Partant de problématiques statistiques rencontrées dans l'étude du traitement antirétroviral des adultes infectés par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) en Afrique subsaharienne, cette thèse cherche, d'une part, à favoriser la vulgarisation d'outils méthodologiques relativement récents auprès d'un public d'utilisateurs moins avertis et, d'autre part, à participer au développement de nouveaux outils. Le premier chapitre présente différentes méthodes de modélisation des données longitudinales dont des méthodes d'analyse de l'évolution d'un critère au cours du temps (les modèles linéaires mixtes généralisés et les modèles d'équations d'estimation généralisées) ou de la survenue d'un évènement au cours du temps (le modèle semi-paramétrique de Cox et ses extensions à la prise en compte des covariables dépendantes du temps et de la censure informative). Le deuxième chapitre s'intéresse aux tests de non-infériorité et propose deux développements de la procédure classique de ces tests pour les cas où la marge de non-infériorité est relative. Enfin, le troisième chapitre aborde la question des données manquantes et propose une extension de la méthode d'imputation multiple par les distributions conditionnelles univariées qui consiste à prendre en compte des effets non-linéaires des covariables dans les modèles d'imputation par des fonctions B-splines. Ces méthodes sont illustrées par des études sur le VIH au Cameroun et au Sénégal. / On the basis of statistical challenges encountered in study of antiretroviral treatment of adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in sub-Saharan Africa, this thesis aims to promote the dissemination of relatively recent methodological tools of less aware audience of users on one hand and to participate to development of new tools on the other hand. The first chapter presents various methods for modeling longitudinal data of which analysis methods for changing of a criterion over time (the generalized linear mixed models and models of generalized estimating equations) or the occurrence of an event over time (the semi-parametric Cox model and its extensions to take into account time-dependent covariates and informative censoring). The second chapter focuses on non-inferiority test and provides two developments of the classical procedure of these tests in cases where the non-inferiority margin is relative. The third chapter addresses the question of missing data and proposes an extension of the multiple imputation method based on fully conditional specification, to take into account nonlinear effects of covariates in the imputation models using B-splines functions. These methods are illustrated by studies on HIV in Cameroon and Senegal.

Comparing the efficacy of different treatments in psychiatry is difficult for many reasons, even when they are investigated in `head-to-head' studies. A consensus meeting was, therefore, held to produce best practice guidelines for such studies. This article presents the conclusions of this consensus and illustrates it using published data in the field of antidepressant treatment of generalized anxiety disorder.

For racial minority faculty, racism is associated with adverse outcomes, including poor job satisfaction and less motivation, which may lead faculty to leave the teaching profession. It is unknown what relationships, if any, exist among perceived racial microaggression, job satisfaction, and employee motivation among African American (AA) faculty and other faculty of color in colleges and universities in the southeastern United States. Critical race theory provided a framework to investigate the relationship of perceived racial microaggressions toward AA faculty and other faculty of color with motivation and job satisfaction. This study involved a correlational design using multiple linear regressions to determine the relationships between the variables in a sample of 42 AA faculty and other faculty of color. In the multiple linear regression analysis, the predictor variables were 6 microaggression subscales (assumptions of inferiority, second-class citizen and assumption of criminality, microinvalidations, exoticization/assumptions of similarity, environmental microaggressions, and workplace and school micro-aggressions). The outcome variables were employee motivation and job satisfaction. The results of the analysis indicated no significant relationships between perceived level of microaggressions and job satisfaction or between perceived level of microaggressions and employee motivation. To determine possible bivariate relationships, Pearson's correlations were performed. Assumptions of inferiority and microinvalidations were negatively correlated with job satisfaction, which suggests that when examined in isolation, higher assumptions of inferiority and microinvalidations were associated with lower levels of job satisfaction. Implications for positive social change pertain to ways that oppression and racism can be eliminated in colleges and universities.

Insomni är ett vanligt problem och det finns behov av ökad tillgänglighet till kostnadseffektiva behandlingar. Syftet var att undersöka om en enkomponentsbehandling (EK), bestående av sömnrestriktion/sömnkomprimering, var non-inferior till en multikomponent (MK) KBT- behandling vid insomni och om det fanns en skillnad i symtomreduktion. Gränsvärden för non- inferiority var d = 0.8, utifrån tidigare forskning, respektive en strängare gräns d = 0.4. Data från en forskningsstudie där deltagarna erhöll EK (n = 193) jämfördes mot en riktlinje i form av en KBT-behandling i reguljärvården, MK (n = 289). Båda grupper erhöll behandling via samma internetplattform, och Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) användes som utfallsmått. Resultaten visade att EK inte kunde bekräftas som non-inferior till MK direkt efter behandling eller vid 1-årsuppföljning när en sträng gräns användes. När en liberal gräns användes kunde EK bekräftas som non-inferior direkt efter behandling men inte ett år senare. Direkt efter behandling och vid 1-årsuppföljningen visade båda grupperna en signifikant minskning av insomnisymtom, men vid 1-årsuppföljningen visade MK en större minskning. Ett stort bortfall vid 1-årsuppföljning och mer terapeutstöd för MK kan ha påverkat resultaten. Fler RCT-studier med långtidsuppföljningar behövs inom området, och även studier på andra populationer. MK är att föredra, men vid begränsade resurser kan EK erbjudas med god effekt på både kort och lång sikt. / Insomnia is a common problem and there is a need for increased accessibility to cost-effective treatments. The purpose was to examine if an one-component treatment (EK), consisting of sleep-restriction/sleep-compression, were non-inferior to a multi-component (MK) CBT treatment for insomnia and if there was a difference in symptom reduction. The prestated margins for non-inferiority were d = 0.8, based on previous research, and a stricter margin of d = 0.4. Data from a research study where participants received EK (n = 193) was compared to a benchmark consisting of a CBT treatment in regular health care (MK) (n = 289). Both groups received treatment at the same Internet platform, and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) was used as outcome measurement. The results showed that EK could not be confirmed as non-inferior to MK directly after treatment or at the one-year follow up when using a strict limit. When a liberal limit was used, EK could be confirmed as non-inferior directly after treatment but not one year later. Directly after treatment and at the one-year follow up both groups showed a significant symptom reduction, but at the one-year follow up MK showed a greater reduction. A large number of missing data at the one-year follow up and more therapeutic support in MK may have affected the results. More RCT-studies with longterm follow ups are needed in the area, and also studies of other populations. MK is preferable, but with limited resources EK can be offered with good effect both short term and long term.

Educational Studies / M. Ed.

There is scant research concerning youth development programmes specifically from Adler's (1968) Individual Psychology perspective. Current programmes seem to be void of critical issues that are important in the local context because of their having a strong bias towards the Western perspective. Thus, the present research project sought firstly to assist the Previously Disadvantaged Youth (PDY) to develop constructive lifestyles characterised by self-mastery, encouragement, creativity and social interest. Secondly, it aimed to obtain specific local African input that would help expand the current Personal Life Planning Programme (PLPP) to one that addresses the unique needs and circumstances confronting South African PDYs today. Finally, it attempted to test the validity, scope and merit of Adler's theoretical assertion, within the context of the previously disadvantaged communities in South Africa, that all humans are engaged in a lifelong striving for superiority to overcome perpetual feelings of inferiority and life tasks. The latter objectives were addressed through the implementation of the PLPP. The study, as well as the related PLPP, is strongly founded on Adler's Individual Psychology (Adler, 1968; Ansbacher & Ansbacher 1956; Corsini & Wedding, 2005; Meyer et al., 2003; Prochaska & Narcross cited in Osborn, 2001). The relevant data were collected from a sample of matriculants from the PDY population living in a black township near Pretoria. The information was collected by means of the PLPP workbook; semi structured interviews, as well as, audiovisual equipment. A combination of a "Pre-structured Case Outline" and the related "Sequential Analysis" (Miles & Huberman, 1994, p. 85) was adopted, with the researcher undertaking the entire data management process. In addition to confirming the applicability of Adler's theory within the PDY context, the findings suggest that the research objectives were significantly met, i.e. the participants reported and displayed marked lifestyle improvements along with specific life skills development needs related to their deprivation. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

Using the literary device of a fictional interview between the artist and a sympathetic intellectual, I explore concepts relating to subjectivity, pedagogy, memory, “Southernness,” whiteness, the deceptive nature of images, social justice, and 20th century art as they relate to a contemporary artistic practice.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:47:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosana Bignami Grecchi.pdf: 838834 bytes, checksum: 5fae7dcc9db542c34630e2cedc6c6591 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-01 / The present work is based on the conception that the Brazilian identity has been constructed in accordance with the "Myth of the Three Races" White, Indian and Black, and in which pillar the condition of each component element is structured. It is affirmed that racial prejudice doesn't exist in Brazil and that Brazilian is a homogeneous and crossbred fusing of people, originated from the mixture of the three mentioned races. It is also believed that Brazil, in having racial prejudice, its manifestations are less severe than in other regions of the World. The study seeks to deepen the racial question in the hybrid composition of the Brazilian cultural identity. It describes terms like race and ethnicity, identity and hybridism, literary discourse and degradation (lowering). It reports on the condition of the Black in the composition of the Brazilian identity, verifying the circumstances in which the national identity has been formed. It analyzes the racial, social and cultural theories and the discourse on the inferiority of the Black race. It analyzes Viva o Povo Brasileiro by João Ubaldo Ribeiro. It questions the use of the term race and seeks to identify in the literary discourse the evidential elements regarding racism in the language, bringing them to the light of the contemporary context, in the guise of conclusion. / O presente trabalho apoia-se na concepção de que a identidade brasileira foi construída à vista do "mito das três raças", a saber, branca, amarela e negra. Tal composição híbrida satisfaz a ideia de que cada uma das três raças serviu de suporte à constituição do povo brasileiro, sendo que a dissipação dos primeiros dá ensejo ao florescimento deste último. Afirma-se que não há preconceito racial no Brasil e que o povo brasileiro é uma fusão homogênea e mestiça, originária da mistura das raças citadas. Acredita-se também que, em havendo preconceito, as suas manifestações são menos severas do que as manifestações racistas em outras regiões do mundo. O estudo procura aprofundar a questão racial na composição híbrida da identidade cultural brasileira. Descreve termos como raça e etnia, identidade e hibridismo, discurso literário e rebaixamento. Relata a condição do negro na composição da identidade brasileira, verificando as condições em que se deu a formação da identidade nacional. Analisa as teorias raciais, sociais e culturais e o discurso sobre a inferioridade da raça negra. Analisa a obra Viva o Povo Brasileiro de João Ubaldo Ribeiro. Questiona a utilização do termo raça e procura identificar no discurso literário os elementos comprobatórios na linguagem, a respeito do racismo, trazendo-os à luz do contexto contemporâneo, à guisa de conclusão.

No description available.

There is scant research concerning youth development programmes specifically from Adler's (1968) Individual Psychology perspective. Current programmes seem to be void of critical issues that are important in the local context because of their having a strong bias towards the Western perspective. Thus, the present research project sought firstly to assist the Previously Disadvantaged Youth (PDY) to develop constructive lifestyles characterised by self-mastery, encouragement, creativity and social interest. Secondly, it aimed to obtain specific local African input that would help expand the current Personal Life Planning Programme (PLPP) to one that addresses the unique needs and circumstances confronting South African PDYs today. Finally, it attempted to test the validity, scope and merit of Adler's theoretical assertion, within the context of the previously disadvantaged communities in South Africa, that all humans are engaged in a lifelong striving for superiority to overcome perpetual feelings of inferiority and life tasks. The latter objectives were addressed through the implementation of the PLPP. The study, as well as the related PLPP, is strongly founded on Adler's Individual Psychology (Adler, 1968; Ansbacher & Ansbacher 1956; Corsini & Wedding, 2005; Meyer et al., 2003; Prochaska & Narcross cited in Osborn, 2001). The relevant data were collected from a sample of matriculants from the PDY population living in a black township near Pretoria. The information was collected by means of the PLPP workbook; semi structured interviews, as well as, audiovisual equipment. A combination of a "Pre-structured Case Outline" and the related "Sequential Analysis" (Miles & Huberman, 1994, p. 85) was adopted, with the researcher undertaking the entire data management process. In addition to confirming the applicability of Adler's theory within the PDY context, the findings suggest that the research objectives were significantly met, i.e. the participants reported and displayed marked lifestyle improvements along with specific life skills development needs related to their deprivation. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)