Ce travail porte sur la fonction des éducateurs spécialisés en institution. Malgré les différents profils des éducateurs et leurs différents cadres d’intervention (spatiaux et temporels), la fonction éducative peut être définie comme fonction « chorale », en référence au choeur de la tragédie grecque, dans sa qualité première d’institution. La métaphore tragique a permis d’envisager cette fonction selon le paradigme groupal proposé par la métapsychologie. Les théories psychanalytiques du groupe rendent possible l’examen du travail du lien intersubjectif et de la question des transferts dans l’éducation spécialisée, tant du coté de l’équipe éducative que du coté des « confiés ». La fonction éducative conçue comme fonction « chorale », fonction d’une psyché groupale, permet de penser les relations éducatives plurielles dans leur potentiel de figuration, contribuant à la tâche primaire. La problématique du lien intersubjectif s’avère pertinente pour fonder une « clinique éducative ». / This work concerns the educative function of caseworkers in institution. Despite the caseworkers‘ different profiles and their different frameworks (time and space related), the educative function could be described as a choral function in reference to the Greek tragedy’s choir, in its institution first quality. The tragic metaphor made it possible to think this function according to the group paradigm offered by metapsychology(psychoanalysis). Group psychoanalytical theories made it possible to examine the inter‐subjective link and the question of transfer in social work, so much for the caseworkers than the “users”. The educative function, as a choral function, function of group psyche, allowed us to think the plural educative relationship in their conformation potential, contributing to the primary task. The inter‐subjective link problematic turns out to be relevant to found a “clinic of education”.

This thesis treats the phenomenon of Singing Experience. Its purpose is to reveal the content that constitutes the phenomenon of singing from the sing- ers’ point of view. Singing should be understood as a unique vocal expres- sion carried by tones in a form that is sonorous, alive and fluid. The singing is in the context of singing with others. In order to perform a study that aims to reveal content within a phenomenon, the study uses a phenomenological approach from a first-person perspective, which is also my own perspective as the singer as well as the researcher. The interest in the field has arisen from the experience of singing with people who do not seem to notice that they sing out of tune. This has led to the thoughts that the phenomenon of singing includes different contents for different people in different situations. The phenomenological methods provide cogitations to stretch the particular situated momentary experience into the sphere of the possible experience. In the thesis the result of this eidetic study is described with its general essence a “musical vocal confirmation of my existence in the world” as well as a description of the constitution of the phenomenon of singing. The descrip- tion of the phenomenon is a description of the essences of the lived-body, as well as the immanence of emotion and cogito. The description also includes the surrounding world, which harbours the dimension of the real as well as inter-subjective transcendence concerning time and space, humanity, music and the divine. All of the essences have shown to be essential essences of the experience of singing. This, however, is dependent on how the phenomenon of existence is regarded: to exist in a wide or a narrow sense, including or excluding the transcendent aspects of the phenomenon of singing.

The present study had the objective of tracking concepts in the works of Freud by verifying in which measure there could be indications of theoretical relation between Freud s meta-psychology (1915-1917) and his social texts (1913 [1912], 1921, 1927, 1930 [1929]), particularly concerning the relation between pulsion of death and the malaise in civilization (1930 [1929]), work in which Freud reveals his pessimism regarding the future of civilization. Our initial assumption for this study was that when of the production of the meta-psychological texts, even if it was unplanned, Freud had already a consistent concern with the future of civilization and that when he applied the interpretative method to the questions relating to the culture, he extended the reading of the social without, however, intending to establish his own sociology. This study intended, initially, to be only a bibliographical research and as I used the semiotic method by taking Freud s work as a speech, it opened new perspectives of analysis of the objectives. Special attention was dedicated to the concepts of identification, pulsion of death and sublimation, which lead to the understanding of both individual and social psychology. It has not been found, in this analysis, any consistent or strong indication of the pretense articulation of the meta-psychological texts (1915-1917) with the social texts of Freud, but it can be affirmed that Freud s analysis route began from the individual to the social by applying the concepts and findings of the Psychoanalysis to a wider reality than the one of normality duality X pathology, extending and making it possible new readings of the civilization. The concept of pulsion of death helps to explain the malaise in the civilization and, the psychoanalytic-meta-psychology continues to be open with its peculiarities, challenges and contradictions, waiting for new attempts for a better understanding of human social organization and contributing in this way for a more promising future. / O presente estudo teve como objetivo rastrear conceitos na obra de Freud, verificando em que medida há indícios de articulação teórica entre a metapsicologia freudiana (1915-1917) e seus textos sociais (1913 [1912], 1921, 1927, 1930 [1929]), notadamente no que concerne à relação entre a pulsão de morte e O mal-estar na civilização (1930 [1929]), obra em que Freud demonstra seu pessimismo para com o futuro da civilização. Nossa suposição inicial era que, mesmo não se constituindo um caminho planejado, quando da produção dos textos metapsicológicos, já havia em Freud uma preocupação constante com os desígnios da civilização e que ao aplicar o método interpretativo às questões relativas à cultura ele amplia a leitura do social sem, contudo pretender estabelecer uma sociologia freudiana. O estudo se caracterizou como uma pesquisa bibliográfica, sendo que como opção metodológica apresentou-se o método indiciário ou semiótico, que ao tomar a obra de Freud como um discurso, abriu perspectivas de análise dos objetivos propostos. Atenção especial foi dedicada aos conceitos de identificação, pulsão de morte e sublimação, os quais facultam o entendimento da psicologia individual e social. Na análise não foram encontrados indícios de uma forte e intrínseca articulação dos textos metapsicológicos (1915-1917) com os textos sociais de Freud, mas pode-se afirmar que Freud partiu de uma análise individual rumo ao social, aplicando os conceitos e descobertas da Psicanálise a uma realidade mais ampla que dualidade normalidade x patologia, ampliando e possibilitando novas leituras da civilização. O conceito de pulsão de morte ajuda a explicar O mal-estar na civilização e a metapsicologia psicanalítica continua aberta, com suas peculiaridades, desafios e contradições, à espera de novas investidas no sentido de melhor entender a organização social humana, contribuindo para futuro mais promissor. / Mestre em Psicologia Aplicada

Esta tese tem em vista compreender de que modo a reflexão sobre as vivências dos professores na escola e na sala de aula geram conhecimento da prática em benefício do maior comprometimento profissional e, por conseguinte, com efeitos sobre autorização que reconhecem ter. Por se tratar de um tema que implica em considerar os processos de reflexão sobre a prática vivenciada pelos professores, ele exige metodologias de pesquisa que levem à colaboração eles. Escolhemos como abordagem metodológica a pesquisa-ação existencial pelo seu caráter de estímulo à reflexão. Como toda pesquisa-ação, essa investigação também se desenvolveu em diferentes etapas. Na primeira etapa, delineamos de que modos os professores produziam conhecimentos a partir de suas vivências práticas. Para isso nos utilizamos observações seguidas por entrevistas, as quais denominamos de entrevistas de explicação, inspiradas nas entrevistas de explicitação, descritas por Pierre Vermersch. Nessa etapa, identificamos que os professores valem-se de dois tipos de reflexão quando analisam e explicam suas práticas: uma reflexão que justifica o que fazem a partir de um costume, por um lado; por outro lado, uma reflexão que explica o percurso que traçaram até elaborarem um modo original de ensinar. Percebemos também que todos os professores, após a entrevista, revelaram ter descoberto que faziam coisas que não sabiam que faziam. Percebemos também a importância que as interações sociais exercem na ação docente, tanto no que diz respeito às atitudes conservadoras, quanto no que diz respeito às inovações. Diante da constatação da presença dessas interações no trabalho dos professores e também da dificuldade de auto-observação, decidimos prosseguir a pesquisa utilizando uma abordagem que favorece a emergência da subjetividade, nas suas dimensões intra e inter subjetivas. Para isso, recorremos ao Ateliê Biográfico de Projeto, descrito por Christine Delory-Momberger. O resultado desse procedimento foi o maior comprometimento dos professores com a pesquisa em relação à primeira etapa e, também, a formulação de um projeto do grupo tendo em vista estabelecer uma forma sistematizada de reflexão sobre a experiência, de modo a se esclarecerem sobre os desafios da profissão docente na atualidade. Essa decisão, agora do grupo, e não da pesquisadora, gerou uma terceira e última etapa, na qual utilizamos a técnica de Grupo Operativo, criada por Enrique Pichon-Rivière. A originalidade desta pesquisa consistiu em realizar uma intervenção que levou ao envolvimento os parceiros na investigação sobre suas próprias experiências. Isso possibilitou que a análise de deslocasse de uma abordagem centrada no indivíduo para uma abordagem do sujeito enquanto ser social e do grupo como produtor de pensamento. Ao afirmar a coexistência das dimensões intrasubjetiva, intersubjetiva e até impessoal da reflexão, os dispositivos de pesquisa revelaram a busca daqueles professores por formas de agrupamento que lhes permita resistir aos descompassos da sociedade do conhecimento que transforma os indivíduos em objetos autômatos e consumidores de informação. / The purpose of this thesis is to understanding how reflection on teaching experiences generates practical knowledge that contributes to professional commitment, also affecting the authorization teachers acknowledge as theirs. As the subject involves reflection on teachers practices, it requires research methodology conductive to their cooperation. Thus, we have chosen to use existential action-research, an approach that encourages reflection. As in other action-research techniques, this was also developed in several steps. Initially, the manner in which teachers produce knowledge based on their practical experience was precisely outlined using observation followed by interviews, named explanatory interviews after those described by Pierre Vermersch. During this step we found that teachers use two types of reflection when analyzing and explaining their practices: they explain their actions by habit, or else they explain the path followed in order to developed an original way of teaching. After the interview teachers reported having found out that they did things they were previously unaware of. We also noted the importance of interaction in teaching, both regarding conservative attitudes and innovative ones. After having verified the presence of groups in teachers activities, and also the difficulty of self-observation, we decided to proceed using an approach capable of surfacing subjectivity, both internally and in interactions. The Autobiographic Workshop Project, as described by Christine Delory- Momberger, was used for this purpose, having yielded greater commitment of teachers with the first step of the research, and also a group project with the purpose of establishing an organized way of reflecting on their experience, and understanding their present professional challenges. This decision, of the group and no longer of the researcher, led to the third step, in which the Operative Group technique, created by Enrique Pichon-Rivière, was employed. The originality of this research lies in the fact that its intervention led to the progressive involvement of the research subjects in the investigation of their own experiences, which produced a shift from an analysis centered on the individual towards an analysis based on the individual as part of a group that produces knowledge. By stating the coexistence of intra-subjective, inter-subjective and even impersonal aspects of reflection, research techniques show that these teachers search for ways of forming groups that allow them to face the inconsistencies of the society of knowledge, which transforms individuals in automatons and consumers of knowledge.

This research provides in depth analysis of how qualified and experienced doctoral therapists and graduates of the professional doctorate counselling programmes, understood and made sense of their experiences in working at a depth of engagement in therapy. A qualitative approach of interpretative phenomenological analysis is the methodology used. This provides rich, detailed analysis of individuals' accounts where idiographic focus and participants' lived experiences remain central. Six Doctoral counselling therapists were individually interviewed via a semi-structured interview schedule. Participants' counselling orientations varied, with most describing themselves as integrative practitioners. Six accounts were examined separately and then analysed. Clusters and themes developed. Themes were also analysed to ascertain convergence and divergence in participants' accounts. Implications are discussed with data rooted in verbatim extracts and embedded within relevant literature. The study presents super-ordinate themes of, 'the indefinable', 'spiritual in nature', 'levels of encounter', 'dissolution of boundaries', 'personally challenging', 'nourishing of the self' and 'professional questioning'. Findings show how participants called upon phenomenological perspectives, epistemological lenses, spiritual and neurobiological discourses and counselling theory, used interchangeably, to try and understand their experiences. The study also points to practitioners crossing interpersonal boundaries, their fear of being judged by the counselling community and their reluctance to take certain aspects of the phenomenon to supervision. The implications of the research highlight whole areas of experiencing that are not being supervised and show challenges on many levels for the counselling community. Such an IPA study also highlights divisions and commonalities in how participants make sense of the phenomenon and a contribution is offered indicating where further research would be helpful. Overall this research study invites a greater awareness and greater openness to understand the ripples and challenges practitioners face from working at a depth of engagement.

Les recherches qui analysent le phénomène de la fiction sont innombrables, mais rares sont celles qui l'abordent à partir du large spectre de ce que les sujets-acteurs ordinaires désignent et qualifient eux-mêmes, dans le contexte de leurs vies quotidiennes, comme étant fictionnel ou en tant que fiction. Le point de départ de cette thèse se situe précisément dans cette perspective, mais plus spécifiquement dans le cadre des connaissances de sens commun — univers des représentations subjectives et intersubjectives stabilisées dans le langage — que les sujets-acteurs ordinaires possèdent sur ce qu'ils appellent fiction, pour à partir de celles-ci articuler une compréhension sociologique(constructiviste et phénoméno-compréhensive) du sens, et de la signification, que ces sujets-acteurs confèrent à ce type d'expériences vécues dans le contexte de leurs vies de tous les jours.Dans le cadre de leurs connaissances ordinaires, ou connaissances de sens commun, ce que les sujets-acteurs désignent et signifient comme étant fictionnel — ou en tant que fiction —, dépasse largement le domaine des arts — tels que le cinéma, la littérature, ou le théâtre —, et avant de relever exclusivement de celui-ci, mais bien sûr en l'incluant, il se réfère davantage à un large spectre de situations ludiques que les sujets-acteurs connotent comme fictionnelles, un type d'expériences vécues ayant des caractéristiques fort particulières. Dans le cadre de ce type d’expériences les sujets-acteurs élaborent des représentations qu'ils savent être “fausses”, ils communiquent à d'autres des informations qui se présentent comme si elles portaient sur des choses réelles alors qu'elles sont tout bonnement inventées, ou encore ils s’intéressent à des récits, à des représentations visuelles ou à des actions dont ils savent qu'il s'agit de “semblants”. Dans ce sens, l'étendue de ce type de situations inclut ce que traditionnellement — et institutionnellement— on désigne comme fiction, c'est-à-dire les expériences vécues des sujets-acteurs avec des fictions artistiques — où une œuvre d'art met en scène un univers imaginaire —, tels que lire un roman ou regarder un film de fiction. Néanmoins, ce type de situations comprend aussi un genre d'expériences que les sujets-acteurs ordinaires articulent et signifient à partir d'une opposition ludique face à ce qu'ils désignent comme étant la réalité pour de vrai, ce que les traditions savantes de la fiction auraient un peu plus de mal à cataloguer directement en tant que fictionnelles, mais que dans le contexte d'une démarche sociologique phénoméno-compréhensive nous pourrions apparenter à ce qu'Alfred Schütz désignait comme les mondes de l'imagination et les phantasmes, tel que par exemple les expériences de rêveries éveillées, mais surtout celles de jeux-de-faire-semblant (appelés aussi jeux de faire-comme-si), et que nous pourrions apparenter également aux modalisations ou cadres transformés de la microsociologie d'Erving Goffman. Dans ce panorama, où au premier abord on pourrait penser que cette synonymie utilisée par les sujets-acteurs ordinaires, pour se référer à ces deux types de phénomènes en tant que fictions (les fictions artistiques institutionnalisées d'un côté, les expériences fictionnelles ludiques de l'autre), pourrait être totalement aléatoire et même équivoque, est — bien au contraire — la piste fondamentale et le point de départ à partir duquel s'articule cette recherche doctorale, par laquelle nous cherchons à comprendre le cœur significatif et constitutif de la fiction en tant qu'expérience vécue par des sujets-acteurs ordinaires. / Research analyzing the phenomenon of fiction is countless, but rare is the one that approaches it from the broad spectrum of what the ordinary subjects-actors name and qualify themselves, in the context of their daily lives, as being fictional or as a fiction. The starting point of this thesis lies precisely in this perspective, but more specifically in the context of commonsense knowledge — universe of the stabilized subjective and inter-subjective representations within the language — that the ordinary subjects-actors have on what they call fiction, in order to articulate from these a (constructivist and phenomenological) sociological understanding of the meaning, and the significance that these subjects-actors confer to this type of experience in the context of their daily lives.In the context of their ordinary knowledge, or commonsense knowledge, what subjects-actors name and signify as fictional — or as fiction —, goes far beyond the field of arts - such as cinema, literature, or theatre - and before highlighting exclusively this, while including it of course, it refers more to a broad spectrum of playful situations that subjects-actors connote as fictional, a type of experience with very particular characteristics. In the context of this type of experiments, the subjects-actors develop representations of which they know that these are "false", they communicate to others information that is being presented as if it concerned real things while these are simply invented or they are interested in stories, in visual representations or in actions of which they know that these are "semblances". In this sense, the extent of these kinds of situations include that what traditionally — and institutionally— is named as fiction, that is to say the experiences of subjects-actors with artistic fictions — where a work of art depicts an imaginary world —, such as reading a novel or watching a fiction film. However, such situations also include a kind of experience that ordinary subjects-actors articulate and signify from a playful opposition at what they refer to as reality for real, that scholarly traditions of the fiction have a little more difficulty to catalog directly as fictional, but in the context of a comprehensive phenomenological-sociological approach we might resemble to what Alfred Schütz named as the worlds of imagination and phantasms, such as for example the experiences of daydreaming, but above all those of Make-believe Games (also called Pretend Plays), and that we also could resemble to modalizations or transformed frames found in Erving Goffman's microsociology. In this panorama, which at first glance one might think that this synonym used by ordinary subjects-actors, in order to refer to these two types of phenomena as fictions (the institutionalized artistic fictions on one side, the fictional playful experiences on the other hand), could be totally random and even ambiguous, is - quite the contrary - the fundamental way and the starting point from which articulates this doctoral research through which we seek to understand the significant and constitutive heart of fiction as experienced by the ordinary subjects/actors.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta tese pretende reafirmar duas dimensões existenciais, constituintes do ser humano: a psicorporeidade e a intersubjetividade. O ser humano é uma unidade psicossomática que se constitui no e através do ambiente humano que é seu entorno. Essa afirmativa parece nada incomum em 2005, mas não foi a hegemônica no pensamento ocidental. No racionalismo dualista, proposto por Platão na antiguidade e radicalizado e sistematizado por Descartes na modernidade, vigorava a radical separação entre corpo (res extensa) e alma (res cogitans), entre sujeito e objeto. Recorro à noção de corpo vivido na intersubjetividade, presente em Merleau-Ponty, para expor como concebo estas duas dimensões. Assinalo os paralelos de sua concepção ulterior (a noção de carne) com a da reformulação teórica freudiana - a partir da introdução do conceito de narcisismo (1914c) e do inconsciente originário, enraizado no corpo (1923a). Este é o período da formulação freudiana no qual encontram-se os pilares das principais concepções desenvolvidas por Ferenczi, Balint e Winnicott, clínicos da psicanálise cujas contribuições podem ser agrupadas no que denomino de matriz ferencziana - destacando-se a reformulação da teoria do trauma e a proposta clínica da regressão/progressão num ambiente facilitador que propicie continente para a experiência subjetiva. O segundo objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar a articulação entre as suas principais obras e como as dimensões da psicorporeidade e da intersubjetividade nelas estão presentes. / This thesis intends to reaffirm two existential dimensions which constitute the human being: the psycho-corporeity and the inter-subjectivity. The human being is a psychosomatic unity which constitutes him/herself through the human ambience which envelops him/her. This assertion does not sound remarkable in 2005, but it was never hegemonic in Western thought. Within the dualistic rationalism proposed by Plato in ancient Greece, and radicalized by Descartes in the modern age, a radical separation between body (res extensa) and soul (res cogitans), and between subject and object was taken for granted. I use the notion of the body living in inter-subjectivity, present in Merleau-Ponty, to expound how I conceive these two dimensions. I establish the parallels between its ulterior conception (the notion of flesh) and the Freudian theoretical reformulation starting with the introduction of the concept of narcissism (1914c), and of the inherited unconscious, rooted in the body (1923a). This is the period of Freudian formulating where the pillars of the main concepts developed by Ferenzi, Balint and Winnicott are to be found. These are the psychoanalysts the contributions of which may be grouped in that which I call the Ferenczian matrix in which the reformulation of the theory of trauma and the clinical proposal of regression/progression in a facilitating ambience propiciating a friendly space for the subjective experience stand out. The second aim of this work is to demonstrate the articulation between these psychoanalysts most important works, and how the dimensions of psycho-corporeity and inter-subjectivity are present in them.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta tese pretende reafirmar duas dimensões existenciais, constituintes do ser humano: a psicorporeidade e a intersubjetividade. O ser humano é uma unidade psicossomática que se constitui no e através do ambiente humano que é seu entorno. Essa afirmativa parece nada incomum em 2005, mas não foi a hegemônica no pensamento ocidental. No racionalismo dualista, proposto por Platão na antiguidade e radicalizado e sistematizado por Descartes na modernidade, vigorava a radical separação entre corpo (res extensa) e alma (res cogitans), entre sujeito e objeto. Recorro à noção de corpo vivido na intersubjetividade, presente em Merleau-Ponty, para expor como concebo estas duas dimensões. Assinalo os paralelos de sua concepção ulterior (a noção de carne) com a da reformulação teórica freudiana - a partir da introdução do conceito de narcisismo (1914c) e do inconsciente originário, enraizado no corpo (1923a). Este é o período da formulação freudiana no qual encontram-se os pilares das principais concepções desenvolvidas por Ferenczi, Balint e Winnicott, clínicos da psicanálise cujas contribuições podem ser agrupadas no que denomino de matriz ferencziana - destacando-se a reformulação da teoria do trauma e a proposta clínica da regressão/progressão num ambiente facilitador que propicie continente para a experiência subjetiva. O segundo objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar a articulação entre as suas principais obras e como as dimensões da psicorporeidade e da intersubjetividade nelas estão presentes. / This thesis intends to reaffirm two existential dimensions which constitute the human being: the psycho-corporeity and the inter-subjectivity. The human being is a psychosomatic unity which constitutes him/herself through the human ambience which envelops him/her. This assertion does not sound remarkable in 2005, but it was never hegemonic in Western thought. Within the dualistic rationalism proposed by Plato in ancient Greece, and radicalized by Descartes in the modern age, a radical separation between body (res extensa) and soul (res cogitans), and between subject and object was taken for granted. I use the notion of the body living in inter-subjectivity, present in Merleau-Ponty, to expound how I conceive these two dimensions. I establish the parallels between its ulterior conception (the notion of flesh) and the Freudian theoretical reformulation starting with the introduction of the concept of narcissism (1914c), and of the inherited unconscious, rooted in the body (1923a). This is the period of Freudian formulating where the pillars of the main concepts developed by Ferenzi, Balint and Winnicott are to be found. These are the psychoanalysts the contributions of which may be grouped in that which I call the Ferenczian matrix in which the reformulation of the theory of trauma and the clinical proposal of regression/progression in a facilitating ambience propiciating a friendly space for the subjective experience stand out. The second aim of this work is to demonstrate the articulation between these psychoanalysts most important works, and how the dimensions of psycho-corporeity and inter-subjectivity are present in them.

Esta tese tem em vista compreender de que modo a reflexão sobre as vivências dos professores na escola e na sala de aula geram conhecimento da prática em benefício do maior comprometimento profissional e, por conseguinte, com efeitos sobre autorização que reconhecem ter. Por se tratar de um tema que implica em considerar os processos de reflexão sobre a prática vivenciada pelos professores, ele exige metodologias de pesquisa que levem à colaboração eles. Escolhemos como abordagem metodológica a pesquisa-ação existencial pelo seu caráter de estímulo à reflexão. Como toda pesquisa-ação, essa investigação também se desenvolveu em diferentes etapas. Na primeira etapa, delineamos de que modos os professores produziam conhecimentos a partir de suas vivências práticas. Para isso nos utilizamos observações seguidas por entrevistas, as quais denominamos de entrevistas de explicação, inspiradas nas entrevistas de explicitação, descritas por Pierre Vermersch. Nessa etapa, identificamos que os professores valem-se de dois tipos de reflexão quando analisam e explicam suas práticas: uma reflexão que justifica o que fazem a partir de um costume, por um lado; por outro lado, uma reflexão que explica o percurso que traçaram até elaborarem um modo original de ensinar. Percebemos também que todos os professores, após a entrevista, revelaram ter descoberto que faziam coisas que não sabiam que faziam. Percebemos também a importância que as interações sociais exercem na ação docente, tanto no que diz respeito às atitudes conservadoras, quanto no que diz respeito às inovações. Diante da constatação da presença dessas interações no trabalho dos professores e também da dificuldade de auto-observação, decidimos prosseguir a pesquisa utilizando uma abordagem que favorece a emergência da subjetividade, nas suas dimensões intra e inter subjetivas. Para isso, recorremos ao Ateliê Biográfico de Projeto, descrito por Christine Delory-Momberger. O resultado desse procedimento foi o maior comprometimento dos professores com a pesquisa em relação à primeira etapa e, também, a formulação de um projeto do grupo tendo em vista estabelecer uma forma sistematizada de reflexão sobre a experiência, de modo a se esclarecerem sobre os desafios da profissão docente na atualidade. Essa decisão, agora do grupo, e não da pesquisadora, gerou uma terceira e última etapa, na qual utilizamos a técnica de Grupo Operativo, criada por Enrique Pichon-Rivière. A originalidade desta pesquisa consistiu em realizar uma intervenção que levou ao envolvimento os parceiros na investigação sobre suas próprias experiências. Isso possibilitou que a análise de deslocasse de uma abordagem centrada no indivíduo para uma abordagem do sujeito enquanto ser social e do grupo como produtor de pensamento. Ao afirmar a coexistência das dimensões intrasubjetiva, intersubjetiva e até impessoal da reflexão, os dispositivos de pesquisa revelaram a busca daqueles professores por formas de agrupamento que lhes permita resistir aos descompassos da sociedade do conhecimento que transforma os indivíduos em objetos autômatos e consumidores de informação. / The purpose of this thesis is to understanding how reflection on teaching experiences generates practical knowledge that contributes to professional commitment, also affecting the authorization teachers acknowledge as theirs. As the subject involves reflection on teachers practices, it requires research methodology conductive to their cooperation. Thus, we have chosen to use existential action-research, an approach that encourages reflection. As in other action-research techniques, this was also developed in several steps. Initially, the manner in which teachers produce knowledge based on their practical experience was precisely outlined using observation followed by interviews, named explanatory interviews after those described by Pierre Vermersch. During this step we found that teachers use two types of reflection when analyzing and explaining their practices: they explain their actions by habit, or else they explain the path followed in order to developed an original way of teaching. After the interview teachers reported having found out that they did things they were previously unaware of. We also noted the importance of interaction in teaching, both regarding conservative attitudes and innovative ones. After having verified the presence of groups in teachers activities, and also the difficulty of self-observation, we decided to proceed using an approach capable of surfacing subjectivity, both internally and in interactions. The Autobiographic Workshop Project, as described by Christine Delory- Momberger, was used for this purpose, having yielded greater commitment of teachers with the first step of the research, and also a group project with the purpose of establishing an organized way of reflecting on their experience, and understanding their present professional challenges. This decision, of the group and no longer of the researcher, led to the third step, in which the Operative Group technique, created by Enrique Pichon-Rivière, was employed. The originality of this research lies in the fact that its intervention led to the progressive involvement of the research subjects in the investigation of their own experiences, which produced a shift from an analysis centered on the individual towards an analysis based on the individual as part of a group that produces knowledge. By stating the coexistence of intra-subjective, inter-subjective and even impersonal aspects of reflection, research techniques show that these teachers search for ways of forming groups that allow them to face the inconsistencies of the society of knowledge, which transforms individuals in automatons and consumers of knowledge.

This thesis treats the phenomenon of Singing Experience. Its purpose is to reveal the content that constitutes the phenomenon of singing from the singers’ point of view. Singing should be understood as a unique vocal expression carried by tones in a form that is sonorous, alive and fluid. The singing is in the context of singing with others. In order to perform a study that aims to reveal content within a phenomenon, the study uses a phenomenological approach from a first-person perspective, which is also my own perspective as the singer as well as the researcher. The interest in the field has arisen from the experience of singing with people who do not seem to notice that they sing out of tune. This has led to the thoughts that the phenomenon of singing includes different contents for different people in different situations. The phenomenological methods provide cogitations to stretch the particular situated momentary experience into the sphere of the possible experience. In the thesis the result of this eidetic study is described with its general essence a “musical vocal confirmation of my existence in the world” as well as a description of the constitution of the phenomenon of singing. The description of the phenomenon is a description of the essences of the lived-body, as well as the immanence of emotion and cogito. The description also includes the surrounding world, which harbours the dimension of the real as well as inter-subjective transcendence concerning time and space, humanity, music and the divine. All of the essences have shown to be essential essences of the experience of singing. This, however, is dependent on how the phenomenon of existence is regarded: to exist in a wide or a narrow sense, including or excluding the transcendent aspects of the phenomenon of singing.