Darbo laikas – tai laikas, kurį darbuotojas privalo dirbti jam pavestą darbą, bei kiti šiam laikui prilyginami laikotarpiai. Lietuvoje teisės aktais yra įtvirtintas itin griežtas darbo laiko reguliavimo modelis: yra nustatyta maksimali darbo dienos ir savaitės trukmė, viršvalandinis darbas yra galimas tik nustatytais atvejais. Viena iš pagrindinių darbo laiko reglamentavimo problemų yra nesutarimai tarp darbdavio ir darbuotojo. Darbuotojas yra suinteresuotas dirbti kuo trumpiau ir už tai gauti didelį atlygį, o darbdavys nori, kad darbuotojas dirbtų kuo ilgiau ir mokėti jam kuo mažiau. Siekiant užtikrinti saugias ir sveikas darbo sąlygas atskirų kategorijų asmenims, yra nustatytos specialios taisyklės, susijusios su jų darbo laiko trukme. Lietuvoje darbo laiko reguliavimas iš esmės yra panašus į Rusijos Federacijos ir Latvijos Respublikos darbo laiko reglamentavimą, todėl darbuotojams, migruojantiems dirbti į šias kaimynines valstybes, yra užsitikrinamos tokios pačios darbo sąlygos, laiko prasme, kaip ir Lietuvoje. / Working time is any period during which the employee must work carrying out his activity or duties, and other periods equivalent to it. The legal acts of Lithuania establish particularly strict regulation of working time: it is fixed maximum daily and weekly working time and overtime works may be applied only in specified cases. The main problem regarding the regulation of working time is disagreement between the employer and the employee. The employee is interested to work less and to receive high salary whereas the employer is willing to fix longer working hours and to pay low salary. In order to ensure safe and non-hazardous working conditions special rules regarding the duration of working time are established for a specific category of workers. Since the regulation of working time in Lithuania is similar to the regulation of working time in the Federation of Russia and to the regulation of working time in the Republic of Latvia for the employers going to work to these neighbourhood countries the same working conditions, by means of working time, shall be ensured.

Šiame darbe yra stengiamasi parodyti religijos ir teisės, kaip socialinių fenomenų, tarpusavio ryšį. Pirmoje dalyje autorius stengiasi parodyti religijos ir teisės istorinius, etimologinius, simbolinius skirtumus ir panašumus bei pabrėžti istorinę religijos įtaką teisės sampratai. Šios dalies pabaigoje autorius ieško teisės sampratos užuomazgų bibliniame pirmojo nuopuolio pasakojime. Antroji darbo dalis yra skirta teisingumo sampratai, kurio autoriaus nuomone apjungia tiek religiją ir filosofiją, tiek pastarąsias su teise. Visų pirma, atskleidžiama mitinė-religinė teisingumo samprata senovės Egipte ir Graikijoje. Vėliau nagrinėjama filosofinė teisingumo samprata, ypač remiantis Derrida dekonstrukcine filosofija. Šios dalies pabaigoje pateikiama „teisminė teisingumo samprata“, remiantis Lietuvos Konstitucinio teismo jurisprudencija. Trečioje dalyje stengiamasi atskleisti šiuolaikinės filosofinės hermeneutikos ištakas biblinėje egzegetikoje, todėl pateikiama istorinė biblinės egzegetikos apžvalga. Vėliau dėmesys perkeliamas egzistencializmui ir fenomenologinei dialogo filosofijai, ypač akcentuojant S. Kierkegaardo ir E. Levino indėlį. Galiausiai, pateikiama filosofinės hermeneutikos apžvalga, remiantis Gadamerio ir Vattimo indėliu. Paskutinė dalis skirta parodyti biblinės egzegetikos ir filosofinės hermeneutikos tradicijos galimą įtaką šiuolaikinei teisės sampratai. Darbo pabaigoje pateikiami kai kurie galimi teisminio argumentavimo hermeneutiniai metodai ir taisyklės. Darbas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The very aim of this master thesis is to show some existing relations among religion and law. In the first section the author shows some etymologic and symbolic similarities of these two phenomena and also emphases the religion’s historic influence onto the concept of law. In the end of the first section the author tries to find some origins of this concept especially in the biblical narrative on the Fall of Man. The second section is deserved for the concept of justice, which, according to the author, may also connect religious, philosophical and legal phenomena. In the beginning of this section the mythical-religious concept of justice is described, especially what concerns ancient Egypt and Greece. Later author concentrates on philosophical concept of justice, especially regarding „deconstructionist“ philosophy of Jacques Derrida. In the end of this section – judicial concept of justice is revealed according to jurisprudence of Lithuanian Constitutional court. The third section is devoted for showing some exegetical origins of the modern philosophical hermeneutics. Therefore, firstly, the author concentrates on historic survey about biblical exegesis. Afterwards the main attention is drawn to existentialism and phenomenological philosophy of dialog, especially concentrating on philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard and Emmanuel Levinas. Finally, philosophical hermeneutics is analyzed, relying on philosophy of Hans Georg Gadamer and Gianni Vattimo. The last section of the thesis... [to full text]

Magistro darbe nagrinėjama romėnų, Lietuvos ir užsienio valstybių teisėje egzistuojanti daikto samprata, daiktų skirstymas į pagrindinius ir antraeilius apskritai bei konkrečios antraeilių daiktų rūšys: esminės pagrindinio daikto dalys, vaisiai, produkcija, pajamos ir priklausiniai. Magistro darbo tikslui pasiekti buvo išanalizuoti Lietuvos ir užsienio valstybių (Latvijos, Italijos, Kanados Kvebeko provincijos, Prancūzijos, Austrijos, Rusijos) teisinis reguliavimas, Lietuvos Aukščiausiojo Teismo praktika ir Lietuvos teisės mokslo darbai, susiję su daiktų skirstymu į pagrindinius ir antraeilius. Daugiausia praktinių Lietuvos teisės problemų yra susiję su priklausiniais ir esminėmis pagrindinio daikto dalimis, o su vaisiais, produkcija ir pajamomis siejama daugiau teorinio pobūdžio probleminiai klausimai. Magistro darbe šių problemų analizė atliekama įvertinant galimų sprendimų teigiamas ir neigiamas pasekmes, atitikimą įstatymų leidėjo tikslams ir atsižvelgiant į teisės doktrinoje pateikiamas nuomones bei jas palaikančius argumentus. / This paper analyses the conception of things, the classification of principal and auxiliary things generally and particular kinds of auxiliary things (essential parts of principal things, fruit, production, income and appurtenances) in Roman, Lithuanian and foreign countries’ law. Legal regulation of Lithuania and foreign countries (Latvia, Italy, Quebec province of Canada, France, Austria Russia), the practice of Lithuanian Supreme Court and Lithuanian legal doctrine, concerned with principal and auxiliary things, was analysed in order to achieve the purpose of this paper. The most part of practical problems of Lithuanian law are concerned with appurtenances and essential parts of principal things. Fruit, production and income usually are concerned with theoretical problems. Their analysis is based on evaluation of possible positive and negative effects, correspondence to purposes of legislator and correspondence to legal doctrine.

Valstybėms tiesioginių mokesčių srityje išlaikant suverenitetą ir laisvai nusistatant tiesioginių mokesčių rūšį, bazę, tarifą, apmokestinamus subjektus, atsiranda esminiai skirtumų, sukuriančių rinkos fragmentaciją ir didelių kliūčių efektyviam Bendrijos vidaus rinkos funkcionavimui. Visa tai ir atsilikimas nuo kitų sričių harmonizavimo lemia integracijos poreikį ir spaudimą valstybėms narėms harmonizuoti. Tačiau tiesioginių mokesčių pozityviosios integracijos bazė reikalauja, kad Taryboje priimant direktyvas būtų sprendžiama vieningai (nuo 2004 m. – 27-ių valstybių konsensusu). Tai de facto blokuoja privalomų teisės aktų leidybą ir sukuria politinių sprendimų stagnaciją. Priešingai nei pozityvioji integracija, negatyvioji integracija (daugiausia besiremianti laisvo judėjimo pažeidimų draudimais), vyksta itin sparčiai, nepaliaujamai didėjant ETT sprendžiamų bylų ir jų ratio decidendi sklaidą užtikrinančių Komisijos pažeidimo procedūrų skaičiui. ETT, spręsdamas bylas, taiko „visaapimantį” požiūrį: vertinant vienos valstybės įstatymų atitiktį EB teisei, analizuojami ne tik jos įstatymai, bet ir kitos, susijusios valstybės, įstatymai bei jų tarpusavio dvigubo apmokestinimo išvengimo sutartys, t.y. aplinkybių visuma, todėl netgi tas pats įstatymas santykyje su valstybės A įstatymais gali prieštarauti EB teisei, o su valstybės B – jau nebe. Tokia doktrina remiasi Cassis de Dijon abipusio pripažinimo principu: valstybė turi atsižvelgti į kitos valstybės įstatymų nuostatas; tačiau... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / While Member States retain direct tax sovereignity and determine the tax, its base, rate, taxable subjects discretionary, fundamental differencies occur, resulting in market fragmentation and big obstacles for effective functioning of Community internal market. These differencies and the gap between harmonization in direct taxes and other spheres stipulate the need of harmonization and pressure for the Member States. However, the sole harmonization base requires the Council to act unanimously (starting from year 2004 – by consent of 27 states). This de facto blocks the law-making of compulsory acts and leads to stagnation of political decisions. Contrary to positive integration, negative integration (mostly founded on prohibitions to restrict free movement) proceeds rapidly, while in the meantime the number of cases solved by European Court of Justice (ECJ) and infringement procedures initiated by Commision which ensure the spread of ECJ cases’ ratio decidendi is constantly growing. ECJ when providing the decisions applies overall approach: evaluation of one Member State’s laws means taking into account the whole situation, including the laws of other related Member State and their inter-tax treaties. Therefore the same law is liable to be restrictive in relation to the laws of Member State A, but not restrictive in relation with the laws of Member State B. This doctrine is based under the Cassis de Dijon principle of mutual recognition: Member State is obliged to consider... [to full text]

Control de calidad sensorial de bebidas alcohólicas utilizando rápidos sensores químicosEn la presente tesis Doctoral, han sido aplicados dos sensores artificiales para el análisis debebidas alcohólicas: la nariz electrónica basada en la espectrometría de masas (MS) y la lenguaelectrónica basada en la espectroscopía infrarroja con transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Elpropósito fue desarrollar nuevas estrategias para analizar la autenticidad de estos productos,desde un punto de vista sensorial, por medio de técnicas las espectrales antes mencionadas.Adicionalmente, ha sido utilizado un espectrofotómetro UV-visible como ojo electrónico. Eltrabajo presentado pretende ser un avance significativo hacia el desarrollo de un catadorelectrónico mediante la fusión de los tres sensores químicos: nariz electrónica, lenguaelectrónica y ojo electrónico.Sensory quality control of alcoholic beverages using fast chemical sensorsIn the present Doctoral Thesis, two chemical artificial sensors are applied to the analysis ofalcoholic beverages: the Mass Spectrometry (MS)-based electronic-noses and Fouriertransform infrared (FTIR)-based electronic-tongue. The aim was developing new strategies totest the authenticity of these products, from a sensory point of view, by means of the spectraltechniques above mentioned. Additionally, has been used an UV-visible spectrophotometer aselectronic eye. The work presented wants to be a significant advance towards the developmentof an electronic taster through the fusion of three chemical sensors: electronic nose, electronictongue and electronic eye.

First of all the Internet pages presenting C++ Builder teaching material, are studied in the Master’s thesis. Applied themes are stressed the most of which is lacking in those pages. The aim of the work is – to describe the uses of C++ Builder tools that is - components of various format files (*.bmp, *.wmf, *.emf, *.ico, etc.) used to show images, graphic objects in the form of the program, which can show drawings, schemes, drafts; reading and drawing of random sequences, geometrical figures, function, drawing of analytically given functions and data presented by number sequences, the speech signals and other the sound files. Some examples of reading listening and viewing of the different sound files are also presented. The other important for applications subjects, as databases and programming of connections with databases, problem solutions in the form of algorithms, are also described The optimum algorithms “Division in half” and “Golden section” algorithms are realized in C++ Builder.

In final MA degree work it is reviewed ethics place in public administration institutions of EU and Lithuania, identified some problems and possible treats, discussed some EU ethics aspects in forming policy and examined the acknowledged common ethics principles, values and standards of EU. In the work it is estimated EU influence and new challenges upon ethics of Lithuania office employees after she became EU member. As well it is analyzed ethics infrastructure and its establishment development in public administration and government of state of Lithuania. It was attempt to look at office employee real values from the point of view of the current situation and values to be strived for after municipalities and ministries employee questioning. Summarizing findings some attention should be attract to the fact that in public administration system of Lithuania we feel the absence of ethics values emphasized in European Union, and there is need for office employees professional ethics improvement. In the work some appropriate recommendations for establishing and improving ethical infrastructure (conduct code, anticorruption services, ethic education and so on) in the Republic of Lithuania are presented.

Objective of the research - to evaluate, using up-to-date statistical–genetic methods, the reproductive characteristics of pig breeds bred in Lithuania, to determine correlation of the characteristics with productivity traits, and to develop an optimised system of pigs genetic evaluation by BLUP method. Tasks of the research was: to determine influence of genetic and non-genetic factors in pigs reproductive characteristics, to evaluate the additive-genetic heritability parameters, and co-response of reproduction traits; to evaluate influence of reproductive characteristics on productivity traits, phenotype and genetic co-response; to develop an optimised pigs genetic evaluation system employing BLUP method, estimating pigs reproductive and productive characteristics, using the integrated multivariate model; to evaluate tendencies of pigs genetic improvement. Novelty of the research: using the method of unifactor and multifactor dispersion analysis, leverage of genetic and non-genetic factors on reproductive characteristics of pigs, breed in Lithuania, was determined; heritability parameters of reproductive characteristics were determined, using modern software; genetic and phenotype co-response of the reproductive characteristics was estimated; genetic correlation between reproductive characteristics and productivity traits was evaluated, using statistical-genetic methods, for the first time in Lithuania; optimised multivariate model for determination of reproductive and... [to full text]

SUMMARY Key words: sporting event, economic impact and evaluation methods. The object of the work: sporting event’s economic impact’s evaluation methods analysis. Problem (research) question: Is cost – benefit analysis more effective than economic impact analysis evaluating event’s economic impact? Research hypothesis: cost – benefit analysis is more effective than economic impact analysis evaluating event’s economic impact. The purpose of the work: To evaluate sporting event’s economic impact by accomplishing sporting event’s economic impact’s evaluation methods analysis. Tasks of the work: a. To analyze the theoretical aspects of the sporting event’s economic impact’s evaluation. b. To educe sporting event’s economic impact’s evaluation methods. c. To define factors influencing the sporting event’s input and benefit. d. To substantiate sporting event’s economic impact’s evaluation methodology analyzing the European junior track-and-field athletics championship. Conclusions: 1. Sporting event’s economic impact is evaluated by its benefit. According to scientific literature there can be tangible (in terms of money) and intangible benefit. The tangible benefit of sporting event’s economic impact is evaluated using mathematical methods. Intangible benefit isn’t included as denominate in terms of money. 2. There are various economic impact evaluation methods presented in scientific literature. The economic impact analysis methods or cost – benefit analysis is mostly used for... [to full text]

Dovine River basin is a big contrast region. The south basin part falls into Suduva highlands and the north part falls into Uznemune lowland. This has very big influence to basin recreational distribution and development. The north basin part where is Zuvintas biosphere reserve with wetland complex and arable territory determine very low recreational activity and the south basin part with big lake and powerful landscape determine highly condition of recreation and tourism formation. Very important component of recreational potential of Dovine River basin is 33 lakes. Only big lakes Dusia, Simnas and Giluitis uses for recreation. The forested of Dovine River basin is only 23%, but these forest are very valuable. The biggest forest is Bukta, Kalniskes, Bijotai. There are 987 vegetal species, whereof 66 species are very protected and written into Lithuanian Red book and 5 species are European importance. There are 76 natural and cultural objects. Uneven recreational resources distribution, determine different basin tourism development. The north part of Dovine River basin with cultural heritage uses for cognitive tourism and the south basin part with big lakes and powerful landscape uses for rest tourism. The situation of tourist source of Dovine River basin is very good, because it situated between big Lithuanian cities Alytus and Marijampole. This influence very good condition of recreational facility. The recreation function of Dovine River basin is really versatile... [to full text]