La Commission de Vérité et de Réconciliation du Canada (CVRC) qui s’est tenue du mois de juin 2008 au mois de juin 2015 avait pour objectif de faire la lumière sur la douloureuse période des pensionnats qui s’est étendue des années 1820 aux années 1990. Bien que le mandat de la CVRC se limitait uniquement au dossier des pensionnats, il illustre la fragmentation de la nation canadienne autour des rapports entre Autochtones et autres habitants du territoire canadien. Malgré la tenue de cette commission, très peu d’auteurs s’accordent sur les résultats de cette commission. Bien que l’on remarque certaines avancées, il semblerait que, plus d’une décennie plus tard, de nombreux obstacles entravent encore le chemin vers la réconciliation. Parmi eux, nous retrouvons l’absence de demande de pardon du pape aux autochtones ayant fréquenté les pensionnats catholiques. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de mieux comprendre l’importance du pardon dans le processus de réconciliation entre Autochtones et non-Autochtones au Canada. Cette recherche revêt une vision bidisciplinaire, politique et théologique, pour répondre à cet objectif. La question de recherche proposée est la suivante : pourquoi l’absence de demande de pardon du pape aux Autochtones constitue un obstacle à la réconciliation ? Nous supposons sur la base de nos lectures préliminaires que cette absence de demande de pardon est un obstacle par sa dimension politique et sa dimension spirituelle. Nous supposons également en nous basant sur la théorie de peacebuilding de John Paul Lederach, que l’attention portée sur l’absence de demande de pardon du pape constitue en soi un obstacle à la réconciliation. Pour répondre à cette question de recherche, nous avons mené une revue de la littérature approfondie sur le rôle du pardon dans un processus de réconciliation d’un point de vue politique puis spirituel. Nous avons ensuite mené une enquête pour confronter nos résultats à la réalité du terrain. Cette enquête a réuni douze acteurs locaux de la réconciliation au Québec. Certains parmi ces participants sont Autochtones, certains font partie d’une institution catholique et d’autres n’affichent aucune affiliation. Les résultats recueillis démontrent que contrairement à notre idée préliminaire, l’absence de demande de pardon du pape ne constitue pas un obstacle à la réconciliation. Cependant, c’est effectivement l’attention qui y est portée qui nuit à la réconciliation. Nos conclusions ont été bousculées par la mobilisation Wet'suwet'en qui s’est tenue dès le début de l’année 2020 au Québec et qui illustre que la réconciliation est encore un chemin sinueux parsemé d’obstacles qui doivent être pris en compte dans de futures recherches. / The Truth and Reconciliation Commission held in Canada (TRC) from June 2008 to June 2015 aimed to shed light on the painful residential school era that occurred between 1820 and 1990. Although the TRC’s mandate only focused on the residential schools’ matter, it illustrates the fragmentation on relationships between Indigenous people and other Canadian inhabitants. Despite the holding of this commission, very few academic authors agree on its results. Although some progress has been noted, it seems that many obstacles still stand in the way of reconciliation. Among them is the absence of a request for forgiveness from the Pope to the natives who attended Catholic boarding schools. The purpose of this thesis is to understand the importance of forgiveness in the process of reconciliation. This research takes a bi-disciplinary, political and theological approach to meet this objective. The research question under study goes by the following: why does the absence of a Pope’s request for forgiveness to the Indigenous people constitutes an obstacle to reconciliation? We assume—based on our preliminary readings—that the absence of a request for forgiveness is an obstacle due to its political and spiritual dimensions. We also assume—based on John Paul Lederach’s theory of peace building—that the attention paid to the Pope’s lack of request for pardon itself constitutes an obstacle to reconciliation. To answer this research question, we conducted a comprehensive literature review on the role of forgiveness in processes of reconciliation from a political, and then a spiritual, point of view. We then conducted a survey to compare our results with the reality on the ground. This survey brought together twelve key players of reconciliation in Québec. Some of these participants are Indigenous, some are part of a Catholic institution, and others have no affiliation. The evidence collected in this study shows that, contrary to our preliminary idea, the absence of the Pope’s request for forgiveness does not constitute an obstacle to reconciliation. However, it is indeed the attention paid to it that undermines reconciliation. Our findings have been shaken up by the Wet’suwet’en mobilization that took place at the beginning of 2020, which illustrates that reconciliation is still a winding road dotted with obstacles that need to be considered for future research.

Syftet med examensarbetet var att undersöka samer och samisk religion i relation till undervisningsämnet religionskunskap. Studien har undersökt läroplanernas utveckling, både från grundskolan och gymnasieskolan med fokus på samisk religion. Läromedel inom religionsämnet har dessutom granskats i relation till läroplanernas förändringar samt för varje undervisningsstadium. En enkätstudie har slutligen genomförts vilken ligger till grund för lärares framställning av samisk religion i undervisningsämnet utifrån Lgr 11 och Gy 11. Metoden som tillämpats i studien har varit en komparativ metod samt kvalitativ metod med kvantitativa inslag. Resultatet visar att samisk religion fått större plats i läroplanerna i relation till samhällsförändringar. Läroplanerna utgör den grund som läromedel utgår från, med andra ord struktureras läromedel utifrån läroplanernas innehåll liksom fokusområde.  I samband med Lgr 11 och Gy 11 har samer med tillhörande religion fått större utrymme i läromedel. Trots detta visar studien att förhållandevis få läromedel behandlar samer och samisk religion i relation till andelen läromedel som granskats i examensarbetet. Resultatet visar att drygt hälften av lärarna som medverkat i studien undervisar om samer, detta trots att majoriteten av lärarna menar att tiden inte räcker till. Flertalet lärare anser det viktigt att belysa samer och samisk religion i undervisningen, lärarna önskar därför att lärarutbildningar i större utsträckning lyfter Sveriges nationella minoriteter. Majoriteten av lärarna menar däremot att de har tillräckliga kunskaper för att samer ska behandlas rättvist i undervisningen. Resultatet har skildrats i relation till ett diskursteoretiskt ramverk för att synliggöra maktstrukturerna gällande majoritetssamhälle och minoritetssamhälle. / The purpose with this advanced professional degree was to research Sami populations with associated religion in relation to religious education. In addition, the study has researched the development of the national school curriculum from primary school and secondary school with focus on Sami religion. Development and changes in teaching materials in accordance with the development of the school curriculum and its various phases has also been examined. To conclude, a survey has laid the foundation for a study of teachers' own portrayal of Sami religion in RE for Lgr 11 and Gy 11 students. A Qualitative Comparative analysis methodology has been practiced in the study with some quantitative uses. The results of the study show the Sami religion has received a larger place in the national school curriculum in relation to societal changes. The school curriculum sets the foundation the school materials are based on, in other words the materials are structured on the basis of the curriculum and its focus area. In relation to Lgr 11 and Gy 11, Sami with associated religion has seen a significant place in teaching materials. Despite this, there are comparatively few teaching materials that cover Sami population with Sami religion in relation to the amount of researched materials. Results show about half of the teachers participating in the study include Sami population and history in their teachings, despite the majority of teachers stating that time spent is not enough. Many teachers state Sami studies are important in education and wish that teachers' education include Sami more frequently. However, the majority of teachers report that they have sufficient competence for Sami to be covered in their teachings. The result has been described in relation to discourse theoretical framework to cast light on the hierarchical structures concerning majority and minority society.

This thesis addresses indigenous groups agency in trade governance to enhance their ability to affect international decision-making that benefits their capability to sustainable development. It conducts a case study of Articulation of Indigenous People Brazil (APIB) in the EU-Mercosur Agreement and utilizes Eimers (2020) theory of subaltern social movement theory to establish: what strategies the APIB have used in the decision-making processes of the “Mercosur Agreement?  This theory allows consideration of indigenous agency and the effect of post-colonial structures on their capability to keep control over their realties. To collect data on this topic the author uses qualitative semi-structured interviews and qualitative thematic text analysis. The thesis finds that framing strategies of claims enabled alliance-building in Brazil and Transnational Advocacy Coalitions, which used international norms to enhance indigenous interests. However, has post-colonial structures hindered APIB´s ability to enhance interest in Brazil and silenced indigenous interests in governmental representation in the making of the EU-Mercosur.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第24152号 / 地環博第230号 / 新制||地環||44(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)准教授 落合 知帆, 教授 小林 広英, 教授 西前 出, 教授 勝見 武, 准教授 TRENCHER Gregory / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Inspired by the barriers to social integration between aboriginals and non-indigenous people in Taiwan, as well as the limitations of representation and participation in national politics, and extending to turn deeply to aboriginal identity recognition and related movements, this dissertation adopts liberalism as grand background and takes scholarly scientific theory constructivism to illustrate the meanings and applicability of discourse analysis method in order to investigate textual materials notably official documents including the Constitution and Acts, press releases as well as academic articles about how those materials describe indigenous peoples. Additionally, through the deployment of practical theories such as (post) colonialism, multiculturalism, representative democracy and deliberative democracy to interpret social and political facts in Taiwan. The author has found that the description of indigenous people in Taiwanese statute through the change from inequitable titles to relatively respectful takes into account the acceptability of aboriginals. The integration of indigenous Taiwanese in society is still persisting and causes troubles for the routine life of aboriginals. Furthermore, it has been observed that the recognition of aboriginal identity hinders the willingness and possibility of indigenous peoples to participate in national politics. Meanwhile, the national global status impact on indigenous peoples has been evident.

PhD Thesis Summary: Imagining the West: Marginality and Possible Lives at the Outskirts of a Mexican City Mgr. Marie Heřmanová The thesis aims to develop various results of a long-term fieldwork in the city of San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, México, where rural-urban migration was pervasive since the 1960s. The research concentrated on the second generation of Tzotzil and Tzeltal migrants living at the suburbs of the city. Young indigenous people, whose parents came to the city to seek jobs, are now completely bilingual (they speak their maternal language - mostly Tzotzil as well as spanish they have learned in the school in the city). They mostly work in the same areas as the first generation migrants - as shop-keepers, souvenirs sellers or street-food vendors. They are thus in everyday interaction with both tourist and expats in the city centre. These interactions and meetings are in the context of the thesis seen as a consitutive element to imageries of mobility, modernity and Western lifestyles developed by the the young indigenous people from the suburbs. The concept if "Imaginary West" (Yurchak 2005) is central in the thesis, an unseen and yet ever-present homeland of the tourists and most importantly a place where "better lives" happen. The text explores how the search for...

Un peu plus de 2 % de la population québécoise est membre des Premières Nations. Malgré les efforts investis dans la promotion de la santé et la prévention de la maladie, une majorité d’entre eux souffrent de multiples maladies chroniques. Par ailleurs, le récent rapport de la Commission d’enquête sur les relations entre les Autochtones et certains services publics (CERP, 2019) a mis en lumière les barrières culturelles et les problèmes d’accès aux services de santé. La présence simultanée de ces enjeux, reliée notamment à certaines habitudes de vie et à l’accès aux soins, justifie la pertinence de mieux comprendre l’état de la situation. L'objectif général de ce projet doctoral est d’examiner les habitudes de vie et les services de santé offerts aux Premières Nations de la région de la Mauricie et Centre-du-Québec. Réalisé à l’aide d’un devis de recherche mixte (questionnaires et entretiens semi-dirigés), ce projet doctoral comporte trois sous-objectifs : (1) dresser un portrait des comportements alimentaires et d’activités physiques des Autochtones à l’aide d’un examen de la portée (étude 1); (2) explorer les comportements alimentaires et d’activités physiques des personnes issues des Premières Nations et les significations qui y sont associées (études 2a et 2b); et (3) examiner l’autoperception de la compétence culturelle des infirmières travaillant auprès de la clientèle autochtone (étude 3). Considérant l’aspect holistique de la santé, le cadre conceptuel qui oriente ce projet est celui du ministère de la Santé et des Services Sociaux (MSSS) portant sur la santé et ses déterminants, avec ces cinq catégories : le contexte global, les systèmes, les milieux de vie, les caractéristiques individuelles et l'état de santé de la population. Les résultats de l’étude 1 de cette thèse soulignent la transition alimentaire des Autochtones du Canada par une diminution de la consommation d’aliments traditionnels, qui renvoie à une baisse de la qualité nutritionnelle. Il y a également une pratique régulière d’activités physiques, malgré la présence de nombreuses barrières associées à l’environnement physique, économique et politique En ce qui concerne l’étude pilote 2a et son déploiement 2b, l’alimentation traditionnelle est apparu comme une constituante importante du menu, mais parfois difficilement disponible. Un écart est observé entre les recommandations du Guide alimentaire canadien (version Premières Nations, Inuit et Métis) et la réalité des participants, notamment quant à la consommation de fruits et légumes. Pour sa part, la pratique d’activités physiques des Premières Nations à l’étude est comparable à l’ensemble de la population québécoise. Aussi, les significations associées à ces deux habitudes de vie sont imprégnées d’une vision holistique, soit l’équilibre entre les aspects physiques, émotionnels, psychologiques et spirituels. Enfin, en ce qui concerne les résultats de l’étude 3, les infirmières du département de l’urgence, en centre hospitalier, qui agissent souvent en première ligne, se sentent moins confiantes dans leurs habiletés d’aborder certains aspects de la santé avec la clientèle autochtone et pour cause, la formation initiale sur ce sujet semble peu développée. Ce projet doctoral offre donc une meilleure compréhension des habitudes de vie et des services de santé offerts aux Premières Nations de la Mauricie et Centre-du-Québec. L’originalité du projet repose sur sa méthodologie mixte, l’implication de collaborateurs autochtones et la diversité des participants, résidant à la fois dans des communautés territoriales et des milieux urbains. Enfin, sa pertinence s’appuie sur les inégalités de santé vécues par les Autochtones, l'importance des compétences culturelles à développer et maintenir chez les professionnels de la santé, de même que l’importance sociale de ce sujet, qui est directement en lien avec les priorités actuelles de recherche et même politiques. / First Nations people comprise just over 2% of the Quebec population. Despite the effort invested in health promotion and disease prevention, a majority of them suffer from multiple chronic diseases. Moreover, the recent Public Inquiry Commission (2019) report on relations between Indigenous peoples (First Nations, Métis and Inuit) and certain public services in Quebec highlights the cultural barriers and problems Indigenous people encounter when accessing health services. The simultaneous presence of these concerns, which are related to particular lifestyle habits and access to care, justify the relevance of seeking a better understanding of the situation. The general objective of this doctoral project is to examine lifestyle habits and health services offered to the First Nations people of the Mauricie and Centre-du-Québec region. Conducted using a mixed research design (questionnaires and semi-structured interviews), this doctoral project has three sub-objectives: (1) to draw a portrait of Indigenous people’s eating behaviours and physical activities (study 1), (2) to explore the eating and physical activity behaviours of First Nations people and the meanings associated with them (studies 2a and 2b), and (3) to examine the self-perceptions of cultural competence among nurses working with Indigenous clientele (study 3). Considering the holistic aspect of health, the conceptual framework guiding this project is that of the Ministry of Health and Social Services of Quebec (MHSSQ) on health and its determinants using five categories: the global context, systems, living environments, individual characteristics and the health status of the population. Two-eyed seeing and cultural safety are also concepts that guides the entire research process. In this thesis, the results of study 1 emphasize the dietary transition of Indigenous people in Canada through a decrease in the consumption of traditional foods, which is related to a decrease in nutritional quality. Also, there is regular physical activity, despite the presence of many barriers associated with the physical, economic and political environment. In the pilot study 2a and its deployment 2b, traditional food appeared to be an important component of the menu, but sometimes difficult to obtain. A gap was observed between the recommendations of Canada's Food Guide (First Nations, Inuit and Métis version) and the reality of the participants, particularly with regard to the consumption of fruits and vegetables. While the physical activity level of the First Nations in the study is comparable to that of the general Quebec population. Also, the meanings associated with these two lifestyle are imbued with a holistic vision, namely, the balance of physical, emotional, psychological and spiritual elements. Then, with respect to the results of study 3, nurses in hospital emergency departments, who are often an individual’s first contact with health services, lack confidence in their ability to address particular aspects of health with Indigenous clientele. This is understandable, as initial training for nurses on this issue does not seem to be well developed. This doctoral project provides a better understanding of the lifestyle habits of First Nations people in the Mauricie and Centre-du-Québec region and the health services offered to them, and it may increase awareness of this clientele’s the region’s health issues among staff in the area’s health networks. Its originality is derived from its mixed methodology, the involvement of First Nations patients as partners and the diversity of the First Nations participants who reside in both territorial communities and urban settings. Finally, its relevance is based on the health inequalities experienced by Indigenous people, the importance of developing and maintaining cultural competencies among health care professionals and the high social relevance of its topic, which is directly related to current research and even political priorities.

The paper analyzes the role and place of the Ainu in Japanese society at the end of XX – beginning of XXI century. The author explores Japan’s policy towards ethnic minorities and а development of the Ainu people's national movement. The author also investigates changes in living conditions of Japan’s indigenous people in recent decades, defines a current state of the Ainu language and culture. / Работа посвящена анализу места и роли айнов в японском обществе в конце XX – начале XXI вв. Автор раскрывает особенности политики Японии в отношении этнических меньшинств, определяет динамику развития национального движения айнов, а также прослеживает изменения условий жизни коренного народа Японии в последние десятилетия и дает оценку современному состоянию его культуры и языка.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

This project engages with the Kogi, an Amerindian indigenous people from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range in northern Colombia. Kogi leaders have been engaging in a consistent ecological-political activism to protect the Sierra Nevada from environmentally harmful developments. More specifically, they have attempted to raise awareness and understanding among the wider public about why and how these activities are destructive according to their knowledge and relation to the world. The foreign nature of these underlying ontological understandings, statements, and practices, has created difficulties in conveying them to mainstream, scientific society. Furthermore, the pre-determined cosmological foundations of Kogi society, continuously asserted by them, present a problem to anthropology in terms of suitable analytical categories. My work aims to clarify and understand Kogi environmental activism in their own terms, aided by anthropological concepts and “Western” forms of expression. I elucidate and explain how Kogi ecology and public politics are embedded in an old, integrated, and complex way of being, knowing, and perceiving on the Sierra Nevada. I argue that theoretically this task involves taking a realist approach that recognises the Kogi’s cause as intended truth claims of practical environmental relevance. By avoiding constructivist and interpretivist approaches, as well as the recent “ontological pluralism” in anthropology, I seek to do justice to the Kogi’s own essentialist and universalist ontological principles, which also implies following their epistemological rationale. For this purpose, I immersed myself for two years in Kogi life on the Sierra, and focused on structured learning sessions with three Mamas, Kogi spiritual leaders and knowledge specialists. I reflect on how this interaction was possible because my project was compatible with the Mamas’ own desire to clarify and contextualise the Kogi ecological cause. After presenting this experience, I analyse the material as a multifaceted, interrelated, and elaborate system to reflect the organic, structured composition of Kogi and Sierra, also consciously conveyed as such by the Mamas. I hereby intend to show how the Kogi reproduce, live, and sustain this system through daily practices and institutions, and according to cosmological principles that guide a knowledgeable, ecological relationality with things, called ‘the Law of Origin’. To describe this system, I develop a correspondingly holistic and necessary integration of the anthropological concepts of cosmology, ontology, epistemology, and ecology. Based on this, I argue that Kogi eco-politics are equally embedded in this system, and constitute a contemporary attempt to maintain their regulatory relations with the Sierra Nevada and complement their everyday care-taking practices and rituals. In Kogi terms, this continuity and coherence is a moral imperative and environmental necessity. Thus framing and clarifying Kogi eco-politics may enrich insights into the nature of indigenous ecological knowledge, and may help address environmental problems.