After 1991 five countries emerged out of the fall of the Soviet Union to create a new region: Central Asia. No longer dominated by Soviet rule these countries fought to overcome barriers to independence and struggled to be seen by the international community as developed countries. However, these countries were far from developed and had to pay the high cost of human rights to get what they desired. This study researches and analyzes how Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan have traded the rights of women to achieve a placebo of development. Two of the largest violations of women’s rights that have manifested because of the government’s direct actions are domestic abuse and sex trafficking. The government’s structure and leadership, the economic opportunity for women, and the cultural acceptance have all been orchestrated by the government to create a society where women’s rights are unheard of. The actions taken by the three governments seem extensive on paper and international covenants yet are never implemented to help society. Through this research women’s rights in the Central Asian countries of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan are examined through the prevalence and acceptance of both domestic violence and sex trafficking. The international conventions, domestic policies, and actions taken by political leaders are examined to better understand the underlying reasons that contribute to the persistence of these attitudes.

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Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka det vetenskapliga kunskapsläget beträffande transpersonersuts atthet för partnervåld med avseende på våldets karaktär samt för transpersoners särskilda utsatthet och tillgång till stöd. Metod: Genom utförandet av en scoping review inkluderades tretton artiklar som analyserades utifrån innehållsanalys (manifest och latent). Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre huvudteman med tillhörande underteman, (1) partnervåld i samband med transidentitet; transpecifikt partnervåld, psykiskt partnervåld, (2) särskild utsatthet i samband med partnervåld; samhällsnormer, ytterligare riskfaktorer, (3) Stöd från samhället och närstående; formellt stöd från samhället, informellt stöd från närstående, normativa roller för offer och förövare. Slutsats: Förekomsten av partnervåld bland transpersoner var omfattade och det fanns särskilda omständigheter som många gånger var kopplad till offrets transidentitet. Därmed uppstår ett behov av att transspecifika stödresurser utformas, samtidigt som professionellas kunskap och förståelse om målgruppen behöver öka. / Purpose: The aim was to explore the current state of knowledge within scientific research regarding transgender people’s exposure to intimate partner violence. Moreover to study the structure of the violence, transgender specific vulnerabilities and access to support. Method:Through scoping review, thirteen scientific articles were included and analyzed through content analysis (manifest and latent). Results: Three main themes emerged with appurtenant sub-themes, (1) intimate partner violence in relation to trans identity; transspecific intimate partner violence, psychological intimate partner violence, (2) specific vulnerabilities in relation to intimate partner violence; societal norms, additional risk factors, (3) Support from society and personal network; formal support from society, informal support from personal network, normative roles for victims and perpetrators. Conclusion: Prevalence of intimate partner violence was extensive among transgender people, specific circumstances emerged related to the victims trans identity, which calls for transspecific support services and increased knowledge of the target group amongst professionals.

Att lämna ett våldsamt förhållande innebär inte alltid att kvinnan frigörs. Kvinnor som väljer att separera möter ofta allvarliga konsekvenser i form av hot och kränkningar. Det våld som sker efter separation definieras som eftervåld. Syftet med studien är att undersöka fenomenet eftervåld med hjälp av befintlig forskning. Den frågeställning som kommer att besvaras under studiens gång är: genom vilka former tar sig eftervåldet uttryck i kvinnornas liv? Studien baseras på en litteraturöversikt med 20 artiklar. Undersökningen av artiklarna genomfördes utifrån en tematisk analys som gav sju teman. Föreliggande studies resultat visar att eftervåldet tar sig uttryck genom ekonomi, barn, sabotage, manipulation, kontroll, hot och stalking. Resultatet tyder på att kvinnan utsätts för olika våldshandlingar efter separation. Ett återkommande fynd som litteraturstudien uppmärksammade var hur makt och kontroll återspeglats i samtliga teman som presenterats. Sammanfattningsvis konstateras den ojämlikhet mellan könen som Bourdieu (1999) redogör utifrån könsuppdelning, mannens dominans och det symboliska våldet. / To leave a violent relationship does not always result in the woman being liberated. Women who choose to leave the relationship often receive serious consequences (e.g., threats and violations). The violence that occurs after separation is defined as post-separation violence. The purpose of the study is to examine the phenomenon post-separation violence by using existing research. The research question that the study will be addressing is: in what forms does the post-separation violence manifest itself in the women’s lives? The present study is based on a literature review containing 20 articles. The examination of the articles was done by using a thematic analysis which resulted in seven themes. The results of the present study show that the post-separation violence manifests itself through economy, children, sabotage, manipulation, control, threat and stalking. The results indicate that the woman is exposed to various acts of violence after separation. A recurring finding that the literature study draws attention to was how power and control were the underlying factor to the post-separation violence. In summary, the inequality between the sexes that Bourdieu (1999) reports based on gender division, male dominance and symbolic violence is noted.

Denna C-uppsats är en meta-analys som granskar 20 vetenskapliga artiklar om partnerrelaterat våld, grymheter i krig och könsmaktsordningar i militära familjer. Alla studier är publicerade mellan 1978 och 2011 och behandlar våld i parrelationer, grymheter som begåtts av både manliga och kvinnliga soldater och kausala samband mellan krig, militarism och det civila samhället. Mitt mål är att testa teorin som säger att krig beror på patriarkala köns-strukturer som konstruerar stereotypa maskuliniteter och femininiteter, vilka i sin tur definierar män som starka, aggressiva och känslolösa, medan kvinnor antas vara svaga, sårbara, och vårdande. Genom att undersöka och jämföra variabler i både positivistisk och konstruktivistisk forskning, söker jag likheter och skillnader som kan ge en vidare förståelse för hur detta fenomen är sammansatt. / This BA thesis is a meta-analysis that reviews 21 empirical studies on Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and gender-relations among military families and the environmental structures in where they live and operate. All studies were published between 1978 and 2011 and reported Intimate Partner Violence in both military and civilian families, atrocities committed by both male and female soldiers and causalities on war and violence. My aim is to test the theory that says; war is depending on patriarchal gender-structures, that construct stereotype masculinities and femininities, which define men as strong, aggressive, and unemotional, while women are assumed to be weak, vulnerable, and caring. By examining both positivist and constructivist research, my ambition is to identify differences and similarities in those approaches, which can contribute to a wider understanding on this specific phenomenon.

<p>The Duluth Model of intervention for those charged with domestic violence offences has for the past thirty years been instrumental in conceptualizing violence, abuse, power and control, how to hold offenders accountable and keep victims safe, and is reflective of a collaborative, feminist approach to violence intervention. The model’s design assumes that violence is perpetrated by men against their female partners as a mechanism to maintain/gain power and control. However, increasing numbers of women are now being charged with violence against their male partners and being referred for service. Problematically, there has been little development of policies or formal practices that recognize the different meanings of women’s violence or the particularity of their programming needs so that service providers in Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) treatment programs find themselves working with female offenders under a male model of violence.</p> <p>The purpose of this project was to engage in a critical feminist analysis of the resulting tensions, specifically to ask how conceptualizations of gender and violence undergird policy development and how, in Duluth-dominated programming approaches, service providers understand and respond to women’s needs. To explore these questions, I took a two-fold methodological approach: an analysis of the extensive literature on Partner Assault Response (PAR) programs and female offenders, using the concept of policy framing; and an online survey of service providers that explored dimensions of their work and that included questions incorporating the policy frame distinctions that emerged from the literature analysis.</p> <p>The policy frame analysis underscored the power of problem construction and shed conceptual light on the challenges of working under the Duluth model with women. Survey participants described those challenges in the, as yet, dimly lit front-lines of practice, as well as their engagements at times in creative, subversive program delivery to meet women’s needs. Future research drawing forward the seldom heard voices of women charged with violence will be critical, as will continued endeavours to fashion gender-specific, need-driven policy.</p> / Master of Social Work (MSW)