Undersökningen är baserad på en intervjustudie med tio reportrar på kvällstidningarna Expressen och Aftonbladet. Syftet är att undersöka hur hotbilden riktad mot svenska reportrar ser ut. Studien syftar även till att undersöka om tidningarnas digitalisering har ökat hatet mot yrkesgruppen, samt om det finns några skillnader i hotbilden riktad mot manliga respektive kvinnliga journalister. Den tidigare forskningen om ämnet är bristfällig och vi har därför valt att beskriva utgå från forskning och teorier som rör ämnet och vår frågeställning, vilket är statistik på anmälningar av hat och hot i Sverige och forskning kring sexuella trakasserier. Som teoretiskt ramverk har vi använt oss av Jöran Höks problematisering av medieutveckling samt Thomas Hanitzsch modell av journalistisk kultur. Undersökningen visar att det finns en normalisering av de hot som journalisterna mottar. Majoriteten av våra intervjupersoner har betonat att de negativa kommentarerna de mottar inte är något personligt, utan riktar sig mot yrkesgruppen journalister. Många uttrycker också att reportrar på kvällstidningar är illa omtyckta inom denna yrkesgrupp. Trots det kunde vi i undersökningen dra slutsatsen att majoriteten av hoten var personligt riktade. Undersökningen visar också att det finns skillnader mellan manliga och kvinnliga reportrar när det gäller genre av hot. De kvinnliga intervjupersonerna mottar till större del sexuella kommentarer, men också kommentarer riktat mot yrkesprestationen. Medan de manliga intervjupersonerna till större del mottar kommentarer riktat mot deras yrkesprestation. Något vi initialt inte räknat med är den mängd rasistiska kommentarer som våra intervjupersoner mottar dagligen. Detta valde vi därför att fördjupa oss i ämnet högerextremism under arbetets gång.

This Master's thesis entitled "Social Media's Influence on Journalism" focuses on the effects new communication technologies, especially social media, has on journalist's. These effects are examined in regard to four major aspects of journalism - the individual, journalistic routine, work with information sources and ethical standards. The theoretical frame focuses on current trends in media, specifically social media, and the routines of journalists with a main focus on newsgathering and sorting of news. This has been strongly linked to gatekeeping theory. Qualitative research was conducted using Semi-structured in-depth interviews to answer research questions. Seven journalists, representing various facets of journalism, from a number of Czech daily newspapers were interviewed. The interviews were divided into four main parts to find out which social media platforms are used, how social media has changed routines, how social media is used as a source of information and how ethical standards may have changed. Open and axial coding was used to analyse the data obtained from the interviews. Results showed that journalists utilise social media at work on a daily basis and it has become an integral part of their routines. The main platforms used are Facebook, especially to find and connect sources,...

A presente dissertação procura compreender os discursos sobre o trabalho de jornalistas freelancers da cidade de São Paulo a partir de três momentos ou gêneros do discurso: questionário quantitativo, entrevistas em profundidade e grupo focal. O referencial teórico parte do binômio Comunicação e Trabalho como constitutivo da atividade humana, e envolve a Ergologia, o Materialismo Histórico e as Mudanças no Mundo do Trabalho, a Análise de Discurso e os Estudos de Recepção. Todas essas perspectivas são relacionadas para abordar o indivíduo-sujeito, que é social e particular. Os discursos dos pesquisados revelam, em todas as instâncias, certo ajustamento ao novo espírito do capitalismo e às suas prescrições, sendo mais individualistas e dificilmente enunciando questões coletivas; os engajados são exceções. Considerando o mundo do trabalho como mediação central da comunicação, a pesquisa faz, entre os discursos sobre o trabalho, um estudo de recepção com os sujeitos pesquisados. A recepção se revela o momento por excelência de falar sobre o trabalho. Ao falar sobre o trabalho do outro, os jornalistas se confrontam com o próprio trabalho e revelam, no discurso, os valores e os dramas da atividade real de comunicação e trabalho. / This dissertation seeks to understand the discourses on the work of freelance journalists in São Paulo city from three moments or genres of discourse: quantitative questionnaire, interviews and focus groups. The theoretical framework puts the binomial Communication and Work as constitutive of human activity, and involves Ergology, Historical Materialism and Changes on the World of Work, Discourse Analysis and Reception Studies, together with all the perspectives on the question of the subject, that is social and individual. The discourses of the analysis reveal, in all instances, some adjustment to the new spirit of capitalism and its requirements. They are more individualistic and hardly uttering collective issues; those engaged are excepctions. Considering the world of worlk as central mediation of communication, the research provides a study of reception with the subjects studied, between the discourses on the work. The reception is revelead as the moment par excellence to talk about work. When talking abour the others work, the journalists are confronted with their own work and reveal, in his discourse, values and dramas of real activity of communication and work.

A política e o jornalismo eram dois componentes fundamentais na vida pessoal e profissional de Julio de Mesquita Filho. Justamente por isso, não era difícil encontrar essas duas vertentes refletidas nas páginas de O Estado de S. Paulo, uma vez que esse jornalista fazia questão de utilizar, sobretudo as seções de opinião do jornal, como um lugar reservado para as suas constatações sobre assuntos que permeavam o cotidiano da sociedade paulista e brasileira na década de 30. Durante o Movimento Constitucionalista de 32, essa característica tornou-se ainda mais evidente, podendo ser ela percebida tanto nas notícias veiculadas como nos editoriais deste jornal. Por um dos líderes civis do conflito e também pelo seu papel de liderança dentro da redação, seu discurso era percebido e respondido pelos paulistas e demais jornalistas, criando a relação dialógica necessária para a manutenção e propagação do movimento. Assim, este trabalho, através da Teoria Lingüística da Enunciação, procura identificar enunciados recorrentes ao discurso utilizado por Julio de Mesquita Filho, durante a Revolução de 32, por meio da análise da cobertura jornalística do conflito, realizada pelo impresso O Estado de S. Paulo. / Politics and Journalism are two fundamental things at Julio de Mesquita Filho\'s personal and professional life. Because of that, it wasn\'t uneasy to find this two issues reflected inside O Estado de S. Paulo\'s pages, since this journalist wanted to use, especially at the opinion section of the newspaper, as a particular place to do his verifications about subjects that were everyday in the São Paulo and Brazil\'s society, in the 30\'s. In the course of Constitutionalist Movement in 1932, this characteristic became more obvious, and this could be known at the news and editorials of this media. As one of the civilian leaders at the conflict and in consequence of his leadership inside the editorial staff, his speech was noticed and answered by paulistas and journalists, making the dialogical relation necessary needed to preserve and to spread the movement. Thus, this paper work, using The Linguistics Enunciation Theory, tries to identify recurring enunciations in the Julio de Mesquita Filho\'s speech, during the Revolution of 32, analyzing the journalistic approach of the conflict, made by O Estado de S. Paulo.

O estudo em comento é um convite à reflexão sobre a atividade desenvolvida pelo jornalista escritor. Reconhecer originalidade e criatividade em seus artigos é uma responsabilidade imposta pela Lei de Direitos Autorais. Detectar na informação jornalística atributos que lhe conferem status de obra proporciona proteção ao jornalista como autor e incentiva cada vez mais o trabalho responsável. Assim, busca-se a diferenciação dos diversos escritos divulgados pela imprensa assegurando proteção legal àqueles cujos atributos pessoais do escritor revelam o esplendor de um estilo próprio que, além de informar, propõe ao leitor uma visão e abordagem diferenciada sobre o fato noticiado, consequência da vivência técnica e cultural do escritor. / The present study is an invitation to reflect about the activity developed by the journalist and writer. Recognizing the originality and criativity in his articles is a responsibility imposed by the Copyright Law. Detecting in the attributes which give him the status of work provides protection to the journalist as the author and encourages each time more the responsible work. Therefore, it seeks the differentiation of the several writings released by the press ensuring legal protection to those whose personal attributes of the writer reveal the splendor of his own style, which, besides informing, proposes to the reader a differentiated vision and approach about the reported fact, a consequence of the writer\'s technical and cultural experience.

While journalists were once viewed as gatekeepers, dispensing news and information via one-way communication channels, their role as information provider has evolved. Nowhere is this more apparent than on the social networking site Twitter, where information seekers have unprecedented access to information providers. The two-way communication that these information seekers have come to expect can be challenging for organizations such as ESPN who have multiple Twitter accounts and millions of followers. By designating one team of people as responsible for the organization's largest Twitter account, SportsCenter, ESPN has sought to establish manageable methods of interacting with this account's followers, while furthering the goals of the organization and providing sports news around the clock. This study provides a better understanding of the group responsible for ESPN's SportsCenter Twitter account: the motivation and strategies behind the group's Twitter use as well as the dynamics of this network, such as information flow and collaboration. Relying on the Information Seeking and Communication Model, this study also provides a better understanding of information exchanges with those outside the network, specifically a selection of the account's Twitter followers. Additionally, the role of journalist as information provider and certain themes that emerged from the content of the tweets are discussed. The research employed social network analysis and exploratory, descriptive case study methods. The results of this study contribute to social network and information theory as well as to journalistic and information science practice.

Compreender como as histórias são contadas nas reportagens hipermídia, a partir da Teoria do Hipertexto, a fim de elaborar elementos que apontem para as especificidades deste gênero no espaço de escrita digital é o objetivo principal desta tese. Para tanto refletimos sobre as características do hipertexto e sugerimos adequações ao campo do jornalismo. Definimos também o termo hipermídia como uma forma de mídia, resultante da remediação de todas as formas de mídia, de linguagem e de modos expressivos midiáticos que a antecederam. Sobre o gênero reportagem, discutimos a reportagem hipermídia e identificamos os recursos que potencializam a contextualização das histórias. A partir dessas discussões teóricas elaboramos nossa matriz metodológica que alia as especificidades do hipertexto jornalístico (a tipologia dos links, a multivocalidade e a estrutura de navegação) e as questões pertinentes às reportagens hipermídia, as quais denominamos de eixos estruturantes (camadas informativas, modalidades comunicativas e variantes contextuais). A análise foi realizada em três reportagens hipermídia: Snow Fall: The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek – The New York Times (Estados Unidos), Filhos da Guerra: Quem é o filho que António deixou na guerra – Público (Portugal) e Crise da água: Líquido e Incerto – Folha de S. Paulo (Brasil). Os resultados nos apontam para padrões de recorrência nas reportagens hipermídia que indicam um perfil próprio desse gênero no espaço de escrita digital. Destacamos alguns traços desse perfil: a reportagem hipermídia utiliza links narrativos para complementar, particularizar, ilustrar e detalhar as informações; emprega múltiplas vozes; a participação do leitor é restrita; a estrutura de navegação é diversificada; a estrutura da reportagem conta com duas camadas informativas; as modalidades comunicativas estão integradas entre si; o texto é a peça-chave que conduz a história; a contextualização das histórias ocorre por meio da humanização dos relatos, de bases de dados, de recursos imersivos e das histórias em formato longo. / The main goal of this thesis is to understand how stories are being told in hypermedia reporting, considering Hypertext as theoretical framework, in order to elaborate features that indicates the specificities of this genre in digital writing space. For this purpose, we consider hypertext characteristics in order to suggest adjustments to journalism field. We also define hypermedia as a new media format, resulting from the remediation of all types of media, language and expressive mediatic modes that preceeded it. When it comes to reporting as a genre, we discuss the hypermedia reporting and identify the resources that strengthen stories contextualization. From these theoretical discussions, we elaborate our methodological framework that combines the specificities of journalistic hypertext (the typology of links, the multivocality and the navigation structure) and the pertinent issues to hypermedia reports, which we denominate the structuring axes (informative layers, communicative modalities and contextual variants). We select as an analysis sample three hypermedia reports: Snow Fall: The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek – The New York Times (United States), Filhos da Guerra: Quem é o filho que António deixou na guerra – Público (Portugal) and Crise da água: Líquido e Incerto – Folha de S. Paulo (Brazil). The study findings lead us to identify a standard in hypermedia reports which compose a profile of its own kind in the digital writing field. We highlighted some features of this profile: the hypermedia report uses narrative links as complement, to particularize, to illustrate and to detail the information; it employs multiple voices; it uses restrict reader participation; it uses a diverse navigation structure; it's structure has two informative layers. We also find that the communicative modalities are integrated with each other; the text is the key element that conducts the story; the story contextualization occurs using resources such as personification, databases, immersive language and long-form stories.

Analysis of journalistic treatment with sources depending on gender of a journalist Lucie Kudláčková Abstract This thesis examines relationship between a sex of a journalist and a sex of news source, that the journalist chooses. The work includes a search of existing Czech and foreign research and theories on this topic. Its main goal is to determine whether woman journalists have more female sources than their male colleagues and to describe the difference between men and women journalists during their work with women and men. The paper also attempts to describe share of men and women as sources in the Czech media, with special emphasis on women's representation in the news and their position in it, and brings information on the share of women journalists in the media and their positions in newsrooms. The paper provides quantitative research of media content of the Czech press and television. Data shows that men far outnumber women as authors and as news sources as well. The gender of the sources was proved as an important factor for selection to the report and the source's position in it. It was also proved that female journalists have in their texts more women than their male counterparts. The work also includes additional qualitative research consisting of interviews with journalists. Interviews...

Syftet med den här uppsatsen har varit att undersöka hur journalisterna mår psykiskt på sin arbetsplats på Sörmlands media, närmare bestämt Eskilstuna Kuriren (EK), Katrineholms Kuriren (KK) och Södermanlands Nyheter (SN). Att valet föll på Sörmlands media, beror på att vi båda hade vikariat på EK och KK sommaren 2018 och bedömer att dessa redaktioner bedriver lokaljournalistik framgångsrikt trots nedskärningar på redaktionerna. Till vår uppsats har vi valt att göra en kvantitativ enkätundersökning som vi sedan följde upp med kvalitativa intervjuer med chefredaktörerna på EK, KK och SN. Syftet med enkätundersökningen var att ta reda på om journalisterna upplever stress i sin vardag på redaktionen och i så fall varför. 23 frågor skickades ut till 71 journalister, varav 32 svarade. Där framgick att över hälften av de anställda funderade på att byta jobb. Den främsta orsaken till det uppgavs vara arbetsvillkoren. Stress fanns också över tekniken som arbetsredskap, personalbrist, samt osäkerhet inför framtiden med tanke på nedskärningar. Efter sammanställningen av enkäten gjordes kvalitativa intervjuer med chefredaktörerna på de tre redaktionerna. Eva Burman (EK), Marie Hillblom (KK) och Anna Falk (SN) intervjuades och fick ta del av resultatet från enkätundersökningen och ge sin syn på arbetsvillkoren, digitalisering, nedskärningar och framtiden. Resultatet från intervjuerna visade att chefredaktörerna har förståelse för den stress som journalisterna känner men gav också sin bild av hur de önskar att journalisterna själva kunde bidra till att minska den. Som teoretisk ram för vår studie har vi valt teorier om kommersialiseringen och managerialism enligt Ulrika Andersson och kombinerat med Karasek och Theorells krav-kontroll och stödmodell, som är en av de ledande teorierna inom psykosocial arbetsmiljöforskning.

This thesis addressed the question, "How should journalists cover the environment, according to the conversation between the scholarship on environmental journalism and the handbooks on environmental journalism?" Do the handbooks, written for practicing journalists, agree with the academic scholarship on environmental journalism? The conversation between the literature and handbooks is important to examine, as the handbooks are tools journalists may use when reporting on the environment. The handbooks could influence a journalist, who influences the public, who make decisions in a democracy. As well, examining the conversation between the literature and the handbooks reveals whether or not the academy and the practice agree on how to respond to the criticisms and challenges of environmental journalism. Do they offer the same tips for improvement? First, an extensive literature review on environmental journalism revealed the criticisms, challenges, and tips to improve. Second, a qualitative document analysis examined handbooks published for journalists covering the environment to capture definitions, meanings, and similarities and differences among them. Third, the results of the literature review and the results of the document analysis were compared to examine if the handbooks respond, emulate, or differ from the literature content. Findings include five qualitative document analyses of the handbooks, and a comparative essay of the handbooks to the scholarly literature. These findings were based on the researcher's interpretive analysis. The conversation between the literature and handbooks is a healthy one. As the literature presents challenges and criticisms, the handbooks suggest solutions. Most importantly, as the literature presents tips and techniques for improvement, the handbooks agree with the ways to improve. Overall, the scholarship on environmental journalism and the handbooks on environmental journalism are "on the same page." Both support understanding audience needs, obtaining a solid understanding of a topic before reporting, addressing environmental issues thoroughly, translating the science, providing the history of a topic, addressing risk, using diverse sources, maintaining long-term coverage, disseminating objective information, and more training for journalists.