The epidermis is composed of multiple cell strata where viable keratinocytes, in the basal layer (stratum basale (SB)), go through a range of steps with the final stage of being dead corneocytes in the outer most layer (stratum corneum (SC)). The differentiation, which can be thought of as programmed cell death, include several key processes that are essential for an intact skin barrier. The route from SB to SC is accompanied by changes, such as osmotic pressure and pH, that are believed to trigger some of these processes. In this project, HaCaT cells were incubated with, commonly used, skin care substances (urea, glycerol, transcutol and salicylic acid) to assess their impact on cell viability, by MTT-assay, and gene expression, by qPCR. Further, the relationship between osmotic pressure, viability and gene expression was studied. The excipients showed a dose-dependent decrease of keratinocyte viability which also was explained by elevated osmotic pressure when concentration was increased. Exceptions were however observed for transcutol, which showed protective features against osmotic stress. Upregulation of the genes were mainly observed when cells were treated with high concentrations. Involucrin was affected by the substances to a greater extent when compared to other markers. The upregulation of involucrin was however seen to be driven by the osmotic pressure rather than biological effects of the molecules. The project conclude that the viability and gene expression of the keratinocytes are highly related to the osmotic pressure and probably influences the differentiation to a greater extent than the molecules themselves.

Natural products and their derivatives have and are still used by humans for various health ailments due to their rich sources of drug discovery. New biologically active compounds from natural products play a key role in drug development. Marine sponges and their associated microbes contain a lot of bioactive compounds that are potential for drug development. These compounds produce chemical compounds with useful pharmaceutical properties such as antitumor, anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. The main focus of this project was on the antibacterial activity of six different sponge specimens. The aim was to screen the antibacterial activity of the sponge specimen’s extracts. In order to do so, a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration assay was performed to screen the sponge's antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Analytical HPLC was used for separation and Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) was used for determining the effect of salts towards the inhibition of anti-bacterial activity for two selected extracts. Ethanolic extract of Stylissa massa showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus. SPE would be a rapid purification step to remove the salts present in sponges at a high concentration but it has not shown a significant effect on the inhibition of antibacterial activity. However, further separation and purification need to be done to be able to completely screen for all the six different sponge specimens.

No description available.

The present thesis concerns theoretical studies of molecular interactions investigated by infrared and X-ray spectroscopic techniques, with emphasis on using the two technologies combined in pump probe experiments. Three main types of studies are addressed: the use of near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectra (NEXAFS) to manifest through-bond and through-space interactions; the role of hydrogen bonding on the formation of X-ray photoelectron spectra as evidenced by simulations of the water dimer; and the development of theory, with sample applications, for infrared X-ray pump probe spectroscopy - the main theme of the thesis. Ab initio calculations indicate that NEXAFS spectra give direct information about the through-bond and through-space interactions between vacant non-conjugated π* orbitals. It is found that the X-ray photoelectron spectrum of the water dimer differs strongly from the monomer spectrum in that two bands are observed, separated by the chemically shifted ionization potentials of the donor and the acceptor. The hydrogen bond is responsible for the anomalously strong broadening of these two bands. The studies show that X-ray core electron ionization of the water dimer driven by an infrared field is a proper technique to prove the proton transfered state contrary to conventional X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Our simulations of infrared X-ray pump-probe spectra were carried out using wave packet propagation techniques. The physical aspects of the proposed new X-ray spectroscopic method - phase sensitive Infrared - X-ray pump probe spectroscopy - are examined in detail in two sample applications - on the NO molecule and on the dynamics of proton transfer in core ionized water dimer. It is found that the phase of the infrared pump field strongly influences the trajectory of the nuclear wave packet on the ground state potential. This results in a phase dependence of the X-ray pump probe spectra. A proper choice of the delay time of the X-ray pulse allows to directly observe the X-ray transition in the proton transfered well of the core excited potential. / QC 20101125

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur estetiska lärprocesser kan bidra till en inkluderande undervisning i elevers utvecklande av literacy. Frågeställningarna berör begreppet estetiska lärprocesser, hur lärare beskriver att estetiska arbetsformer integreras med literacyhändelser och vilka möjligheter lärare ser i sådan undervisning ur ett inkluderande perspektiv. Studiens teoretiska ram utgörs av New Studies Literacy och empirin analyseras utifrån The four Literacy Model, resursmodellen (Freebody & Luuk, 1990). Studien är baserad på intervjuer med semistrukturerade forskningsfrågor. Fem lärare, med olika erfarenhet av estetiska lärprocesser som berättade fritt utifrån frågorna, intervjuades. Det huvudsakliga resultatet av studien synliggör hur elever, i literacyhändelser med estetiska arbetsformer, kan erbjudas praktiker som stödjer de fyra delarna i att utveckla literacy samt de möjligheter lärare ser i undervisning med estetiska lärprocesser, ur ett inkluderande perspektiv. / The purpose of the study is to investigate how aesthetic learning processes can contribute to an inclusive teaching in students' development of literacy. The questions concern the concept of aesthetic learning processes, how teachers describe that aesthetic forms of work are integrated with literacy events and what opportunities teachers see in such teaching from an inclusive perspective. The theoretical framework of the study consists of New Studies Literacy and the empirics are analyzed on the basis of The four Literacy Model (Freebody & Luuk, 1990). Five teachers were interviewed. The main result of the study shows how students, in literacy events with aesthetic forms of work, can be offered practice that support the four parts of developing literacy and the opportunities teachers see from an inclusive perspective.

Cardiac hypertrophy is when heart muscles thicken as an adaptive response to several stimuli. Prolonged pathological cardiac hypertrophy can lead to heart failure and severe cardiovascular diseases. Scientists have faced challenges in studying cardiac hypertrophy due to the lack of human cardiomyocytes available. Recently, hypertrophic model using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes was introduced. In this study, expression profiles of in vitroendothelin-1 induced cardiac hypertrophy model were investigated at different time points. The study aimed to examine molecular pathways associated with cardiac hypertrophy, identify biomarker candidates for cardiac hypertrophy, and investigate if there were known pharmaceuticals that putatively are targeting the suggested candidate biomarkers. Using the Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) software, GRM1, NPPA, and STC1 gene were identified as biomarker candidates for cardiac hypertrophy model across all time points. More biomarker candidates unique to the cardiac hypertrophy-stages were also identified using IPA. In vivomicroarray data of hypertrophied heart profiles were also used to compare to the in vitro data and preliminarily validate the gene candidates identified by IPA. Four genes were identified by IPA and were presented in the in vivo data. IPA also revealed the in activation of specific pathways of the early-stage cardiac hypertrophy model. The result suggested that the molecular mechanisms of the in vitro cardiac hypertrophy model did not fully represent the actual hypertrophic condition of the heart. More research and validation are required to understand the underlying mechanism fully and potentially, in the future, utilize the identified genes as cardiac hypertrophy biomarkers.

To improve the efficacy of the dendritic cell vaccine Alv B DC from Alv B, the PD-L1 expression in cancer cells was attempted to be reduced through a transfection with a custom designed siRNA. Before transfecting the dendritic cells, the siRNA functionality had to be tested through flow cytometry, that resulted in negative results and therefore led to a RT-qPCR protocol that indicated that the siRNA was functional. Protocols for the two methods were developed and a cell line expressing PD-L1 was set up as a tool for testing. The final goal of testing the effects in Alv B DC was never performed due compromising time but the positive result from the PCR provides a promising start to further testing.

Predicting evaporation is essential for managing water resources in basins. Improvement of the prediction accuracy is essential to identify adequate inputs on evaporation. In this study, artificial neural network (ANN) is coupled with several evolutionary algorithms, i.e., capuchin search algorithm (CSA), firefly algorithm (FFA), sine cosine algorithm (SCA), and genetic algorithm (GA) for robust training to predict daily evaporation of seven synoptic stations with different climates. The inclusive multiple model (IMM) is then used to predict evaporation based on established hybrid ANN models. The adjusting model parameters of the current study is a major challenge. Also, another challenge is the selection of the best inputs to the models. The IMM model had significantly improved the root mean square error (RMSE) and Nash Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) values of all the proposed models. The results for all stations indicated that the IMM model and ANN-CSA could outperform other models. The RMSE of the IMM was 18, 21, 22, 30, and 43% lower than those of the ANNCSA, ANN-SCA, ANN-FFA, ANN-GA, and ANN models in the Sharekord station. The MAE of the IMM was 0.112 mm/day, while it was 0.189 mm/day, 0.267 mm/day, 0.267 mm/day, 0.389 mm/day, 0.456 mm/day, and 0.512 mm/day for the ANN-CSA, ANN-SCA, and ANN-FFA, ANN-GA, and ANN models, respectively, in the Tehran station. The current study proved that the inclusive multiple models based on improved ANN models considering the fuzzy reasoning had the high ability to predict evaporation.

Mit Pädagogik der Vielfalt wird eine Konzeption bezeichnet, in der es um gleichberechtigte und für Verschiedenheit offene Bildung aller geht. Pädagogik der Vielfalt ist inklusive Pädagogik in Kindergärten, Schulen, außerschulischen Einrichtungen sowie in Angeboten der Erwachsenenbildung.

Hundens domesticering är en av de äldsta och tros ha startats 35000 f.n. Under domesticeringen från varg till hund, har hunden utvecklat både morfologiska och beteendemässiga skillnader så som bredare snot, högre skallar och minskat risktagande. Många av dessa skillnader tros bero på skillnader i aktiva regulatoriska regioner mellan arternas genom. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att kartlägga genomiska interaktioner för hjärnvävnader hos både hund och varg för att identifiera regulatoriska skillnader mellan arterna. Förhoppningsvis kan detta leda till nya insikter i genomiska skillnader som utvecklats under hundens domesticering. För att jämföra arternas regulatoriska regioner användes metoden Capture Hi-C (HiCap) på vävnadsprover av både hypotalamus och prefrontala cortex för varg och hund. HiCap är en metod utvecklad från chromosome conformation capture-metoden 3C. I HiCap så fixeras interagerande delar av DNA:t så att promotor-enhancerinteraktioner förblir. Dessa interagerande regioner ligeras sedan samman och biblioteksbereds för sekvensering. Genom sekvensering fastställs vilka promotorer som aktivt regleras av enhancers i cellkärnan. Hi-C bibliotek förberedes för alla vävnader för båda arterna. I vissa av biblioteken upptäcktes längre DNA-fragment som kan renas bort. På grund av avsaknad av probes för sequence capture så kunde laborationen ej fullföljas och därmed inga särskilda resultat erhållas. Om laborationen fullföljs kan resultaten förhoppningsvis ge nya epigenetiska insikter i hundens domesticering. / The domestication of dog to wolf started around 35000 BP and is believed to be the oldest domestication event among both plants and animals. During this event, dogs have developed differences in morphological and behavioural traits to their ancestors, such as wider snouts, higher skulls, and lower tendencies to taking risks. It is now suggested that many of these differences can be explained by differences in active regulatory regions. The main objective of this thesis is to map chromatin interactions in the genome of wolf and dog brain tissues to annotate regulatory variants between the canine species. This will hopefully provide novel information regarding genomic changes mediating traits gained through domestication. We will perform Capture Hi-C (HiCap) on tissue samples of hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex of wolf and dog. HiCap is a method derived from the chromosome capture method 3C. In HiCap, the interacting regions of the DNA are crosslinked, ensuring that promoter-enhancer interactions will not be lost. These interacting regions are then ligated together, followed by sequencing library preparation. Subsequently, sequencing of these libraries will provide information of which promoters are actively regulated by enhancers in the nucleus. We successfully prepared Hi-C libraries for all tissues and animals. However, there were longer fragments in some libraries which can be removed. Due to lack of necessary probes for sequence capture, the laboratory work was cut short and no major results were obtained. By continuing the laboratory work, hopefully these libraries will result in novel insights in the domestication of the dog.