<p>Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) is a relatively new method for learning a foreign language. CLIL programs are growing in popularity and more and more schools are adopting it all around the world. There is still no special education for the teachers working with CLIL, though research suggests it may be an effective method for achieving good results.To get a realistic view of the work of a CLIL teacher, I have interviewed four different mathematic teachers who work at CLIL international schools in Spain with English as the foreign language. I have compared their methods and experiences with the main ideas of current research in this particular field.The survey shows that the teachers’ views about how CLIL is to be used do not completely correspond to that of the research. My conclusion is therefore that training in CLIL is needed.</p> / <p>Språk och ämnesintegrerad inlärning (SPRINT) är ett relativt nytt sätt att lära sig språk på. SPRINT har växt sig allt starkare och fler och fler skolor satsar på denna metod världen över. Det finns ännu ingen specialiserad utbildning för lärare som arbetar med SPRINT -metoden, men många SPRINT - forskare menar att det vore nödvändigt med en sådan för att man skall uppnå goda resultat. För att göra mig en bild av hur SPRINT- lärare i verkligheten arbetar, har jag genomfört intervjuer med fyra matematiklärare som arbetar med SPRINT i Spanien på internationella skolor med engelska som inriktning. Jag har sedan jämfört dessa lärares metod och erfarenhet med vad forskningen säger.Undersökningen har visat att lärares uppfattning om hur SPRINT är menat att användas inte alltid stämmer överens med SPRINT – forskarnas.  Min slutsats blir därför att det skulle behövas en utbildning i denna metod.</p>

Symphony of the spheres in change? Learning in environment for sustainable development in primary school with a scientific and longitudinal approach. This research deals with learning in science, including learning in environment for sustainable development. Learning in environment and sustainable development are obligatory perspectives in science as well as in other school subjects. The longitudinal study started in 2003, concerning 28 pupils nine years of age in a city in southern Sweden. Data collection has been caught in the pupils’ science lessons from year 2003 to 2006. In order to analyse the pupils’ development of concepts in science and in environment for sustainable development, I have videotaped a lot of sequences from the science lessons and followed up with questionnaires and questions in interviews. Stimulated recall is used to find the teacher’s intentions and reactions on the outcome of the lessons. The results are analysed according to the Earth System Science (ESS) model. It is a model, which describes the relations and interactions between the natural spheres: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere as well as the biosphere, including man, and the technosphere/anthroposphere. The longitudinal approach resulted in important findings regarding the changes in the pupils’ answers over time. They develop complicated 'concept webs'. The concepts found among the pupils in this study are e.g. the hydrological cycle; life; soil; water in every day life; pollution; non-polluting busses as well as waste; collecting batteries; corrosion; greenhouse and the increasing greenhouse effect. Some concepts e.g. the hydrological cycle, life and soil can from the beginning be classified as concepts used in science, but also to describe what happens in the environment. Concepts as pollution; non-polluting busses; collecting batteries; corrosion; greenhouse and increasing greenhouse effect are used by the pupils to express relations and interactions in and between the natural spheres including man. The relation between man and nature is for the pupils an area of conflicts through the entire study when the pupils from a scientific approach will be aware of the impact on living ecosystems including themselves, today and in the future. The concepts are often connected to each other in a more or less complicated network, 'concepts webs'. The obtained results indicate that the Socratic dialogue is a possible and successful method to use for the development of pupils’ concepts in environmental questions and issues. Another finding in the study is how different methods, e.g. Play and learning, support environmental learning and learning for sustainable development during the science lessons. Play is important in integrated learning and gives opportunity to understand others’ perspectives, Theory of mind. The results indicate an integrated learning process by the pupils, implying in what way they express human impact on nature.

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) is a relatively new method for learning a foreign language. CLIL programs are growing in popularity and more and more schools are adopting it all around the world. There is still no special education for the teachers working with CLIL, though research suggests it may be an effective method for achieving good results.To get a realistic view of the work of a CLIL teacher, I have interviewed four different mathematic teachers who work at CLIL international schools in Spain with English as the foreign language. I have compared their methods and experiences with the main ideas of current research in this particular field.The survey shows that the teachers’ views about how CLIL is to be used do not completely correspond to that of the research. My conclusion is therefore that training in CLIL is needed. / Språk och ämnesintegrerad inlärning (SPRINT) är ett relativt nytt sätt att lära sig språk på. SPRINT har växt sig allt starkare och fler och fler skolor satsar på denna metod världen över. Det finns ännu ingen specialiserad utbildning för lärare som arbetar med SPRINT -metoden, men många SPRINT - forskare menar att det vore nödvändigt med en sådan för att man skall uppnå goda resultat. För att göra mig en bild av hur SPRINT- lärare i verkligheten arbetar, har jag genomfört intervjuer med fyra matematiklärare som arbetar med SPRINT i Spanien på internationella skolor med engelska som inriktning. Jag har sedan jämfört dessa lärares metod och erfarenhet med vad forskningen säger.Undersökningen har visat att lärares uppfattning om hur SPRINT är menat att användas inte alltid stämmer överens med SPRINT – forskarnas.  Min slutsats blir därför att det skulle behövas en utbildning i denna metod.

Questa ricerca si propone di chiarire alcuni aspetti dell’insegnamento e dell’apprendimento di alcune strategie comunicative in una Lingua straniera (LS) simile: i nostri informanti sono studenti ispanofoni provenienti dalla Spagna e sono tutti di livello B1 del Quadro Comune Europeo di Riferimento per le Lingue. Tutti studiano italiano come LS. Alcuni di loro studiano nelle università del paese e gli altri nelle scuole ufficiali di lingue (EOI). Cerchiamo di osservare il livello di consapevolezza pragmatica raggiunto da questi informanti su alcuni atti comunicativi nella lingua straniera che studiano, tramite un test effettuauto con questionari comunicativi. Gli atti comunicativi osservati sono le richieste, le giustificazioni e le chiusure di conversazione in una prima fase pilota e le giustificazioni e chiusure di conversazione nella fase principale dello studio. L'obiettivo della ricerca è quello di vedere se l'affinità linguistica può aiutare gli informanti che partecipano al test, anche se sappiamo che le funzioni comunicative sono sempre specifiche nelle diverse culture, nonostante la forte somiglianza tra spagnolo e italiano. Inoltre, cerchiamo di dimostrare la validità dello strumento metodologico che utilizziamo per raccogliere i dati di ricerca. Il DCT ("Discorse completion test ") sono stati utilizzati più volte per raccogliere dati sulla pragmatica dell’interlingua e dell’intercultura e crediamo che essi rappresentano un valido metodo per la raccolta dei dati in un momento specifico di apprendimento di una LS (in questo caso, a livello B1) per valutare il livello raggiunto in queste funzioni comunicative.Ci proponiamo quindi di scoprire cosa si nasconde in questo settore dell'insegnamento delle LS affini, con l'idea anche di proporre progetti per la realizzazione di libri di testo e altro materiale didattico e di promuovere l'apprendimento dell’italiano da parte degli studenti spagnoli nativi della Spagna. Questo studio cerca anche di fare un confronto tra lo spagnolo e l’italiano nel campo delle richieste e delle giustificazioni, e tenendo conto del fatto che tale lavoro non era stato fatto prima, questa ricerca può chiarire alcune cose in questo settore della pragmatica e rappresentare un punto di partenza per ulteriori studi. I risultati dell’analisi dei dati sono positivi, la maggior parte degli informanti ha fatto registrare prestazioni accettabili nel test e un ricercatore indipendente specializzato in linguistica, ha analizzato i dati e ha convalidato la ricerca con una percentuale molto alta di accordo con noi. Per risultati ancor piu’ definitivi saranno necessari altri studi che utilizzino altri strumenti di raccolta dati, ma questa ricerca gia’ rende chiaro che, nonostante la scarsità di trattamento degli atti comunicativi nei libri di testo, gli studenti spagnoli hanno una buona consapevolezza pragmatica delle formule strategiche necessarie in italiano, e cio’ e’dovuto a una buona somiglianza delle norme sociali che vengono utilizzate nelle due culture. / En esta investigación queremos aclarar unos aspectos de la enseñanza y aprendizaje de las estrategias comunicativas en una LE afín: nuestros informantes son estudiantes hispanohablantes de España, todos son de nivel B1 del marco común europeo de referencia para las lenguas. Todos estudian el italiano. Algunos informantes estudian en universidades del país y otros en Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas (EOI). Intentamos observar el nivel de conciencia pragmática logrado por estos informantes en unos actos comunicativos en el idioma extranjero afín que estudian, mediante una prueba por medio de cuestionarios comunicativos. Los actos comunicativos que se observan son solicitudes, justificaciones y cierres conversacionales en una fase piloto y las justificaciones y los cierres conversacionales en la fase principal del estudio. El objetivo de la investigación es observar si la afinidad lingüística puede ser de ayuda a los informantes que participan en la prueba, aunque sabemos que las funciones comunicativas son siempre específicas en las diferentes culturas, no obstante la fuerte semejanza lingüística entre español e italiano. Además, intentamos demostrar la validez del instrumento metodológico que utilizamos para recoger los datos de la investigación. Los DCT (“discourse completion test”) se han utilizado muchas veces para la recogida de datos sobre la pragmática de la interlengua y de la intercultura y creemos que representan un método válido para recoger datos en un momento específico del aprendizaje de una LE (en este caso en el nivel B1) para evaluar el nivel logrado en esas funciones comunicativas. Queremos por lo tanto descubrir lo que se esconde en esta área de la didáctica de LE afines con la idea de proponer también proyectos para la realización de libros de textos y otro material para la enseñanza y para favorecer el aprendizaje del italiano por parte de estudiantes nativos de España. Este estudio, además, intenta hacer una comparación entre el español y el italiano en el ámbito de las solicitudes y de las justificaciones, y teniendo en consideración que este tipo de trabajo no se había hecho antes, esta investigación puede aclarar algunas cosas en esta área de la pragmática y hacer de punto de partida para otros estudios. Los resultados del análisis de datos son positivos, la mayoría de los informantes ha realizado prestaciones aceptables en las pruebas y un investigador independiente, especializado en lingüística, ha analizado los datos y convalidado la investigación con un porcentaje muy alto de acuerdo con nosotros. Para resultados mayormente definitivos serán necesarios otros estudios que emplean también otros instrumentos de recogida de datos pero este investigación ya aclara que, no obstante un escaso tratamiento de los actos comunicativos en los libros de texto, los estudiantes españoles saben bastante bien las formulas estratégicas que se requieren en Italiano, debido a una buena semejanza de las normas sociales que se utilizan en las dos culturas.

This thesis presents English-medium instruction (EMI) in the Swedish context, focusing on perspectives and practices in two schools. The research question is as follows: How and why is EMI offered, chosen, and practiced in the Swedish upper secondary school today? The aim is to explore the status of the educational option, the reasons for offering EMI to stakeholders, the stakeholders’ beliefs about and goals of EMI, and the implementation of EMI in the classroom. A survey of all upper secondary schools in Sweden was conducted to ascertain the spread of content teaching through a foreign language. The educational context was studied from an ecological perspective using methods based in linguistic ethnography. Language alternation, academic language, and language hierarchy were all considered. Interviews were analysed for content; and classroom language use was analysed for language choice and function. The concepts of affordance and scaffolding together with translanguaging were key. The de facto policies of the micro contexts of the schools were examined in light of the declared national policy of the macro context of Sweden. The results indicate that the option in Swedish schools has not increased, and also tends to only be EMI—not Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) or instruction through other languages. EMI is offered for prestige, an international profile, marketing potential and personal interest. EMI students are academically motivated and confident, and see the option as “fun”. 100% EMI in the lessons is not the goal or the practice. Translanguaging is abundant, but how language alternation is perceived as an affordance or not differs in the two schools. One focuses on how the languages are used while the other focuses on how much each language is used. In conclusion, the analysis suggests that a development of definitions and practices of EMI in Sweden is needed, especially in relation to language policy and language hierarchy.

Each year, students who are newly enrolled in the University of Ottawa Cooperative Education Programs prepare for their first co-op work terms. In this period of pre-employment, students ask themselves important questions like, “What do I have to do to get a job?” and “What do I want to be?” As a co-op practitioner I am exposed to students’ experiences and the dilemmas they face but I still wondered what was hidden from my view and outside of my understanding. Thus, during one-on-one interviews that occurred prior to their first co-op work terms, six co-op students shared the photographs and stories of their co-op experiences with me and I shared my photographs and stories with them. Goffman’s (1959) theory of dramaturgy provided the theoretical framework to present, interpret, and understand the words and pictures that emerged from these interviews. What resulted were dramas, narratives, and allegories: six participant descriptions written as mini-biographies, verbatim transcripts prepared as a reader’s theatre script, and a set of five themes composed with vivid symbolism. The five metaphoric themes of co-op student experience are (a) journey, (b) circus, (c) metamorphosing, (d) anglers at sea, and (e) warriors. Taken together, what emerged was a deeper seeing and a richer understanding of what’s “really going on” in the time prior to students’ first co-op work terms (Goffman, 1974, p. 8) particularly with regards to legitimate peripheral participation, reflection, and experiential learning.

No description available.

This research deals with learning in science, including learning in environment for sustainable development. Learning in environment and sustainable development are obligatory perspectives in science as well as in other school subjects. The longitudinal study started in 2003, concerning 28 pupils nine years of age in a city in southern Sweden. Data collection has been caught in the pupils’ science lessons from year 2003 to 2006. In order to analyse the pupils’ development of concepts in science and in environment for sustainable development, I have videotaped a lot of sequences from the science lessons and followed up with questionnaires and questions in interviews. Stimulated recall is used to find the teacher’s intentions and reactions on the outcome of the lessons. The results are analysed according to the Earth System Science (ESS) model. It is a model, which describes the relations and interactions between the natural spheres: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere as well as the biosphere, including man, and the technosphere/anthroposphere. The longitudinal approach resulted in important findings regarding the changes in the pupils’ answers over time. They develop complicated 'concept webs'. The concepts found among the pupils in this study are e.g. the hydrological cycle; life; soil; water in every day life; pollution; non-polluting busses as well as waste; collecting batteries; corrosion; greenhouse and the increasing greenhouse effect. Some concepts e.g. the hydrological cycle, life and soil can from the beginning be classified as concepts used in science, but also to describe what happens in the environment. Concepts as pollution; non-polluting busses; collecting batteries; corrosion; greenhouse and increasing greenhouse effect are used by the pupils to express relations and interactions in and between the natural spheres including man. The relation between man and nature is for the pupils an area of conflicts through the entire study when the pupils from a scientific approach will be aware of the impact on living ecosystems including themselves, today and in the future. The concepts are often connected to each other in a more or less complicated network, 'concepts webs'. The obtained results indicate that the Socratic dialogue is a possible and successful method to use for the development of pupils’ concepts in environmental questions and issues. Another finding in the study is how different methods, e.g. Play and learning, support environmental learning and learning for sustainable development during the science lessons. Play is important in integrated learning and gives opportunity to understand others’ perspectives, Theory of mind. The results indicate an integrated learning process by the pupils, implying in what way they express human impact on nature.

Esta tesis doctoral pretende aportar nuevos datos sobre los efectos del enfoque AICLE (Aprendizaje Integrado de Contenido y Lengua Extranjera) en las habilidades productivas y receptivas de los alumnos de una escuela privada de Barcelona (Catalunya). Se trata de una comunidad bilingüe en la que las lenguas oficiales son el catalán y el español y en la que el inglés representa la tercera lengua del curriculum. Con este objetivo, se analizan longitudinalmente 100 alumnos bilingües catalán / español de edades comprendidas entre 12 y 15 a lo largo de dos años académicos en dos contextos de exposición diferentes: EFL (inglés sólo como asignatura de lengua extranjera, n=50, grupo de control) y AICLE (inglés como medio de instrucción cuando estudian ciencias naturales, n=50, grupo experimental). Se extraen datos a partir de las habilidades productivas y receptivas y se analizan de forma cuantitativa y cualitativa utilizando un diseño posttest al final de cada curso académico. Los resultados demuestran la efectividad del enfoque AICLE aunque no de forma generalizada en todas las habilidades. A diferencia de investigaciones anteriores, es importante destacar la mejora de la corrección dentro de la producción escrita y de las habilidades léxico-gramaticales. Finalmente, los resultados tienden a confirmar que el factor edad es relevante y que obtienen mejores resultados los sujetos mayores. / The present study seeks to contribute new evidence on the effects of the CLIL approach (Content and Language Integrated Learning) on the learners’ productive and receptive skills in a private school in Barcelona (Catalonia). This is a bilingual community in which both Catalan and Spanish are official languages and where English represents the third language included in the currículum. For that purpose, 100 bilingual Catalan / Spanish students aged 12 to 15 are analysed longitudinally over two academic years in two different types of exposure contexts: EFL (English only as a foreign language school subject, n=50, control group) and CLIL (English as medium of instruction when learning Science, n=50, experimental group). Data are elicited both for productive and comprehension skills and are analysed quantitatively and qualitatively using a posttest design at the end of each academic year. The results show the effectiveness of the CLIL approach, however not in all skills. In contrast with findings published in previous studies, the subjects’ writing and particularly so accuracy, significatively progressed and so did lexico-grammatical abilities.Results also tend to confirm that age had an impact and thus the older, the better.

This thesis presents English-medium instruction (EMI) in the Swedish context, focusing on perspectives and practices in two schools. The research question is as follows: How and why is EMI offered, chosen, and practiced in the Swedish upper secondary school today? The aim is to explore the status of the educational option, the reasons for offering EMI to stakeholders, the stakeholders’ beliefs about and goals of EMI, and the implementation of EMI in the classroom. A survey of all upper secondary schools in Sweden was conducted to ascertain the spread of content teaching through a foreign language. The educational context was studied from an ecological perspective using methods based in linguistic ethnography. Language alternation, academic language, and language hierarchy were all considered. Interviews were analysed for content; and classroom language use was analysed for language choice and function. The concepts of affordance and scaffolding together with translanguaging were key. The de facto policies of the micro contexts of the schools were examined in light of the declared national policy of the macro context of Sweden. The results indicate that the option in Swedish schools has not increased, and also tends to only be EMI—not Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) or instruction through other languages. EMI is offered for prestige, an international profile, marketing potential and personal interest. EMI students are academically motivated and confident, and see the option as “fun”. 100% EMI in the lessons is not the goal or the practice. Translanguaging is abundant, but how language alternation is perceived as an affordance or not differs in the two schools. One focuses on how the languages are used while the other focuses on how much each language is used. In conclusion, the analysis suggests that a development of definitions and practices of EMI in Sweden is needed, especially in relation to language policy and language hierarchy.