereas the number of English web pages was only 9.46%.The number of web pages linked in other language was only 0.73%. Finally, the study suggested that libraries should better use computer software and human aids to check the validity of hyperlinks； and devote library staff's energies into the development of specific Internet resources； further,libraries should link the content of web pages of websites in depth. Libraries should also examine various sitations of self library website to evaluate the interaction and influence of the library website with inside and outside web domain. Local search engines, for instance, Openfind and Gais, should strengthen the scope of index, enhance the stability of searching, and improve the retrieval functions in the filture.

Investigamos o quanto o conhecimento de língua inglesa e as capacidades científicas dos orientadores podem predizer significativamente o sucesso que estudantes de pós-graduação em Psiquiatria num país emergente obtêm em termos da quantidade e qualidade de publicações de resultados de suas pesquisas em periódicos de impacto. Usando como amostra alunos de mestrado e doutorado do curso de Pós- Graduação da área de concentração do Departamento de Psiquiatria da FMUSP, foram levantadas informações sobre seus conhecimentos na língua inglesa e os caminhos utilizados para a tradução de seus artigos submetidos para periódicos publicados em inglês. O número de sujeitos foi de 43 participantes, sendo 28 mestrandos e 15 doutorandos. A maioria de nossos sujeitos (60%) obteve notas acima de 80 (em possíveis 100) para conhecimentos em língua inglesa no momento do ingresso no curso. No entanto, mais de 93,7% utilizou algum grau de assistência externa na elaboração da tradução de artigos científicos submetidos para publicação a partir de suas teses, ainda que a proporção de uso de serviços para tradução integral de artigos tenha sido pequena (20,9%). Análises de regressão múltipla realizadas mostraram haver uma relação significativa entre conhecimento de língua inglesa (nota de entrada) e fator de impacto obtido (p = 0,03). Contudo, relação significativa foi também encontrada ao se relacionar os índices de produção científica dos sujeitos com o índice h de seus orientadores (p = 0,03), bem como uma trend de associação com a busca de assistência externa para tradução dos artigos (p = 0,05). O conhecimento de inglês, apesar de relevante, não é decisivo para a obtenção de um maior número ou impacto de publicações para pós-graduandos em Psiquiatria e outras variáveis (índice h do orientador e o uso de assistência externa para tradução dos artigos) foram as que também apresentaram significância estatística com as medidas de sucesso da publicação / This study evaluates the success of graduate students in psychiatry in an emerging country, in terms of the quantity and quality of their scientific production (as well as the impact factors of the journals in which they publish), investigating to what extent student proficiency in English and the scientific capabilities of academic advisors predict that success. Our sample comprised 43 master\'s and doctoral students in psychiatry (N=28 and N=15, respectively) at the University of São Paulo School of Medicine, in São Paulo, Brazil. We collected information about their knowledge of English and the ways in which they write their articles to be submitted to journals publishing in English. Of the 43 students evaluated, 26 (60%) scored >= 80 (out of 100) on an English test given at admission to the graduate program. However, 40 (93.7%) used some form of external assistance in transforming their theses into articles suitable for submission, although only 9 (20.9%) requested full English translation from a version written in Portuguese. Multiple regression analysis revealed that first-author publication in a high-impact journal correlated significantly not only with student proficiency in English at admission (p=0.03), but also with having the article translated by a third party (p=0.05) as well as with the h-index of the academic advisor (p=0.03). Albeit relevant, knowledge of English was not the key factor for the publication success of the graduate students evaluated. Other variables (h-index of the advisor and third-party translation) appear to be also important predictors of success in publication

Investigamos o quanto o conhecimento de língua inglesa e as capacidades científicas dos orientadores podem predizer significativamente o sucesso que estudantes de pós-graduação em Psiquiatria num país emergente obtêm em termos da quantidade e qualidade de publicações de resultados de suas pesquisas em periódicos de impacto. Usando como amostra alunos de mestrado e doutorado do curso de Pós- Graduação da área de concentração do Departamento de Psiquiatria da FMUSP, foram levantadas informações sobre seus conhecimentos na língua inglesa e os caminhos utilizados para a tradução de seus artigos submetidos para periódicos publicados em inglês. O número de sujeitos foi de 43 participantes, sendo 28 mestrandos e 15 doutorandos. A maioria de nossos sujeitos (60%) obteve notas acima de 80 (em possíveis 100) para conhecimentos em língua inglesa no momento do ingresso no curso. No entanto, mais de 93,7% utilizou algum grau de assistência externa na elaboração da tradução de artigos científicos submetidos para publicação a partir de suas teses, ainda que a proporção de uso de serviços para tradução integral de artigos tenha sido pequena (20,9%). Análises de regressão múltipla realizadas mostraram haver uma relação significativa entre conhecimento de língua inglesa (nota de entrada) e fator de impacto obtido (p = 0,03). Contudo, relação significativa foi também encontrada ao se relacionar os índices de produção científica dos sujeitos com o índice h de seus orientadores (p = 0,03), bem como uma trend de associação com a busca de assistência externa para tradução dos artigos (p = 0,05). O conhecimento de inglês, apesar de relevante, não é decisivo para a obtenção de um maior número ou impacto de publicações para pós-graduandos em Psiquiatria e outras variáveis (índice h do orientador e o uso de assistência externa para tradução dos artigos) foram as que também apresentaram significância estatística com as medidas de sucesso da publicação / This study evaluates the success of graduate students in psychiatry in an emerging country, in terms of the quantity and quality of their scientific production (as well as the impact factors of the journals in which they publish), investigating to what extent student proficiency in English and the scientific capabilities of academic advisors predict that success. Our sample comprised 43 master\'s and doctoral students in psychiatry (N=28 and N=15, respectively) at the University of São Paulo School of Medicine, in São Paulo, Brazil. We collected information about their knowledge of English and the ways in which they write their articles to be submitted to journals publishing in English. Of the 43 students evaluated, 26 (60%) scored >= 80 (out of 100) on an English test given at admission to the graduate program. However, 40 (93.7%) used some form of external assistance in transforming their theses into articles suitable for submission, although only 9 (20.9%) requested full English translation from a version written in Portuguese. Multiple regression analysis revealed that first-author publication in a high-impact journal correlated significantly not only with student proficiency in English at admission (p=0.03), but also with having the article translated by a third party (p=0.05) as well as with the h-index of the academic advisor (p=0.03). Albeit relevant, knowledge of English was not the key factor for the publication success of the graduate students evaluated. Other variables (h-index of the advisor and third-party translation) appear to be also important predictors of success in publication

Questa tesi di dottorato si pone come scopo lo studio della relazione complessa tra produttività e collaborazione scientifica sia di tipo formale sia informale. L’approccio che è adottato cerca di superare il classico trade-off che emerge dalla letteratura sulle reti e sulla teoria dei giochi; infatti, questa tesi rappresenta il tentativo di sviluppare una sintesi dell’approccio micro e macro allo studio delle collaborazioni scientifiche. A tal fine, il classico bagaglio metodologico è stato arricchito utilizzando tecniche di analisi complementari, quali l’analisi delle reti (e.g.: indici di centralità delle reti e coefficienti di clustering), l’econometria (e.g.: modelli di regressione ZIP e modelli di regressione troncati) ed infine l’economia sperimentale (e.g.: esperimenti in laboratorio). In particolare, sono state prese in considerazione due diverse comunità scientifiche con lo scopo di porre in evidenza le caratteristiche che le contraddistinguono: la comunità dei Geografi Top e la comunità degli Economisti italiani. Questa tesi è strutturata con il fine ultimo di porre in evidenza il ruolo che gli incentivi individuali degli scienziati parte della rete giocano nel modellare le strutture di collaborazione all’interno della rete stessa; ma, allo stesso tempo, nell’influenzare la propria produttività scientifica. Questa tesi è composta da tre diversi elaborati, ciascuno dei quali guarda al fenomeno della collaborazione e della produzione scientifica seguendo prospettive differenti, per permettermi di mettere in evidenza il ruolo giocato da quattro pilastri (i.e.: reti, comunità scientifiche, comportamenti collaborativi, incentivi individuali e conseguenze collettive) sulla base dei quali si fondano le strutture e la dinamica del “mondo della scienza”. / The aim of this thesis is to study the complex relationship between scientific productivity and (formal and informal) scientific collaborations. We follow an approach which goes beyond the classical trade-off that emerged from the literature around networks studies and game theory, in the attempt of developing a synthesis between a micro and a macro approach. In doing so, we enrich the toolset of available methodologies by adopting instruments which are typical of Network Analysis (e.g.: networks’ indices of centrality and clustering), Econometrics (e.g.: ZIP and Censored regressions), and Experimental Economics (e.g.: Laboratory experiments). In particular, we look at two different scientific communities, in order to capture different characteristics of the networks: the community of Top geographers, and the community of Italian economists. This thesis is structured with a view to emphasising the role that the incentives which move scientists within their network of collaboration play on shaping the network itself, but also on influencing their scientific productivity. The thesis is composed of three different essays, each of which approaches the phenomena of scientific production and collaboration from different perspectives, allowing me to highlight the role played by four basic components (i.e.: networks, scientific communities, collaborative behaviours, individual incentives and collective outcomes) in shaping the structure and dynamics of the “world of science”.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-19T11:50:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 amarante2011.pdf: 570304 bytes, checksum: 1726aec1a4a60e460ceb79b653428fa2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-18 / Exploratory research of scientific productivity of professors/researchers of Botany doctorate courses in Brazil using bibliometrics methods anchored in Scientific Communication. Sixteen Botany doctorate courses were identified; retrieved data on these courses refer to promoting institutions, concentration areas, research lines, and Cape's grades all data leading to professors/researchers target of this research. Special attention was paid to productivity patterns of the elite along the time period as well as their citation numbers. Bibliometrics methods and techniques used include Elitism Law, citation analysis, impact factor and h-index. The Elite consists of 18 professors/researchers linked to the following public institutions: UFV, UFRPE, IBT, UFRJ, UNESP, USP, UEFS, UFMG, UNB, UFPE and UNICAMP in the areas of Botany, Agronomics, Ecology, Chemistry, Forestry and Engineering Resources, Pharmaceutics, Genetics, Environmental Sciences, Geosciences, Microbiology and Anthropology reflecting the interdisciplinary character of the area itself. Geographical concentration of courses points to the Southeast region, especially the state of São Paulo, which obtained the highest Cape's grades. Professors/Researchers productivity amounts to 2.489 papers, published in 521 journals Brazilian and foreign, with an expressive increase of these latter in recent years, the Web of Science citation analysis of the elite shows an expressive number of indexed and cited papers. The Impact factor of journals where the elite publishes shows the elite s tendency to publish in journals of very large impact factor, such as the journal Nature - an excellence journal. This research identified few former Bibliometrics studies in Botany which adds to its relevance and opportunity / Pesquisa exploratória sobre a produtividade científica de professores/pesquisadores de Cursos de Doutorado de Botânica, no Brasil, adotando métodos bibliométricos e cuja fundamentação teórica se sustenta na Comunicação Científica. Foram levantados e analisados esses Cursos, num total de 16, as Instituições promotoras, áreas de concentração, linhas de pesquisa e conceitos na Capes, a partir dos quais a análise foi direcionada aos seus professores, foco central da pesquisa, especificamente os padrões de produtividade da elite ao longo dos anos e o volume de citações aos seus artigos. Foram adotadas diferentes fontes para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa e instrumentos bibliométricos como a Lei do Elitismo, a análise de citações, o fator de impacto e o índice-h. A elite foi composta por 18 professores/pesquisadores que atuam nas seguintes instituições, todas públicas - UFV, UFRPE, IBT, UFRJ, UNESP, USP, UEFS, UFMG, UNB, UFPE, e UNICAMP, nas áreas da Botânica, Agronomia, Ecologia, Química, Recursos Florestais e Engenharia Florestal, Farmácia, Genética, Ciências Ambientais, Geociências, Microbiologia e Antropologia, o que reflete a interdisciplinaridade da área. A concentração de cursos é no Sudeste, destacando-se São Paulo, inclusive pelos conceitos mais altos na Capes. A produtividade dos professores atinge um total de 2.489 artigos, publicados em 521 títulos de periódicos, distribuídos entre os nacionais e estrangeiros, que predominam, o que comprovou um aumento significativo nos últimos anos. A análise de citação da elite, na Web of Science, demonstrou um índice já significativo de artigos indexados e citados, numa relação evidente. O fator de impacto dos periódicos onde a elite publica foi verificado e indicou a tendência à publicação em revistas de maior impacto, lideradas pela Nature, com larga diferença das demais, pelo seu prestígio e multidisciplinaridade de seu escopo. Nesta dissertação foram identificados poucos estudos existentes em nosso País sobre a produção em Botânica, bem como a sua lacuna no tempo, o que justifica a presente pesquisa e mostra a sua relevância e oportunidade

Cette thèse comporte trois chapitres dans lesquels j'étudie les coûts de transaction des actions, les anomalies en finance et les activités du système bancaire parallèle. Dans le premier chapitre (co-écrit avec René Garcia), une nouvelle façon d'estimer les coûts de transaction des actions est proposée. Les coûts de transaction ont diminué au fil du temps, mais ils peuvent augmenter considérablement lorsque la liquidité de financement se raréfi e, lorsque les craintes des investisseurs augmentent ou lorsqu'il y a d'autres frictions qui empêchent l'arbitrage. Nous estimons dans ce chapitre les écarts entre les cours acheteur et vendeur des actions de milliers d'entreprises à une fréquence journalière et présentons ces mouvements importants pour plusieurs de ces épisodes au cours des 30 dernières années. Le coût de transaction des trois quarts des actions est fortement impacté par la liquidité de fi nancement et augmente en moyenne de 24%. Alors que les actions des petites entreprises et celles des entreprises à forte volatilité ont des coûts de transaction plus élevés, l'augmentation relative des coûts de transaction en temps de crise est plus prononcée pour les actions des grandes entreprises et celles des entreprises à faible volatilité. L'écart entre les coûts de transaction respectifs de ces groupes de qualité élevée et qualité faible augmente également lorsque les conditions financières se détériorent, ce qui prouve le phénomène de fuite vers la qualité. Nous avons construit des portefeuilles basés sur des anomalies et avons estimé leurs "alphas" ajustés pour les coûts de rééquilibrage sur la base de nos estimations des coûts de transaction pour montrer que toutes les stratégies sont soit non rentables soit perdent de l'argent, à l'exception de deux anomalies: le "prix de l'action" et la "dynamique du secteur industriel". Dans le deuxième chapitre, j'étudie comment la popularité des anomalies dans les revues scienti ques spécialisées en finance peut influer sur le rendement des stratégies basées sur ces anomalies. J'utilise le ton du résumé de la publication dans laquelle une anomalie est discutée et le facteur d'impact de la revue dans laquelle cette publication a paru pour prévoir le rendement des stratégies basées sur ces anomalies sur la période après publication. La principale conclusion est la suivante: lorsqu'une anomalie est discutée dans une publication dont le résumé a un ton positif, et qui apparaît dans une revue avec un facteur d'impact supérieur à 3 (Journal of Finance, Journal of Financial Economics, Review of Financial Studies), cette anomalie est plus susceptible d'attirer les investisseurs qui vont baser leurs stratégies sur cette anomalie et corriger ainsi la mauvaise évaluation des actions. Le troisième chapitre (co-écrit avec Vasia Panousi) propose une mesure de l'activité bancaire parallèle des entreprises opérant dans le secteur financier aux États-Unis. À cette fi n, nous utilisons l'analyse de données textuelles en extrayant des informations des rapports annuels et trimestriels des entreprises. On constate que l'activité bancaire parallèle était plus élevée pour les "Institutions de dépôt", les "Institutions qui ne prennent pas de dépôt" et le secteur "Immobilier" avant 2008. Mais après 2008, l'activité bancaire parallèle a considérablement baissé pour toutes les fi rmes opérant dans le secteur financier sauf les "Institutions non dépositaires". Notre indice du système bancaire parallèle satisfait certains faits économiques concernant le système bancaire parallèle, en particulier le fait que les politiques monétaires restrictives contribuent à l'expansion du système bancaire parallèle. Nous montrons également avec notre indice que, lorsque l'activité bancaire parallèle des 100 plus grandes banques augmente, les taux de délinquance sur les prêts accordés par ces banques augmentent également. L'inverse est observé avec l'indice bancaire traditionnel: une augmentation de l'activité bancaire traditionnelle des 100 plus grandes banques diminue le taux de délinquance. / This thesis has three chapters in which I study transaction costs, anomalies and shadow banking activities. In the first chapter (co-authored with René Garcia) a novel way of estimating transaction costs is proposed. Transaction costs have declined over time but they can increase considerably when funding liquidity becomes scarce, investors' fears spike or other frictions limit arbitrage. We estimate bid-ask spreads of thousands of firms at a daily frequency and put forward these large movements for several of these episodes in the last 30 years. The transaction cost of three-quarters of the firms is significantly impacted by funding liquidity and increases on average by 24%. While small firms and high volatility firms have larger transaction costs, the relative increase in transaction costs in crisis times is more pronounced in large firms and low-volatility firms. The gap between the respective transaction costs of these high- and low-quality groups also increases when financial conditions deteriorate, which provides evidence of flight to quality. We build anomaly-based long-short portfolios and estimate their alphas adjusted for rebalancing costs based on our security-level transaction cost estimates to show that all strategies are either unprofitable or lose money, except for price per share and industry momentum. In the second chapter I study how the popularity of anomalies in peer-reviewed finance journals can influence the returns on these anomalies. I use the tone of the abstract of the publication in which an anomaly is discussed and the impact factor of the journal in which this publication appears to forecast the post-publication return of strategies based on the anomaly. The main finding is the following: when an anomaly is discussed in a positive tone publication that appears in a journal with an impact factor higher than 3 (Journal of Finance, Journal of Financial Economics, Review of Financial Studies), this anomaly is more likely to attract investors that are going to arbitrage away the mispricing. The third chapter (co-authored with Vasia Panousi) proposes a measure of the shadow banking activity of firms operating in the financial industry in the United States. For this purpose we use textual data analysis by extracting information from annual and quarterly reports of firms. We find that the shadow banking activity was higher for the “Depository Institutions", “Non depository Institutions" and the “Real estate" before 2008. But after 2008, the shadow banking activity dropped considerably for all the financial companies except for the “Non depository Institutions". Our shadow banking index satisfies some economic facts about the shadow banking, especially the fact that contractionary monetary policies contribute to expand shadow banking. We also show with our index that, when the shadow banking activity of the 100 biggest banks increases, the delinquency rates on the loans that these banks give also increases. The opposite is observed with the traditional banking index: an increase of the traditional banking activity of the 100 biggest banks decreases the delinquency rate.

Die Studie wird in fünf Teile unterteilt: Das erste Kapitel beschäftigt sich mit Patentanmeldungen und geförderten Patenten im USPTO, WIPO, und EPO. In diesem Kapitel wird die Korrelation zwischen dem BIP und der länderspezifischen Patentanzahl analysiert. Das zweite Kapitel gibt einen Überblick über die Literatur über Patente in MEDLINE. In diesem Kapitel wird eine szientometrische Analyse durchgeführt, damit die Entwicklung der Patentliteratur in MEDLINE über den Zeitraum von 1965 bis 2005 quantitativ gemessen werden kann. Das dritte Kapitel befasst sich mit der Literatur über Patente im SCI. In diesem Kapitel werden alle Dokumente, die vom SCI über den Zeitraum 1965 bis 2005 als “Patents“ indexiert wurden, unter die Lupe genommen. Das vierte Kapitel analysiert die Patenten, die im SCI zitiert werden. Das fünfte Kapitel analysiert die Anzahl der Literaturhinweise (Referenzen) pro Veröffentlichung im SCI über den Zeitraum 1970-2005. In diesem Hinblick wurde eine Gesamtzahl von 10,000 Dokumenten pro Jahr ausgesucht sowie der Bedeutungswert von Nennungen pro Zeitschrift berechnet. Die Analyse der Daten ergab: Die USA sind das führende Land bezüglich der Erstellung und der Zulassung von Patenten, gleichermaßen gefolgt von Japan und Deutschland. Die Halbwertszeit der Zitierung von Patenten beträgt seit 1994 konstant 8,1 Jahre. Das ist eine 41% längere Zitierungsrate gegenüber den allgemeinen wissenschaftlichen Dokumenten im SCI. Es gibt eine lineare Korrelation zwischen der Zahl von Literaturhinweisen (Referenzen) in einem Journal, wie sie im SCI erfasst sind, und der Wahrscheinlichkeit zitiert zu werden. Die Anzahl der Literaturhinweise (Referenzen) pro Veröffentlichung zwischen 1970 und 2005 im SCI ist ständig angestiegen. Die Selbstzitation von Zeitschriften bei einer steigenden Zahl von Verweisen beeinflusst die Steigerung des Impact Factor im SCI. Die Leitartikelpolitik der Sprachen wurde in der MEDLINE und im SCI geändert. / This study is divided into five sections. The first section consists of patent applications and granted patents issued by USPTO, WIPO), and EPO. In this section the relationship between the GDP and country’s patent quantity is analysed. The second section analysis the patent literature in MEDLINE. In this section a scientometric analysis is performed to assess the quantitative trend of patent literature in MEDLINE throughout 1965-2005. The third section analysis the patent literature in the SCI. In this section all documents indexed as a topic of “patents” in the SCI throughout 1965-2005 are analysed. The fourth section analysis the citations to the patent documents indexed in the SCI, and illustrate the average number of cited references per paper for patent citing documents. The fifth section analysis the references per paper in the SCI through 1970-2005. The Analyses of data showed: The USA is the leading country filing and granting patents followed by Japan and Germany respectively. The half-life of citations to the patent-documents is 41% higher than the half-life of citations to the general scientific documents in the SCI. The number of references per paper from 1970 to 2005 has steadily increased. The rough constant percentage of self-citation of journals and the growing increase of references per paper led to the absolute growing number of self-citations and to the increase of the Impact Factor of the citing journals in the SCI. The editorial policy of languages is being changed in MEDLINE and in the SCI. The consideration of policy makers in these databases have been focused on the literature of science in English. There was a tendency in the last decades towards collaboration in scientific publishing with American authors that can be observed in the SCI with authors from different countries.

[ES] Los centros biomédicos de la Comunitat Valenciana investigan mucho sobre salud, pero se sabe menos sobre quiénes desarrollan y financian esa investigación biomédica, objeto de estudio de la presente tesis. Nuestro trabajo analiza indicadores bibliométricos, que ofrecen resultados estadísticamente significativos cuando la muestra es grande, verificables y reproducibles. Ahora bien, son meramente cuantitativos, parciales, convergentes y relativos. Quienes trabajan en centros de investigación de Alicante, Castellón o Valencia publican cada año cerca de 2.000 artículos y revisiones incardinados en las 68 disciplinas más estrechamente vinculadas a la salud, de acuerdo con el análisis de los registros publicados entre 2008 y 2015. Los investigadores de la Comunitat Valenciana escriben más artículos que revisiones (91% frente a 9%) y, en 6 de cada 10 casos, se indica la fuente de financiación. La producción científica crece año tras año no solo por el aumento del número de revistas que salen al mercado o porque cada vez se indizan más. Ese incremento se apoya sobre todo en los artículos, no tanto en las revisiones. La investigación biomédica se escribe en inglés (88% de las publicaciones analizadas). El predominio de la lengua de Shakespeare va a más año tras año. El segundo idioma, sobre todo en los documentos sin financiación, es el español. Los artículos y revisiones con autoría valenciana se publicaron entre 2008 y 2015 en 2.359 revistas de 50 países diferentes (sólo 37 de ellas se editan en España). La revista española con más artículos publicados durante el periodo de estudio es Nutrición Hospitalaria. La revista extranjera, Food Chemistry. Estados Unidos e Inglaterra son los países que editan más revistas con producción de autoría valenciana aunque, cuando no hay financiación, es España. Los 17.437 trabajos descargados de la WoS y publicados entre 2008 y 2015 los firman autores/as adscritos a 343 centros de investigación (33% es del sector privado y el 25% se relaciona con la sanidad pública). Ahora bien, el mundo académico, no el hospitalario, es la cuna del saber biomédico, con la Universitat de València como centro que más producción científica acumula en el periodo. La autoría corresponde a un único centro de investigación en tres de cada cuatro trabajos y lo más habitual es que haya varios firmantes, no uno solo. La investigación biomédica valenciana la paga la administración pública, asociaciones, la Universidad, la banca, los laboratorios o las sociedades científicas¿ unas 3.400 agencias financiadoras entre 2008-2015. La que más producción biomédica sufraga es el Instituto de Salud Carlos III. La financiación alternativa no se refleja todavía en la WoS. Respecto a la influencia de sus obras, la Universitat de València es la que más citas acumula, pero los más eficientes son el Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante y el Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF). Casi todos los documentos estudiados (89%) han recibido al menos una cita. Para documentos con financiación, la revista que más citas acumula, en términos absolutos, es Blood y, en términos relativos, Autophagy. Cuando no hay fondos, las revistas que destacan son Journal of Hypertension en términos absolutos y Annual Review of Cell and Development Biology, respectivamente.Las revistas editadas en Estados Unidos e Inglaterra son las que tienen más visibilidad e impacto. Además, la mitad de los trabajos estudiados se sitúan en los tres primeros cuartiles. Finalmente, las áreas temáticas con más artículos publicados son Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Oncología, campos donde trabajan grupos potentes de profesionales. Sobre indicadores los mixtos, destaca el peso de las instituciones investigadoras privadas en la provincia de Valencia cuando, en término autonómicos, la sanidad pública y el mundo académico concentran el 82% de producción y el 34% de citas. Además, Castellón supera a Alicante en número absoluto de citas. / [CA] Els centres biomèdics de la Comunitat Valenciana investiguen molt sobre salut, però se sap menys sobre qui desenvolupa i financia els treballs de recerca biomèdica, objecte d'estudi de la present tesi. El nostre treball analitza indicadors bibliomètrics, que ofereixen resultats estadísticament significatius quan la mostra és gran, verificables i reproduïbles. Ara bé, són merament quantitatius, no qualitatius, parcials, convergents i relatius. Els profesionals que treballen en centres d'investigació d'Alacant, Castelló o València publiquen cada any prop de 2.000 articles i revisions incardinats en les 68 disciplines més estretament vinculades a la salut, d'acord amb l'anàlisi dels registres publicats entre 2008 i 2015. Els investigadors de la Comunitat Valenciana escriuen més articles que revisions (91% enfront de 9%) i, en 6 de cada 10 casos, s'indica la font de finançament. La producció científica creix any rere any no sols per l'augment del nombre de revistes que ixen al mercat o perquè cada vegada s'indexen més. Aqueix increment es recolza sobretot en els articles, no tant en les revisions. La investigació biomèdica s'escriu en anglés (és la llengua del 88% de les publicacions analitzades). El predomini de la llengua de Shakespeare va a més any rere any. El segon idioma, especialment en els documents sense finançament, és l'espanyol. Els articles i revisions amb autoria valenciana es van publicar entre 2008 i 2015 en 2.359 revistes de 50 països diferents (només 37 d'elles s'editen a Espanya). La revista espanyola amb més articles publicats durant el període d'estudi és Nutrició Hospitalària. La revista estrangera, Food Chemistry. Els Estats Units i Anglaterra són els països que editen més revistes amb producció d'autoria valenciana encara que, quan no hi ha finançament, és Espanya. Els 17.437 treballs descarregats de la WoS i publicats entre 2008 i 2015 els signen autors/as adscrits a 343 centres d'investigació (33% és del sector privat i el 25% es relaciona amb la sanitat pública). Ara bé, el món acadèmic, no l'hospitalari, és el bressol del saber biomèdic, amb la Universitat de València com a centre que més producció científica acumula en el període. L'autoria correspon a un únic centre d'investigació en tres de cada quatre treballs i el més habitual és que hi haja diversos signants, no un només. La investigació biomèdica valenciana la paga l'administració pública, associacions, la Universitat, la banca, els laboratoris o les societats científiques¿ unes 3.400 agències finançadores entre 2008-2015. La que més producció biomèdica sufraga és l'Institut de Salut Carles III. El finançament alternatiu no es reflecteix encara en la WoS. Respecte a la influència de les seues obres, la Universitat de València és la que més cites acumula, però els més eficients són l'Institut de Neurociències d'Alacant i el Centre d'Investigació Príncep Felip (CIPF). Quasi tots els documents estudiats (89%) han rebut almenys una cita. Per a documents amb finançament, la revista que més cites acumula, en termes absoluts, és Blood i, en termes relatius, Autophagy. Quan no hi ha fons, les revistes que destaquen són Journal of Hypertension en termes absoluts i Annual Review of Cell and Development Biology, respectivament. Les revistes editades als Estats Units i Anglaterra són les que tenen més visibilitat i impacte. A més, la meitat dels treballs estudiats se situen en els tres primers quartils. Finalment, les àrees temàtiques amb més articles publicats són Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular i Oncologia, camps on treballen grups potents de professionals. Respecte als indicadors mixtos, destaca el pes de les institucions investigadores privades a la província de València quan, en terme autonòmics, la sanitat pública i el món acadèmic concentren el 82% de la producció i el 34% de les cites. A més, Castelló supera a Alacant en nombre absolut de cites. / [EN] Biomedical centres in the Valencian Community do a lot of health research, but less is known about who develops and finances this biomedical research, which is the subject of this thesis. Our work analyses bibliometric indicators, which offer statistically significant results when the sample is large, verifiable and reproducible. However, they are merely quantitative, not qualitative, partial, convergent and relative. Those working in research centres in Alicante, Castellón and Valencia publish around 2,000 articles and reviews each year in the 68 disciplines most closely linked to health, according to an analysis of the records published between 2008 and 2015. Researchers in the Valencia Region write more articles than reviews (91% compared to 9%) and, in 6 out of 10 cases, the source of funding is indicated. Scientific production is growing year after year not only because of the increase in the number of journals that come onto the market or because they are increasingly indexed. This increase is mainly based on articles, not so much on reviews. Biomedical research is written in English (the language of 88% of the publications analysed). The predominance of Shakespeare's language is increasing year by year. The second language, especially in unfunded papers, is Spanish. Articles and reviews with Valencian authorship were published between 2008 and 2015 in 2,359 journals from 50 different countries (only 37 of them are published in Spain). The Spanish journal with the most articles published during the study period is Nutrición Hospitalaria. The foreign journal, Food Chemistry. The United States and England are the countries that publish the most journals with Valencian authorship, although when there is no funding, it is Spain. The 17,437 papers downloaded from WoS and published between 2008 and 2015 are signed by authors attached to 343 research centres (33% are from the private sector and 25% are related to public health). However, the academic world, not the hospital world, is the cradle of biomedical knowledge, with the University of Valencia as the centre that accumulated the most scientific production in the period. Authorship corresponds to a single research centre in three out of every four papers, and it is most common for there to be several authors, not just one. Valencian biomedical research is paid for by the public administration, associations, universities, banks, laboratories and scientific societies... some 3,400 funding agencies between 2008-2015. The agency that funds most biomedical production is the Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Alternative funding is not yet reflected in the WoS. Regarding the influence of its works, the University of Valencia is the one that accumulates the most citations, but the most efficient are the Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante and the Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF). Almost all the documents studied (89%) have received at least one citation. For funded papers, the journal with the most citations in absolute terms is Blood and, in relative terms, Autophagy. When there is no funding, the journals that stand out are the Journal of Hypertension in absolute terms and the Annual Review of Cell and Development Biology, respectively. Journals published in the United States and England have the highest visibility and impact. In addition, half of the papers studied are in the first three quartiles. Finally, the subject areas with the most articles published are Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Oncology, fields in which powerful groups of professionals work. Concerning the mixed indicators, the weight of private research institutions in the province of Valencia stands out, when, in regional terms, public health and the academic world account for 82% of the production and 34% of the citations. Moreover, Castellón exceeds Alicante in the absolute number of citations. / Garzón Rams, V. (2022). Tendencias de producción y financiación de la investigación biomédica en la Comunitat Valenciana. Análisis bibliométrico 2008-2015 [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/183880 / TESIS

Auf der Basis des Impact-Faktors, entsprechend der Definition Eugene Garfields, werden die Implikationen dieses IF für szientometrische Überlegungen und deren Folgen für das Zeitschriftenwesen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen: Der Impact-Faktor ist ein Wert, der einen Hinweis auf den durchschnittlichen Bekanntheitsgrad eines Beitrags in einer vom SCI erfassten Zeitschrift gibt. Der Impact-Faktor ist ein Wert, der in hohem Maße vom Umfang des SCI bestimmt ist. Über die dort erfassten Zitationen wird ermittelt, wie oft eine Zeitschrift zitiert worden ist. Der Impact-Faktor ist in hohem Maße davon bestimmt, in wieweit die Quellen zugänglich sind, die zitiert werden. Der lineare Zusammenhang, den R. Rousseau und G.V. Hooydonk (1996) zwischen dem Impact-Faktor von Zeitschriften und der Zahl der darin erschienenen Aufsätze (Produktion) hergestellt haben, gilt nur in dem von ihnen untersuchten Bereich des Impact-Faktors 0,5 – 3. Bei höheren Werten kommt es zu einer Abflachung, bei Werten über 7 sogar zu einer Umkehr der Steigung. Es gibt einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Höhe des Impact-Faktors und seinem jährlichen Zuwachs im SCI. Je höher der IF, desto höher ist auch sein jährlicher Anstieg. Bei genauerer Analyse zeigte sich, dass der Zuwachs, zum Zeitpunkt der vorliegenden Untersuchung, gegen einen Grenzwert von 0,42 ging. Die Impact-Faktoren von Zeitschriften und deren Preise für die Abonnements hängen statistisch nur schwach voneinander ab. Ob Zeitschriften erworben werden müssen ist weitaus stärker von den Zitationen abhängig, die diese Zeitschriften auf sich versammeln. Der IF steigt mit der Auflagenhöhe von Zeitschriften, wenn diese bereits einen höheren IF aufweisen. Für wissenschaftliche Autoren ist der Druck, in Zeitschriften mit einem hohen IF zu publizieren, beobachtsam. Je höher dieser allgemeine Druck ist, desto geringer ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit für einen einzelnen Autor wiederholt in derartigen Zeitschriften publizieren zu können. / The current thesis investigates the Impact Factor (IF) in scientific journals and its consequences for scientometric considerations. The results are: The Impact Factor is a value for Journals listed in the Science Citation Index, which show the average degree of acquaintance in the scientific community. It is much less a sign of quality than often believed. The IF is highly determined by the degree of the extent of the SCI. The Impact Factor is also, to a considerable degree determined by the availability of the cited sources. Methodological the IF depends strongly on the topical adjustment of the SCI. A linear correlation, found by R. Rousseau and G.V. Hooydonk (1996) between the Impact Factor and the number of papers per journal, is only valid in the analysed range of 0.5 - 3 examined by these authors. At higher IF values it comes to a flattening, and for values greater 7 even to a reversal of the curve. There is an annual increase of the Impact Factor in the SCI, in which the annual rate is rising as higher the IF is. More exact analyses have shown that the increase had an upper of 0.42, at the investigated time. Impact factors of Journals and prices for their relations depend only on a weak statistic from each other. Whether Journal is acquired, depends by far more strongly on the citations, which meets these magazines on itself. The IF rises with the number of copies of magazines if these already exhibit a higher IF. A clear separation between a cause and effect cannot be recognized here. It would be both possible that Journals with high IF experience increased demand, so that the copy number thereby rises and that the IF rises, because the Journal enjoys a high interest. Scientific authors are under pressure to publish in journals with Ifs as high as possible. The higher this general pressure is the smaller is the probability for an author to publish in such journals repeatedly. Exceptions are the publishers or editors of these Journals.