The industry that shows the strongest growth and development online is the foodindusty. The prognosis shows that this development will only continue to increase. One problem with the online grocery shopping lies in the fact that consumers find it difficult to differentiate the product packaging. Consumers also find it more difficult to evaluate the product traits online versus in physical stores. Companies must therefore start thinking about designing packaging that should also fit digitally. Companies who do not adapt to the new digital landscape run the risk of losing customers, see the margins fall and being out- competed by other companies who have come further in this work. This study therefore aims to analyze which communicative elements on the digital packaging that consumers consider ease their purchasing decisions when shopping for groceries online. This is to be able to create direct communication on the digital packaging which in turn can lead to purchases. In order to examine this, theories in visual communication and consumer purchasing behavior have been analyzed as secondary data together with primary data in the form of three focus groups and fifteen semi-structured interviews. The interview answers have then been analyzed and set against previous theories. This led to the following conclusions: The communicative elements on the digital packaging that consumers consider eases their purchasing decisions when shopping for groceries online are: Consumers want to be able to easily see the brand's logotype and quantity/volume must be clearly stated. It is also important to have an image presenting the packaging's content, clearly state what the product is and labels, especially in the form of eco-labels and origin. / Den bransch som visar på den starkaste tillväxten och utvecklingen online är livsmedelshandeln. Prognosen visar att denna utveckling bara kommer fortsätta öka. En problematik med handeln av livsmedel online ligger i att konsumenter nästan inte ser någon skillnad på förpackningarna. Konsumenter har även svårare att utvärdera produktegenskaper online kontra fysisk butik. Företag måste därmed börja tänka på att designa förpackningar som även ska passa digitalt. Företag som inte anpassar sig till det nya digitala landskapet riskerar förlora kunder, se marginalerna falla och bli utkonkurrerade av andra aktörer som kommit längre i detta arbete. Denna studie syftar därmed till att undersöka vilka kommunikativa element på digitala förpackningar som konsumenter anser underlättar deras köpbeslut när de handlar livsmedel online. Detta för att kunna skapa en tydlig kommunikation på digitala förpackningar som i sin tur ska kunna leda till köp. För att undersöka detta har författarna analyserat teorier inom visuell kommunikation och konsumentköpbeteende som sekundärdata tillsammans med primärdata i form av tre fokusgrupper samt femton semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjusvaren har sedan analyserats och ställts mot tidigare teorier. Våra slutsatser är följande: De kommunikativa element på digitala förpackningar som konsumenter anser underlättar deras köpbeslut när de handlar livsmedel online är: Att lätt kunna se varumärkets logotyp och att mängd/volym tydligt framgår. Det är också viktigt med en bild som förmedlar förpackningens innehåll, vad det är för produkt och märkningar, framförallt i form av miljömärkningar och ursprung.

La relation individuelle de travail a pour particularité de reposer traditionnellement sur une inégalité des parties. Ce sentiment d'inégalité des forces est perçue dans la relation individuelle de travail toute entière. Ainsi, la supériorité de l'employeur est ressentie au travers de la subordination juridique qui lie inéluctablement le salarié à son employeur. De même, cette supériorité est perceptible lors de l'élaboration de la relation individuelle de travail qui repose théoriquement sur la sujétion de la partie faible. Aussi, se fondant sur les évolutions proposées par le droit commun, nous souhaitons démontrer que le développement de l'information contribue à réduire la domination subie par le salarié. Ainsi, la première partie de ce travail tente d'apporter la démonstration selon laquelle le salarié, partie faible lors de la création de la relation de travail, peut se libérer de celle-ci au moyen de l'information. Cette dernière offre, tantôt par son effet obligatoire, tantôt par son effet libérateur une solidité certaine à l'acte d'engagement du salarié. Une fois la relation de travail établie, le salarié estlogiquement soumis aux pouvoirs reconnus à l'employeur. La deuxième partie de ce travail se propose donc d'entrevoir la manière avec laquelle l'information permet de contourner la force d'attraction de ces pouvoirs qui, s'ils ne sont pas mis en oeuvre de façon transparente, font perdre à l'employeur sa légitimité à agir. / The individual employment relationship has the particularity to rely on traditionally unequal parties. This feeling of inequality is perceived strengths in the individual employment relationship as a whole. Thus, the superiority of the employer is felt through the legal subordination that inevitably binds the employee to the employer. Similarly, this superiority is evident in the development of the individual employment relationship based theoretically on the subjection of the weaker party. Also, based on the changes proposed by the law, we want to demonstrate that the development of information helps to reduce the domination suffered by the employee. Thus, the first part of this work attempts to provide proof that the employee weakest part in the creation of the employment relationship, can get rid of it using the information. This latest offering, sometimes by its binding effect, sometimes by liberating some solidity to the act of engagement of the employee. Once the working relationship, the employee is logically subject to the powers granted to the employer. The second part of this work proposes a glimpse of the way in which the information is used to bypass the pull of those powers which, if they are not implemented in a transparent manner, are lost to the employer legitimacy to act.

L’objectif de cette thèse doctorale est de contribuer à l’ensemble de la recherche sur les agences de notation. Elle couvre les trois aspects : théorique, conceptuel et empirique. La première partie se focalise sur le Néo-Institutionnalisme. Le Capitalisme d’État propre au marché chinois a été mis en avant, et un bilan comparatif a été dressé entre les marchés chinois et européens. Une analyse dynamique nous permet ensuite d’illustrer l’interaction des agences de notation avec les autorités régulatrices, les émetteurs de titres financiers, et les investisseurs. Dans la seconde partie, nous avons réalisé une vaste revue de la littérature, et proposé d’ajouter les spécificités institutionnelles chinoises aux variables déjà prises en compte dans les études. Au niveau de la méthodologie, certains outils qualitatifs et quantitatifs ont été envisagés. Diverses approches sont choisies en fonction du contenu de chacun des chapitres : le rôle, la stratégie et l’impact des agences de notation en Chine.Premièrement, par une approche comparative, nous avons montré qu'en Chine, le rôle des agences de notation ne se limitait pas à celui qui leur est habituellement assigné. Il semble aussi que les agences de notations se laissent tenter par le « rating shopping », le « split rating » et le « rating inflation », sous la pression des émetteurs. En revanche, les investisseurs sont relativement prudents lors de « multiples ratings ». Deuxièmement, nous avons mis en évidence que les agences de notation internationales ont tendance à noter plus strictement que les agences locales. Nous nous sommes rendu compte que les comportements stratégiques variaient d’une à l’autre, lorsque l’on étudie les déterminants des notations initiales des émetteurs. Troisièmement, en menant une étude d’événements sur le marché chinois des actions, nous avons trouvé des rendements anormaux significatifs sur quelques sous-échantillons des « modifications de notation », après avoir adopté différentes méthodes d’estimation, et mené divers tests paramétriques et non-paramétriques. Enfin, les analyses et résultats que nous avons apportés au cours de chaque chapitre empirique, ont enrichi en retour, nos discussions sur l’environnement institutionnel du marché chinois / In this Ph.D. thesis, we aim to contribute to the entire research on CRAs, with theoretical, conceptual and empirical aspects. We used the New-institutionalism as a theoretical frame of reference to justify the importance to have a good understanding of Chinese institutional characteristics. Chinese State-capitalism and Socialist-market economics, along with the interaction of CRAs with regulators, issuers and investors are devoted to setting the stage. We implemented various methodological approaches that seemed the most appropriate, on the sample that the most suitable, according to each of the objectives that we set, to better comprehend CRAs’ role, strategy and impact, under Chinese market context.Firstly, we found that CRAs were not expected to play “their main role” in assessing the credit default risk for market investment in China, as they are usually assigned to do so in Europe, and other developed countries. After running the frequency test, to register the words most used in the written regulatory and normative documents, we concluded that the expectation of roles of CRAs was also different in Continental China and in Hong Kong. At the expectation of issuers, CRAs also seem to play a role in rating “shopping”, in split rating, and even in rating inflation. Investors are very cautious to the multiple ratings. Secondly, by using logistic models, we found that global CRAs tend to rate more strictly than local CRAs, ceteris paribus. We also realized that the strategical behaviors of Chinese local CRAs are distinctive one from the other, when we studied the determinants “behind” initial issuer ratings. These findings confirmed the preliminary quantitative tests that we executed on the descriptive data. Thirdly, we failed to find informative impact of credit rating changes on the stock market, through a classic event study relying on the market model. Even if we refined the methodology by completing GARCH to OLS estimation model, and non-parametric tests to parametric tests, we only found significant outcomes in some subsamples, and for negative watch-lists.In the end, the analyses we led and the findings we reported from each of these empirical chapters have contributed to enrich, in return, our discussion of Chinese institutional characteristics

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:17:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro Pires Salvador.pdf: 1533863 bytes, checksum: 0ad9fa1b5d34a4c29ae31fb8463b8761 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research work attempts to comprehend the way through which the media is capable of distorting, amplifying, minimizing, creating or hiding perceived realities, as it follows the ideological line (named "editorial line"), although usually it is not assumed. It is understood that there is a relationship between the State, the market and the media as institutions that maintain power over society. Corporate media, as a group of companies, is aligned with the market in two ways: through means of prot, common to any capitalist corporation, and as a representative of ideologically hidden interests. With this in mind, the research work investigated the roots of the contemporary cultural context, focusing on a serious crisis in the Brazilian airline market, a crisis which culminated in an airplane accident with 199 deaths. In this event, the media made it clear that the market dominated over the State, with respect to the first reality (to the following of regulations and physical limitations) as well as the second reality (weakening of the State and defending the hypothesis that the market regulates itself following natural laws, which are ideologically built). We investigated how the methods that are appropriate to the analysis of physical and biological phenomena, when applied in journalism, hide the essential causes of that which is investigated, well as the possible interests, and how this approach has been ideologically used in different Communication Schools as well as by journalistic work. The research work focused on media coverage by the electronic version of the Folha de São Paulo newspaper (Folha Online) related to the developments of the airline crisis up to the point of the TAM Flight 3054 disaster. Thereafter, it focused on three facts which, as covered by the general media, could not be clearly understood or interpreted by the general public / Esta pesquisa busca compreender de que modo a mídia é capaz de distorcer, amplificar, minimizar ou criar e ocultar realidades, segundo a linha ideológica (chamada "linha editorial") adotada pelo veículo, embora freqüentemente não assumida. Entendemos existir uma relação entre o Estado, o mercado e a mídia como instituições que detêm poder sobre a sociedade. A mídia corporativa, enquanto conjunto de empresas, apresenta-se duplamente alinhada ao mercado: seja pelos fins lucrativos que tem em comum a qualquer outra corporação tipicamente capitalista, seja por servir como representante de interesses ideologicamente ocultados. Com este foco, o presente trabalho de pesquisa investigou as raízes do contexto cultural atual, dentro do qual ocorreu uma grave crise no mercado de transporte aéreo brasileiro que teve como ápice um acidente com 199 vítimas fatais. A cobertura midiática deste evento permite concluir que o mercado venceu o Estado tanto no que diz respeito à primeira realidade (respeito a regulamentos e limitações físicas) quanto à segunda (enfraquecimento do Estado e defesa da hipótese de que o mercado se auto-regula de acordo com leis naturais, ideologicamente construídas). Investigamos como métodos que são adequados à análise de fenômenos físicos e biológicos, ao serem aplicados no jornalismo, escondem as causas essenciais daquilo que é investigado, bem como de possíveis interesses em jogo, e como esta abordagem tem sido ideologicamente utilizada tanto por pesquisas realizadas em influentes Escolas de Comunicação, quanto pela própria praxis jornalística. A pesquisa focou a cobertura do jornal Folha de São Paulo, em sua versão eletrônica Folha Online, sobre o desenvolvimento da crise aérea até o acidente do Vôo 3054 da TAM. A partir daí, focou sobre três fatos que, da maneira como foram cobertos pela mídia em geral, não puderam ser claramente compreendidos ou interpretados pelo público em geral

How and what companies publishes on social media have become more important. Different types of post generate different type of effects and if companies want to create brand loyalty and brand trust they must take this in consideration. Consumers want to be reached by content that is personal, they also want to feel that the companies deliver something of value. Content marketing deals with this aspect and focus on helping, informing and entertaining the recipients. This study examines informative, personal and entertaining posts and how they affect brand trust and brand loyalty. A quantitative method have been used in this study and a survey was used to gather data. 150 respondents answered the survey and the data was analysed with a bivariate and multivariate method in the statistic programme SPSS. The result of the study show that all three types of posts are important to use if companies publish posts on social media. The study contributes with knowledge of informative, personal and entertaining post and what effect they have on brand trust and brand loyalty. Informative and personal types of post have a significant and positive effect on brand trust. Brand loyalty is affected by all three types of post and the effects is positive. / Hur och vad företag publicerar på sociala medier har blivit allt viktigare. Olika typer av inlägg genererar olika effekter och vill företag skapa varumärkestillit och varumärkeslojalitet måste de ha detta i beaktande. Konsumenter vill bli nådda av innehåll som känns personligt och känna att företagen levererar något värdebringande. Innehållsmarknadsföring behandlar denna aspekt och fokuserar på att hjälpa, informera och underhålla mottagarna. Denna studie undersöker typerna av inlägg, informerande, personliga och underhållande och hur de påverkar varumärkestillit och varumärkeslojalitet. I studien har en kvantitativ metod använts och en enkätundersökning användes för att samla in data. 150 respondenter besvarade enkäten och data analyserades därefter med en bivariat analys samt multivariata analyser i statistikprogrammet SPSS. Studiens resultat visar att alla typerna av inlägg är viktiga att använda om företag publicerar inlägg på sociala medier. Studien bidrar med kunskap om vilka effekter informerande, personliga och underhållande inlägg har på varumärkestillit och varumärkeslojalitet. Informerande och personliga inlägg har en signifikant och en positiv effekt på varumärkestillit. När det gäller varumärkeslojalitet anses alla tre typerna av inlägg vara signifikanta samt att de har en positiv effekt på varumärkeslojalitet.

Pension schemes are facing more difficulties on matching their underlying liabilities with assets, mainly due to faster mortality improvements for their underlying populations, better environments and medical treatments and historically low interest rates. Given most of the pension schemes are relatively much smaller than the national population, modelling and forecasting the small populations' longevity risk become urgent tasks for both the industrial practitioners and academic researchers. This thesis starts with a systematic analysis on the influence of population size on the uncertainties of mortality estimates and forecasts with a stochastic mortality model, based on a parametric bootstrap methodology with England and Wales males as our benchmark population. The population size has significant effect on the uncertainty of mortality estimates and forecasts. The volatilities of small populations are over-estimated by the maximum likelihood estimators. A Bayesian model is developed to improve the estimation of the volatilities and the predictions of mortality rates for the small populations by employing the information of larger population with informative prior distributions. The new model is validated with the simulated small death scenarios. The Bayesian methodologies generate smoothed estimations for the mortality rates. Moreover, a methodology is introduced to use the information of large population for obtaining unbiased volatilities estimations given the underlying prior settings. At last, an empirical study is carried out based on the Scotland mortality dataset.

The present study is based on a translation of a text about wine and wine-making, from French to Swedish. The purpose has been to identify and find solutions for the challenges that can arise in the translation of a text containing numerous descriptions of sensory sensations, i.e. tastes, smells, appearance and touch, in the field of wine. Based on a set of data retrieved from the two texts, our study is focusing on the deviations between descriptions of wine and grape varietals as to their grammatical or linguistic categories in the two languages. We have looked at three different types of descriptions: simple descriptors, metaphors and similes. Subsequently, these have been analyzed from a translation point of view in order to identify which tools are at the hands of the translator to render an idiomatic target text.

El impacto de Internet y la tecnología que la desarrolla está siendo un elemento de cambio en los procesos tradicionales en los que se desenvuelven los Medios de Comunicación Social, generando nuevos modelos comunicativos entre los que destacan los portales periodísticos como figuras emergentes. La situación actual es fruto de un proceso evolutivo desarrollado a lo largo de los últimos años, aunque la popularidad que posee la red Internet en la Sociedad de la Información ha propiciado una verdadera explosión en este ámbito. Resulta conveniente, no obstante, realizar una revisión exhaustiva de la evolución histórica del periodismo electrónico hasta llegar a los actuales niveles, donde los portales periodísticos se están consolidando como nuevos medios de comunicación social. Una percepción adecuada del estado de la cuestión, precisa de un análisis taxonómico de los componentes de estos portales: productos informativos, productos documentales y servicios de valor añadido. Esta observación permitirá definir el grado de desarrollo en el que se encuentran los portales periodísticos, señalando tanto los aspectos más positivos alcanzados como la serie de carencias identificadas, junto a las posibles tendencias de evolución que giran alrededor de la calidad del contenido. Fruto de la revisión se propone un modelo de referencia para el diseño de los portales periodísticos, con base en una serie de niveles de desarrollo que permitirán el establecimiento de un principio metodológico para futuros proyectos sobre esta cuestión, abordados tanto desde una perspectiva periodística como documental. / The impact of the Internet in the communicational dimension has made the structures of the traditional mass media to stagger, having generated new communicative models among which the journalistic portals outstand as the most relevant examples. The present situation is the result of an evolutionary process spanning throughout the last decade, although the growing popularity of the Internet in the Information Society has recently caused a true outbreak. It is advisable, however, to carry out an exhaustive revision of the whole evolution of Digital Journalism up to today's standards, with the journalistic portals turning into the new and independent mass media. A sensible perception of the this fact calls for a taxonomic analysis of the components of the portals: informative products, documentary products and added value services. This analysis will enable us to define the degree of development of the Journalistic Portals, bringing up both the most positive aspects as well as all the detected deficiencies, along with the most likely tendencies of evolution involving the quality of their contents. The final result of this revision should provide a model of reference for the designing and developing of Journalistic Portals, based upon a series of development levels that will grant a methodology background for future projects in this field, with both a journalistic focus and a documentary one.

Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous investiguons la capacité de chaque hémisphère cérébral à utiliser l’information visuelle disponible lors de la reconnaissance de mots. Il est généralement convenu que l’hémisphère gauche (HG) est mieux outillé pour la lecture que l’hémisphère droit (HD). De fait, les mécanismes visuoperceptifs utilisés en reconnaissance de mots se situent principalement dans l’HG (Cohen, Martinaud, Lemer et al., 2003). Puisque les lecteurs normaux utilisent optimalement des fréquences spatiales moyennes (environ 2,5 - 3 cycles par degré d’angle visuel) pour reconnaître les lettres, il est possible que l’HG les traite mieux que l’HD (Fiset, Gosselin, Blais et Arguin, 2006). Par ailleurs, les études portant sur la latéralisation hémisphérique utilisent habituellement un paradigme de présentation en périphérie visuelle. Il a été proposé que l’effet de l’excentricité visuelle sur la reconnaissance de mots soit inégal entre les hémichamps. Notamment, la première lettre est celle qui porte habituellement le plus d’information pour l’identification d’un mot. C’est aussi la plus excentrique lorsque le mot est présenté à l’hémichamp visuel gauche (HVG), ce qui peut nuire à son identification indépendamment des capacités de lecture de l’HD. L’objectif de la première étude est de déterminer le spectre de fréquences spatiales utilisé par l’HG et l’HD en reconnaissance de mots. Celui de la deuxième étude est d’explorer les biais créés par l’excentricité et la valeur informative des lettres lors de présentation en champs divisés. Premièrement, nous découvrons que le spectre de fréquences spatiales utilisé par les deux hémisphères en reconnaissance de mots est globalement similaire, même si l’HG requière moins d’information visuelle que l’HD pour atteindre le même niveau de performance. Étonnament toutefois, l’HD utilise de plus hautes fréquences spatiales pour identifier des mots plus longs. Deuxièmement, lors de présentation à l’HVG, nous trouvons que la 1re lettre, c’est à dire la plus excentrique, est parmi les mieux identifiées même lorsqu’elle a une plus grande valeur informative. Ceci est à l’encontre de l’hypothèse voulant que l’excentricité des lettres exerce un biais négatif pour les mots présentés à l’HVG. De façon intéressante, nos résultats suggèrent la présence d’une stratégie de traitement spécifique au lexique. / In this thesis, we investigate the cerebral hemispheres’ ability to use the available visual information for word recognition in lateral periphery. It is generally acknowledged that the left hemisphere (LH) is more able at reading than the right (RH). Accordingly, the visuoperceptual mechanisms of the brain for word recognition are primarily localized in the LH (Cohen, Martinaud, Lemer et al., 2003). As normal readers use medium spatial frequencies (about 2,5 – 3 cycles per degree of visual angle) to recognize words, it is possible that the LH is better tuned for processing these spatial frequencies than the RH (Fiset, Gosselin, Blais et Arguin, 2006). Furthermore, studies concerned with reading abilities in the cerebral hemispheres commonly present words in visual periphery. However, the effect of visual eccentricity on word recognition is thought to be unequal between hemifields, notably because the first letter in a word usually carries the most information for its accurate identification. It is also the most eccentric letter when a word is presented in the LVF, which may cause a negative bias for the identification of words presented to the LVF regardless of the actual reading capacities of the RH. The main objective of the first study is to determine the spatial frequency tuning functions of the LH and RH for word recognition. The goal of our second study is to explore letter identification biases for words presented to the left and right visual fields as a function of eccentricity by varying the information value of letter positions. Firstly, we discover that the spatial frequency tuning of both hemispheres is globally similar, even though the LH requires less visual information than the RH to reach the same level of performance. Surprisingly however, the RH requires higher spatial frequencies to identify longer words. Secondly, we find that for LVF displays, the first letter, i.e. the most eccentric, is among the most accurately identified, even when it has a greater information value. This argues against the hypothesis that letter eccentricity exerts a negative bias for words presented to the LVF. Interestingly, our findings also suggest a lexical-specific processing strategy.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:29:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Silva Miramoto.pdf: 624499 bytes, checksum: 90afd9ce930c2b7ca652891cf9622d4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The study shows how the Internet has increased the possibilities for communication of citizens in a way that was not possible in the period of concentration and control of the broadcasting media over the social information, thus providing space for the free flow of information and new communication possibilities. However, it points out that still exist disparities related to the access and the network usage in all its potentialities. The study verifies that at the current moment are still happening disputes regarding legislation concerning the rights and obligations of those who use the network. The thesis is grounded in the bibliographical and documentary research and based on authors who are researchers in the areas of Communication, Digital Technology, Free Social Information Right and Internet Legislation as Cilicia Peruzzo, Manuel Castells, Rousiley Maia, Sérgio Amadeu da Silveira, Tim Wu, Tim Berners-Lee, Walter Lima Junior, Wilson Gomes and Yochai Benkler. The result of the research shows that in the Brazilian scenario, the socioeconomic inequalities are both a factor of inequality regarding access as to the uses of the Internet, being a problem for those who wish to take ownership of this technological development with freedom. Therefore, it is up to the public sector interfering aiming to reduce the informative asymmetries to guarantee the right to communicate of the Brazilians in the space of the connected digital communication. / O estudo aponta como a internet ampliou as possibilidades de comunicação dos cidadãos de uma forma que não era possível no período do controle e concentração dos meios broadcasting sobre a informação social, assim, oferecendo espaço para a livre circulação de informação e novas possibilidades de comunicação. Entretanto, ressalta que ainda há assimetrias tanto do ponto de vista do acesso quanto do uso da rede em todas as suas potencialidades. Verifica que o atual momento ainda é de disputas em relação à legislação que diz respeito aos direitos e deveres dos que utilizam a rede. O trabalho foi realizado por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, tendo com base autores que pesquisam sobre as áreas da Comunicação, Tecnologias Digitais, Direito à Informação Social Livre e Legislação de internet, como Cicília Peruzzo, Manuel Castells, Rousiley Maia, Sérgio Amadeu da Silveira, Tim Wu, Tim Berners-Lee, Walter Lima Junior, Wilson Gomes e Yochai Benkler. O resultado da pesquisa demonstra que no cenário brasileiro, as desigualdades socioeconômicas são fator de desigualdade tanto em relação ao acesso quanto aos usos da internet, sendo dificultador para quem desejar se apropriar com liberdade deste desenvolvimento tecnológico. Portanto, cabe ao setor público interferir com vistas à diminuição das assimetrias informativas para garantir o direito de comunicação dos brasileiros no espaço de comunicação digital conectada.