This study examined disabled people’s access to independent living in Scotland and Norway. At the time of the field work for this research in 2012, the literature revealed no comparable social enquiry combining the concepts of citizenship, independent living and governance. Within disability studies, independent living denotes a perspective that recognises the interconnected nature of life areas that affect lived experiences of disablement and inclusion of disabled citizens. From the independent living movement, Centres for Inclusive Living emerged as unique governance structures with full service-user involvement and run by disabled people for disabled people. This study focused upon to what extent the organisational governance structures in the Glasgow Centre for Inclusive Living (GCIL) and Uloba Centre for Independent Living (Uloba) in Norway facilitate or impede disabled people’s access to independent living. The methodology adopted a mixed methods approach. The central method involved organisational case studies with GCIL and Uloba. This enabled an in-depth qualitative exploration through semi-structured interviews with the case study employees, service-user/co-owners and key experts within each country. In addition, an online survey was distributed to other organisations that operated within the disability field. The analytical framework used an integration of the social relational model of disability (Thomas, 1999) and meso level governance analysis (Lowe, 2004). The social relational model of disability provided structural (macro) and agency (micro) level interpretations and an emphasis on psychosocial elements of disability. It also enabled the synergy of a theory of impairment alongside a theory of disability. Meso (organisational) governance analysis focused attention on the connections between organisations in society. This focus revealed the lateral relationships with other meso level bodies, macro institutions and micro individual action. Research participants prioritised the areas of peer support, accessible housing and personal assistance. Peer support was found to take both informal and formal manifestations and acted as a foundation for the other two areas of independent living. The findings highlighted that Centres for Inclusive Living provide facilitation for access to independent living across macro, meso and micro tiers of society. In particular, empowerment, peer support and user led governance formed key strategies that enhanced disabled people’s access to independent living in Scotland and Norway.

國立政治大學社會學系八十七學年度第一學期碩士論文摘要 研究生：黃秀玲 撰 指導教授：林佳瑩博士 論文名稱：銀髮小家庭居型態之比較研究 基於研究主題，本研究把不與子女同住的「獨居」或「夫妻同住」之老人的家庭歸納為「銀髮小家庭」，乃以高雄縣內60歲以上銀髮小家庭老人164人（居住家中不與子女同住83人、居住高縣老人公寓81人為樣本）為樣本，探討銀髮小家庭老人對居住需求的考量、比較不同居住型態（居住在自己家中、居住在老人公寓）對銀髮小家庭老人生活滿意度是否有差異存在。 整體而言，銀髮小家庭老人的共同特點是：多數老人主觀認為晚年的生活該由「自己」來負責任，且這群銀髮小家庭老人的教育程度跟一般非銀髮小家庭老人相比明顯很高，而退休前的職業也多是以軍公教人員為多，故老人們退休後也有穩定的經濟來源---退休金終身俸，或是由兒子供養為主。而比較不同的是我們可以由分析中發現：在「婚姻狀況」方面有明顯分佈上的差異，公寓中的老人婚姻狀態最多為喪偶，佔了半數以上；而居住在社區中的老人卻半數以上多為已婚與配偶同住。 銀髮小家庭老人居住需求前十名依序為：「尊嚴自主的生活」、「無障礙生活空間」、「附近有公園」、「專門的空間設計」、「交通方便」、「24小時緊急送醫」、「親情圍繞」、「訪視巡邏」、「親友聯絡」、「專人三餐服務」、「拓展人際關係」。可見對銀髮小家庭老人而言，有一個舒適、安全的生活空間對他們而言是很重要的考量項目，且居住的地點最好還是能兼顧與子女親友的聯繫，讓老人的情感支持不至於因獨居或夫妻同住而減少；加上若有專人幫忙老人準備三餐，對銀髮小家庭老人來說是一項很貼心的福利服務。經過整個研究的結果，我們可以發現居住在老人公寓的老人其整體生活滿意度、實際居住滿意度均不會比社區不與子女同住老人的結果來的遜色，甚至還比社區不與子女同住老人的反應還要好。這一方面是因為居住在老人公寓的老人一般而言教育程度較高、職業以公務員、軍警人員、教職人員為多，這些公務員體系的老人一直都有穩定的退休制度可以保障他們的晚年生活，再加上他們提早規畫老年生涯、且對子女的觀念能夠隨著社會的變遷做適度的調整，使得他們在面對老年這項事實時能以較開朗的態度來生活，並積極參與社會活動，主動運用社會資源、多方面吸收新知、發展興趣，依舊過的坦然自在。 目 錄 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究緣起……………………………………………………1 第二節 問題陳述……………………………………………………2 第三節 研究目的……………………………………………………4 第二章 文獻探討 第一節 台灣老人居住安排的變遷…………………….……………6 第二節 老人居住型態………………………………………..…..11 第三節 老人公寓………..………………….………………..….15 第四節 老人生活需求面面觀……………………………………..19 第三章 研究設計 第一節 研究架構…………….…………………………………..25 第二節 研究假設………………………………………………….26 第三節 操作性定義…………………………………………….…27 第四節 研究樣本………………………………………………….28 第五節 問卷設計………………………………………………….30 第六節 資料蒐集與分析方法……………………………………..32 第四章 受訪老人資料基本變項分析 ………………………..33 第五章 影響老人居住需求之相關因素分析 第一節 銀髮小家庭老人對居住需求考量的優先順序………………….41 第二節 銀髮小家庭老人個人基本特性對居住需求之分析…………….44 第三節 居住需求對居住型態之相關分析………………………………46 第六章 居住型態之分析 第一節 居住型態對個人基本特性之交叉分析……………………….48 第二節 銀髮小家庭居住滿意情形變項分析………………………….53 第三節 居住型態與居住需求各項滿意之相關分析………………….57 第四節 居住型態對整體生活滿意、經濟情況滿意、居住需求滿意之比較分析……………………………………..…………………60 第七章 結論與建議 第一節 結論………………………………………………………….63 第二節 建議………………………………………………………….70 附表 表1-6 ………………………………………………………………….76 附錄一 參考書目 中文書目…………………..…………………………………………….84 英文書目………………………………..……………………………….90 附錄二 問卷……………………………….…………………..93 表 目 錄 表1 台灣地區及美國65歲以上兩性人口之居住型態……………………………14 表2 受訪老人居住需求依平均分數排行……………………….……………….42 表3 銀髮小家庭老人個人基本特性對居住需求之單因子變異數分析………….45 表4 居住需求與居住型態之相關分析…………………………………………..47 表5 老人個人基本特性對居住型態、居住安排方式的卡方分析……………….51 表6 老人公寓老人與社區老人實際居住需求滿意程度的平均分數比較……….54 表7 老人公寓老人、社區不與子女同住老人之居住需求滿意度前十名比較…..56 表8 居住型態與居住滿意需求各項之相關分析…………………………………59 表9 居住型態對整體生活滿意度、經濟情況、子女、親友來往頻率之單因子 變異數分析…….………………………………………………………….61 表10 居住型態對心理社會適應、社會參與、專業諮詢與服務、設備環境需求 滿意之單因子變異數分析…………………………………………………61 表11 居住型態對居住需求、居住需求滿意之單因子變異數分析……………….61 圖 目 錄 圖1 受訪老人之居住安排方式比較長條圖…………………………………….34 圖2 受訪老人之性別比較長條圖………………………………………………34 圖3 受訪老人之籍貫比較長條圖………………………………………………34 圖4 受訪老人之教育程度比較長條圖………………………………………….34 圖5 受訪老人之宗教信仰比較長條圖………………………………………….34 圖6 受訪老人之婚姻狀況比較長條圖…………………………………..…….35 圖7 受訪老人之子女來往頻率比較長條圖…………………………………….35 圖8 受訪老人之親友來往頻率比較長條圖…………………………………….35 圖9 受訪老人之主要經濟來源比較長條圖…………………………………….36 圖10 受訪老人之一個月生活花費比較長條圖………………………………….36 圖11 受訪老人之生活費夠不夠用比較長條圖………………………………….37 圖12 受訪老人之經濟狀況比較長條圖………………………………………….37 圖13 受訪老人之健康狀況比較長條圖……..………………………………….38 圖14 受訪老人之主觀認為晚年該由誰負責比較長條圖…….………………..38 圖15 受訪老人之理想居住安排方式比較長條圖……………………………….38 圖16 受訪老人之整體生活滿意度比較長條圖………………………………….38 圖17 老人公寓老人得知老人公寓這項訊息之管道長條圖…………………….39 附 表 附表1 老人公寓老人個人基本特性資料次數分配表………………………………76 附表2 社區老人個人基本特性資料次數分配表…..………………………………78 附表3 老人公寓老人在選擇居住型態時的需求次數分配表…….…………………80 附表4 社區老人在選擇居住型態時的需求次數分配表……………………………81 附表5 老人公寓老人實際居住需求滿意次數分配表………………………………82 附表6 社區老人實際居住需求滿意次數分配表…………………………..………83 / Abstract This study explores housing and living arrangements of independent living elders and the differences in life satisfaction among citizens of independent living arrangements. The samples include 83 elderly people (over 60 years old) living in their own house and 81 elderly people (over 60 years old) living in congregate housing in Kaohsiung. The research result shows that independent living elders in congregate housing are higher level of life satisfaction than in their own house. According to overall statistics , the differences between elderly people living in their own house and elderly people living in congregate housing are the status of higher education and steadier income ( because most of them are soldiers or public servants ). Past researches always focus on community care needs of the disabled elderly , and I hope that after my study the authorities concerned can lay emphasis on the housing of all independent living elders in the future.

Advances in technology continuously reshape habits, behaviours and interactions at individual, organisational and societal levels. Information and Communication technology (ICT) is pervasive, and is the bearer of crucial information, analysis and responses to the recipient. It assists in processes such as understanding phenomena and taking appropriate action. It also provides communication means, platforms and tools to interact with one another. In the United Kingdom’s (UK) Energy industry, smart meters are currently being deployed by energy suppliers to their customers. These are presented as a revolutionary device that supports a more efficient energy use at home and/or in the workplace, and helps customers save on their energy bill and reduce carbon footprint. Using interpretivist phenomenological Human-centred qualitative research, The thesis work explores the impact of using smart meter devices, as perceived by UK customers, in helping to monitor, use and manage energy consumption at home. Also, the study looks into alternative technology and customers’ expectations in the context of energy efficiency. And finally, the principles of a design is presented to respond to customers demands and desires. Passive participant observation, Future workshop and inspiration cards session are the methods and techniques applied in this research to collect  data. The findings constitute good grounds for individual consumers to be aware of the opportunities made available by alternative technology. At organisational level it is a basis for energy suppliers to change their behaviour towards a changing demand and adapt by switching their core business to supplying Information and analysis as well as energy efficiency management solutions. At societal level government bodies and regulating agencies can tackle sustainability and green energy issues by controlling the profit driven character of privatised energy companies and responding to real market demand as perceived by consumers. Emerging technologies present opportunities that have the capabilities of breaking the status quo of energy supply industry in the UK as well as the rest of world. The value of this research is to show customers’ perceived reality and expectations, as well as opportunities to change the way energy is supplied and consumed.

Abstract With the growing proportion of older people and increasing use of drugs in this population, it is important to study how drugs affect oral health among older people. The aim of this thesis was to study whether sedative load, which represents cumulative exposure to drugs with sedative properties, is associated with oral health among community-dwelling older people. The focus was on a dry mouth, oral health behavior, dental caries, and infection in the periodontium. In addition, sedative load and anticholinergic burden were compared. The present study population was a subpopulation from an intervention study “Geriatric Multidisciplinary Strategy for Good Care of the Elderly”. The study population consisted of 159 community-dwelling, dentate, and non-smoking people aged 75 or older from the city of Kuopio, Finland. Data were collected with interviews, geriatric assessments, and clinical oral examinations. Sedative load was determined by using a previously published method. The study showed that participants with a sedative load were more likely to have dental caries, but not periodontitis, when compared with participants without a sedative load. Sedative load was associated with decreased stimulated salivary secretion and less strongly with unstimulated salivary secretion but not with xerostomia. The results also showed that sedative load was associated with poor or insufficient oral health behavior. Anticholinergic burden was associated with low unstimulated salivary secretion and xerostomia, but not with low stimulated salivary secretion. In conclusion, cumulative exposure to drugs with sedative properties was associated with insufficient oral self-care and poor oral health. The results from this study emphasize the fact that older people using drugs with sedative properties require thorough prophylaxis measures and regular dental check-ups because of their high risk of having poor oral health. / Tiivistelmä Väestön iäkkäiden henkilöiden osuuden kasvaessa ja heidän lääkkeiden käytön lisääntyessä on tärkeää tutkia, miten lääkkeet vaikuttavat ikääntyneiden suun terveyteen. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää lääkityksestä aiheutuvan sedatiivikuorman (sedative load) vaikutuksia suun terveyteen kotona asuvilla iäkkäillä henkilöillä. Eritoten tutkimuskohteena oli sedatiivikuorman yhteys kuivaan suuhun, suun terveyskäyttäytymiseen, kariekseen sekä hampaiden tukikudosten sairauteen. Lisäksi tutkittiin antikolinergisen kuorman yhteyttä kuivaan suuhun ja tuloksia verrattiin sedatiivikuormaan. Tutkimuspopulaatio oli osa geriatrista Hyvän Hoidon Strategia -interventiotutkimusta (HHS). Populaatio koostui 159 kotona asuvasta 75-vuotiaasta tai sitä vanhemmasta hampaallisesta, ei-tupakoivasta kuopiolaisesta. Tutkimusmateriaali kerättiin haastattelulla, geriatrisella tutkimuksella sekä kliinisellä suun tutkimuksella. Sedatiivikuorma laskettiin käyttäen aiemmin kehitettyä mallia, jossa määritetään kokonaislääkityksestä aiheutuva sedatiivikuorma. Tutkimus osoitti, että osallistujilla, joilla oli sedatiivikuormaa, oli keskimäärin enemmän kariesta muttei hampaiden tukikudoksen sairautta verrattuna henkilöihin, joilla ei ollut sedatiivikuormaa. Tulokset osoittivat myös, että sedatiivikuorma oli yhteydessä alentuneeseen stimuloidun syljeneritykseen ja vähemmässä määrin alentuneeseen leposyljeneritykseen, mutta ei kuivan suun tunteeseen. Antikolinerginen kuorma oli yhteydessä alentuneeseen leposyljeneritykseen ja kuivan suun tunteeseen, mutta ei alentuneeseen stimuloidun syljeneritykseen. Sedatiivikuorma oli yhteydessä puutteelliseen suun terveyskäyttäytymiseen, kuten vähäiseen hammastahnan käyttöön ja suureen plakkimäärään. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että altistuminen väsyttäville lääkkeille on yhteydessä puutteelliseen omahoitoon ja huonoon suun terveyteen. Tämän tutkimuksen tulokset korostavat väsyttäviä lääkkeitä käyttävien ikääntyneiden tarvitsevan perusteellisia ennaltaehkäiseviä toimia sekä säännöllisiä suun tutkimuksia, koska heillä on suurentunut riski huonoon suun terveyteen.

The purpose of this study was to examine the County of San Bernardino's Independent Living Program's (ILP's) efforts to prepare ILP participants for self-sufficiency. These efforts were evaluated from the perspective of foster youth who are currently participating in an Indepent Living Program. The study utilized quantitative and qualitative research methods to assess the ILP participants' preparedness for independence.

In research, the transition from foster care to adult life has been pointed out as a significant and problematic period in young people´s lives. However, we know less about how this transition is handled professionally. Through qualitative interviews, this study examines social worker´s views and experiences of this transition process. The research questions focus on what needs social workers see in young people´s transition, how they describe their own work, and what strategies and tools that may promote the transition. The results are analyzed using the following theoretical concepts – discretion, emotional support, informative support,instrumental support and evaluative support. The study shows that young people need long-term relationships, certain practical skills and each type of support. Work with the transition is based on these needs. Here, social workers have an exploratory and coordination role thatconsists of many tasks. While they describe some specific strategies and tools, the results show that there are difficulties within this work. The roles of foster carers and social workers in young people´s transition to adulthood are discussed.

This diploma thesis is to acquaint with people with intellectual disability. Basicaly it deals with terminology associated with intelectual disability, definitions, types of intellectual disability, symptoms and causes. One of the chapters is devoted to the principles of communication of people with mental disabilities and auxiliary communication techniques. Next it focuses on Portus organization, which has been working with this target group for over 20 years. It provides several social services, about which we gathered basic information and based them on the law on social services. The last chapter in the theoretical part is devoted to the burnout syndrome, which is in the opinion of helping professions and in social work, not least, a more common phenomenon than we can imagine. The investigation itself took place in the above- mentioned organization, where I distributed questionnaires on satisfaction with the services to several groups of respondents. In the practical part, I evaluated these questionnaires and evaluated them with other services. The evaluation showed that the clients are satisfied with the support provided and the employees and guardians (family members) perceive the situation in a very similar way. Nevertheless, several suggestions for change could be used from this survey,...

身心障礙者如同一般人，擁有獨立自主的人權，但因其障礙使然，如要達到自立生活，時常需要藉助外界的協助。障礙者自立生活已逐漸成為障礙者社會促進的制度典範，在如此的前提下，支援障礙者的自立生活的自立支援措施，應為如何的設計，應為障礙者社會促進措施的研究要點所在。本文旨在從日本與台灣的學界及實定法中，探尋障礙者福利措施的典範移轉，以及從「自立」於社會保障法上及障礙者社會促進中的意義，剖析障礙者自立支援措施的應有樣貌，並進而藉此檢視及分析日本與台灣身心障礙者法制中具體的障礙者自立支援措施，提出本文的比較結論，期待能對我國的身心障礙者社會促進法制未來的改革，提供比較法上的參考。本文研究架構如下： 第一章為緒論，介紹本論文的研究動機與目的、研究範圍、用詞定義、研究方法及研究架構。 第二章探討身心障礙法政策的典範移轉。本章將先針對身心障礙者社會福利法制的典範移轉進行論述，再介紹身心障礙者的自立生活運動的國際脈絡，其理念、內容、發源及於亞洲的擴散。 第三章探討「自立」及「自立支援」於日本社會保障法脈絡中的意義。本章將從日本學說及實定法進行剖析，目的為將對於「自立」概念論述較深入的日本狀況，引為參考標的。 第四章為探討日本障礙者自立支援法及障礙者總合支援法之法制。從其發展脈絡，到具體的法制內容介紹，使讀者一窺日本對於障礙者支援法制之中心─障礙者總合支援法之樣貌，並對本文後續章節之我國與日本制度的比較進行鋪陳。 第五章為將先針對我國身心障礙者權益保障法中與障礙者自立生活較有相關的個人支持服務進行介紹，再進行台日制度的比較分析。 第六章為本文結論，本文將於本章呼應本文研究動機及目的，提出結語。

Les jeunes qui réalisent la transition à l’autonomie à partir d’un milieu de vie substitut rencontrent plusieurs difficultés au début de l’âge adulte. Afin d’encadrer et préparer ces jeunes en lien avec cette étape cruciale de leur vie, plusieurs pays ont développé des programmes de préparation à l’autonomie. Toutefois, l’efficacité de ces programmes demeure méconnue. Objectif : Afin de contribuer aux connaissances actuelles, la présente recherche a pour objectif de mesurer l’efficacité des programmes de préparation à l’autonomie pour les jeunes placés en milieu de vie substitut. Méthodologie : Des méta-analyses ont été réalisées afin de mesurer les tailles d’effet pondérées pour trois dimensions reliées au passage à la vie adulte soit l’emploi, le logement et le réseau social. Les tailles d’effet ont été calculées sous forme de différences de moyennes standardisées ou Hedge’s g. Le modèle à effet fixe a été utilisé dans les analyses. Résultats : La revue systématique a permis d’identifier k = 9 études totalisant n = 7127 participants avec des données suffisantes pour réaliser une méta-analyse. Les résultats indiquent que les programmes de préparation à l’autonomie ont un très faible effet favorisant le groupe traitement comparativement aux jeunes ayant reçu les services habituels pour les dimensions de l’emploi (k = 5, n = 5778) et du logement (k = 5, n = 2467). Ces résultats ont été constatés un an à quatre ans après le temps zéro. Aucun effet significatif n’a été observé pour la dimension du réseau social (k = 5, n = 1797). Discussion : Devant la complexité des trajectoires de vie et des besoins des jeunes qui transitent à l’autonomie à partir d’un milieu de vie substitut, il est impératif que les programmes actuels prennent davantage en considération la réalité actuelle du passage à la vie adulte ainsi que les besoins particuliers de ces jeunes. Il s’agit notamment d’offrir des services qui s’étendent jusqu’à 25 ans et de mettre de l’avant une vision interdépendante du passage à la vie adulte dans les interventions. / Youth in out-of-home care face an uncertain future and disproportionate difficulties when aging out of care and into independent life as an adult. The difficulties these youth face have prompted governments in several countries to develop programs in order to prepare these youth for this critical period in their life. However, the effectiveness of these programs remains unknown. Objective: The main objective of the present study is to fill this gap in knowledge by measuring the effectiveness of independent living programs to prepare young people aging out of care for adulthood. Methodology: A series of meta-analysis were performed in order to measure the weighed effect sizes on three outcomes related to adulthood: employment, housing, and social support. The effect sizes were calculated using standardized mean differences or Hedge’s g. A fixed effect size model was used to perform the analyses. Results: k = 9 studies including a total of n = 7127 participants met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review and had sufficient data to conduct a meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis for the employment outcome (k = 5, n = 5778) and for the housing outcome (k = 5, n = 2467) show a very small effect favoring the treatment group compared to services as usual for these two outcomes, 1 to 4 years post baseline. No significant effect was found for the social support outcome (k = 5, n = 1797). Discussion: Considering the complex trajectories and needs of youth in out-of-home care, it is imperative that independent living programs better reflect today’s socioeconomic realities to better prepare youth for adulthood, and take into consideration the particular needs of these youth. It is recommended to extend the services until 25 years old and to put forward an interdependent vision of autonomy in the interventions provided to these youth.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a descriptive and exploratory analysis of Riverside County's Independent Living Skills Program (ILSP) and its ability to prepare foster youth for successful adult transition. A vital component of this study was the exploration of perceived preparedness through the eyes of the participants enrolled in this program.