The thesis explores the factors affecting the availability and utilization of work-life balance programs in Canadian workplaces and how employee involvement and participation programs can help employees balance their work and life. The introductory chapter provides background information on the importance of balancing work and life. It outlines chapters two, three, and four and reveals the overarching theme that unites them. Chapter Two explores how business strategy affects the availability of work-life balance programs. This chapter uses the 2003 and 2004 Canadian Workplace and Employee Survey to demonstrate that product leadership business strategy is positively related to the likelihood of adopting work-life balance programs (i.e. employee assistance programs, fitness and recreation centers). Cost leadership strategy is shown to be negatively correlated to the adoption of these programs. This study also finds that high performance work systems mediate the relationship between business strategy and employer responsiveness to work-life balance issues. Chapter Three investigates how a company’s family-friendly culture affects the likelihood of an employee’s use of parental leave. Using a national representative and linked employer and employee survey, this study finds that a long-hour organizational culture, which is revealed through managers’ work hours, discourages new parents from taking parental leave. This study also finds that when managers work long hours, it has a greater negative effect on the probability of male employees taking parental leave than female employees. Chapter Four discusses how participation in decision making (PDM) can help employees balance the demands from work and life. Using Karasek’s (1979) job demand-job control model, this study finds that PDM can reduce work-life conflict, but the reduction only works for employees who work long hours. For those employees who work short hours, PDM increases their work-life conflict. Chapter Five summarizes the empirical results. Implications for employers, labour unions, and policy makers are discussed.

The thesis explores the factors affecting the availability and utilization of work-life balance programs in Canadian workplaces and how employee involvement and participation programs can help employees balance their work and life. The introductory chapter provides background information on the importance of balancing work and life. It outlines chapters two, three, and four and reveals the overarching theme that unites them. Chapter Two explores how business strategy affects the availability of work-life balance programs. This chapter uses the 2003 and 2004 Canadian Workplace and Employee Survey to demonstrate that product leadership business strategy is positively related to the likelihood of adopting work-life balance programs (i.e. employee assistance programs, fitness and recreation centers). Cost leadership strategy is shown to be negatively correlated to the adoption of these programs. This study also finds that high performance work systems mediate the relationship between business strategy and employer responsiveness to work-life balance issues. Chapter Three investigates how a company’s family-friendly culture affects the likelihood of an employee’s use of parental leave. Using a national representative and linked employer and employee survey, this study finds that a long-hour organizational culture, which is revealed through managers’ work hours, discourages new parents from taking parental leave. This study also finds that when managers work long hours, it has a greater negative effect on the probability of male employees taking parental leave than female employees. Chapter Four discusses how participation in decision making (PDM) can help employees balance the demands from work and life. Using Karasek’s (1979) job demand-job control model, this study finds that PDM can reduce work-life conflict, but the reduction only works for employees who work long hours. For those employees who work short hours, PDM increases their work-life conflict. Chapter Five summarizes the empirical results. Implications for employers, labour unions, and policy makers are discussed.

本研究主要的目的以工作要求—資源模式(Job Demands-Resources model)為基礎，延伸JD-R模式之相關基本假定。雖然此模式之基本假定已獲許多實證研究支持，然而，卻仍無法有效解釋工作要求與工作投入之間的相關為何未能有穩定的關係。本研究欲衍伸以了解工作要求與工作資源是否具有不同的內涵，而這不同的內涵是否影響其與工作投入與倦怠的關係。 本研究依據理論分析將工作要求內涵分為挑戰型與阻礙型。而工作資源內涵則包括自由與發展及社會支持。以了解是否不同內涵的工作要求與工作資源，其對於工作投入和工作倦怠間的關係會有所差異，並探討其交互作用效果。 本研究採用結構式問卷調查，調查對象為台灣地區各類組織之279位全職工作者。研究結果發現:不論是挑戰型或是阻礙型要求皆會導致工作倦怠；而挑戰型要求對工作投入有正向影響。社會支持及自主與發展資源皆會引發工作投入；其中，社會支持對工作倦怠有負向影響。在交互作用效果方面，社會支持能有效調節阻礙型要求所引發的工作倦怠，而自主與發展資源在調節阻礙型要求所引發的工作倦怠亦達邊緣顯著。 依據研究結果，本研究建議，企業應給予員工充分的工作資源，不但可以增加員工工作投入的程度，更能減緩其工作倦怠。並且適當的給予挑戰型的要求，降低阻礙型的工作要求，以提升員工心理與生理健康，並提升組織的整體表現。 / Most researchers applied Job Demands-Resources model (JD-R model) to study the job stress. The JD-R model proposes job demands and job resources influenced. Although the part researches showed job demand could predict the burnout, but the results about relationship between job demands and engagement is inconsistent. Therefore, the aim of this study want to resolve this inconsistent result. This study recruited 279 Taiwanese employees. The study’s results showed: First, job demands and burnout were positively associated. Second, relationships among resources and engagement were consistently positive, while relationships among demands and engagement were highly dependent on the different characteristics of the job demand. When employees appraise the job demand as challenges, this job demand were positively associated with engagement. Third, the interaction between social support and hindrance demands significantly predicted the burnout.

denna studie undersöks vilka upplevda effekter avtalsformen förtroendearbetstid har på den enskilda individens välmående och dess balans mellan privat- och arbetsliv. Studien granskar även om personalansvar har betydelse för individens upplevelse av avtalsformen. En kvalitativ ansats har tillämpats för att ha möjlighet att skapa en djupare förståelse gällande individers upplevelse kring avtalsformen. I studien intervjuades sex stycken individer med avtalsformen förtroendearbetstid, varav tre av dessa innehar personalansvar. Resultatet visar att samtliga respondenter idag ställer sig positiva till förtroendearbetstid då avtalsformen skapar flexibilitet och således gynnar deras balans mellan privat- och arbetsliv. Däremot visar studien att gränsdragning mellan dessa sfärer inte alltid varit enkel vilket under tidigare perioder resulterat i stress och minskad återhämtning. Resultatet påvisar ingen större skillnad mellan de två urvalsgrupperna förutom att individerna som innehar personalansvar har större möjlighet att styra sin arbetstid. Teorier som används för att analysera materialet är bland annat krav, kontroll- och stödmodellen (Karasek & Theorell, 1990) samt Work life balance (Greenhaus, Collins & Shaw, 2003). Socialt stöd och vilka förväntningar organisation och kollegor har på individen är något som framkommit som betydande för individens upplevelse av förtroendearbetstid. Även individens personlighet samt erfarenhet av förtroendearbetstid har visat sig ha stor betydelse för hur personen hanterar och påverkas av avtalsformen. / This study investigates the effects of the Swedish contract form “förtroendearbetstid” on the individual's well-being and balance between private and working life. The study also examines if managers experience the contract form different from other employees. A qualitative approach has been applied to provide a deeper understanding of the individual's experience of the contract form. Six individuals were interviewed with the contract form “förtroendearbetstid” in this study, three of them were managers. The result shows that all respondents today are positive about the contract form and think it creates flexibility and benefits their balance between private and working life. On the other hand, the study shows that boundaries between the private and working life has not always been simple, which in earlier periods resulted in stress and reduced recovery. The result shows no bigger difference between the two selection groups, except that the managers has major opportunity to control their working hours. An analysis was made based on different theories, for instance the job demands, control and support model (Karasek & Theorell, 1990) and work Life Balance theory (Greenhaus, Collins & Shaw, 2003). Something that has emerged as important to the individual with the contract form is social support and also which expectations the organization and colleagues have on the individual. The person's characteristics, personality and experience of the contract form has prove to be of great relevance to how the person manages and is affected by the contract form.

Introduction: Policing is a public health issue. The police often encounter vulnerable populations. Police officers have wide discretionary powers, which could impact on how they support vulnerable populations. In encountering vulnerable populations the police officers are required to be professional; maintaining mental health in the face of challenges is part of professionalism. Their encounters with vulnerable populations might influence their mental health which in turn might influence the way they use their discretion when making decisions. Background/context: Sweden receives more unaccompanied, asylum-seeking refugee children than any other country in Europe. The number of asylum applications for such children increased from 400 in 2004 to 7000 in 2014 to over 35,000 in 2015. These children come to Sweden and apply for asylum without being under the care of their parents or other legal guardian. Some are denied asylum. If they do not return to their country of origin voluntarily the police are responsible for their deportation. The Swedish government wants an increasing number of deportations and wants them carried out with dignity. This thesis is about the police officers’ perceptions of how to interpret the seemingly contradictory demands for more deportations, that is, efficiency; and concerns for human rights during the deportation process, that is, dignity. This is conceptualized using three theoretical frameworks: a) street-level bureaucracy, b) job demand-control-social support model and c) coping. These theoretical frameworks indicate the complexity of the issue and function as constructions by means of which understanding can be brought to the police officers’ perceptions of deportation work involving unaccompanied, asylum-seeking refugee children and how such work is associated to their mental health. Aim: The current research aims to investigate and analyse Swedish police officers’ mental health in the context of deportations of unaccompanied, asylum-seeking refugee children. Methods: This thesis uses both qualitative and quantitative methodology. The qualitative approach comprised interviews conducted to achieve a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of police officers’ perceptions of deportations of unaccompanied, asylum-seeking refugee children. The quantitative method involved the use of validated questionnaires to investigate the association between police officers’ mental health and psychosocial job characteristics and coping. This approach made it possible to study a complex issue in a complex environment and to present relevant recommendations. A total of 14 border police officers were interviewed and 714 police officers responded to a survey. Results: The police officers utilize their wide discretionary powers and perceive that they are doing what is best in the situation, trying to listen to the child and to be aware of the child’s needs. Police officers with experience of deportations of unaccompanied, asylum-seeking refugee children were not found to have poorer mental health than police officers with no such experience. Furthermore, high job demand, low decision latitude, low levels of work-related social support, shift work and being single are associated with poor mental health. Coping moderates the association between mental health and the experience of carrying out deportations of unaccompanied, asylum-seeking, refugee children, and the police officers seem to utilize both emotional and problem-solving coping during the same complex deportation process. Implications / conclusions: The general conclusion reached in this thesis is that if police officers are subject to reasonable demands, have high decision latitude, access to work-related social support, and utilize adaptable coping, the deportation work does not seem to affect their mental health. When police officers meet vulnerable people, they utilize their discretionary powers to deal with seemingly contradictory demands, that is, efficiency and dignity. The executive role in the deportations of unaccompanied, asylum-seeking refugee children and the awareness of dealing with a child threatened with deportation might give rise to activation of a sense of protection, safety and security. Discretion might make it possible to act on this sense of protection, safety and security and to combine efficiency and dignity. Further studies, which integrate cognitive and emotional discretion with coping, need to be undertaken. / Introduktion: Polisarbete är i mångt och mycket en folkhälsofråga, något som inte minst blir tydligt i polisers möte med utsatta människor. Poliser har ett stort handlingsutrymme, vilket kan påverka hur de bemöter utsatta människor. I mötet med dessa människor behöver poliserna vara professionella; att ta hand om sin psykiska hälsa när man möts av utmaningar är en del av professionalismen. Att möta utsatta människor kan påverka polisernas psykiska hälsa, som i sin tur kan påverka hur de använder sitt handlingsutrymme när de fattar beslut. Bakgrund: Sverige tar emot fler ensamkommande asylsökande flyktingbarn än något annat land i Europa. Antalet asylansökningar för sådana barn ökade från 400 år 2004 till 7000 år 2014 till över 35 000 år 2015. Dessa barn kommer till Sverige och ansöker om asyl utan sina föräldrar eller annan vårdnadshavare. Somliga av dem nekas asyl. Om de inte återvänder till sitt ursprungsland frivilligt är polisen ansvariga för utvisningen. Den svenska regeringen kräver ett ökande antal verkställigheter av av- och utvisningar samt fastlår att verkställigheterna ska genomföras med respekt för människors värdighet. Denna avhandling handlar om polisers uppfattningar och tolkningar av de till synes motsägelsefulla kraven på att verkställa fler av- och utvisningar, det vill säga effektivitet; och hur man hanterar de mänskliga rättigheterna under utvisningsprocessen, det vill säga värdighet. Detta beskrivs och analyseras med hjälp av tre teoretiska ramverk: a) gräsrotsbyråkrati, b) jobb-krav-kontroll-socialt stödmodellen och c) coping. Dessa teoretiska ramverk visar på arbetsuppgiftens komplexitet och fungerar som utgångspunkt för att skapa förståelse för polisernas uppfattningar av arbetet med att verkställa av- och utvisningar av ensamkommande asylsökande flyktingbarn och hur sådant arbete är associerat med polisernas psykiska hälsa. Syfte: Denna avhandling syftar till att undersöka och analysera svenska polisers psykiska hälsa i relation till av- och utvisningar av ensamkommande asylsökande flyktingbarn. Metod: Både kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod användes i denna avhandling. Det kvalitativa tillvägagångssättet innefattade intervjuer för att uppnå en djupare förståelse för hur poliser uppfattar av- och utvisningar av ensamkommande asylsökande flyktingbarn. Den kvantitativa metoden innebar tillämpning av validerade frågeformulär för att undersöka sambandet mellan polisernas psykiska hälsa och psykosociala jobbkarakteristika samt coping. Detta tillvägagångssätt gjorde det möjligt att studera en komplex fråga i en komplex miljö och att presentera relevanta rekommendationer. Totalt intervjuades 14 gränspoliser och 714 poliser svarade på en enkätundersökning. Resultat: Resultatet visar att poliserna utnyttjar sitt stora handlingsutrymme och uppfattar att de gör det som är bäst i situationen, att de försöker lyssna på barnet och vara medvetna om barnets behov. Poliser med erfarenhet av av- och utvisningar av ensamkommande asylsökande flyktingbarn har inte visat sig ha en sämre psykisk hälsa än poliser utan sådan erfarenhet. Vidare är höga krav och lågt beslutsutrymme på arbetet, låga nivåer av arbetsrelaterat socialt stöd, skiftarbete och singelliv associerat med dålig psykisk hälsa. Coping mildrar effekten på den psykiska hälsan hos de som har erfarenhet av att utföra av- och utvisningar av ensamkommande asylsökande flyktingbarn. Poliserna verkar utnyttja både emotionell och problemlösande coping under en och samma komplexa utvisningsprocess. Slutsats: Den viktigaste slutsatsen i denna avhandling är att om poliser utsätts för rimliga krav, har stort beslutsutrymme, tillgång till arbetsrelaterat socialt stöd och använder sig av anpassningsbar coping, verkar det som att arbetet med av- och utvisningar inte påverkar deras psykiska hälsa. När poliser möter utsatta människor utnyttjar de sitt handlingsutrymme för att hantera de till synes motsägelsefulla kraven, det vill säga effektivitet och värdighet. Den verkställande rollen i av- och utvisningar av ensamkommande asylsökande flyktingbarn och medvetenheten om att hantera ett barn som hotas av utvisning kan ge upphov till en aktivering av känslan att ge skydd, trygghet och säkerhet. Handlingsutrymmet kan göra det möjligt att agera på denna känsla av skydd, trygghet och säkerhet samt att kunna kombinera effektivitet och värdighet. Ytterligare studier, som integrerar kognitivt och känslomässigt handlingsutrymme med coping, behöver emellertid genomföras.

Dans le cadre de leur mandat, les intervenants en protection de la jeunesse sont exposés à de nombreux risques professionnels. Au nombre de ces risques figurent les agressions psychologiques et physiques commises par les usagers. En effet, étant donné que de nombreuses familles interprètent l’engagement de ces intervenants dans leur vie comme une intrusion, ces derniers doivent fréquemment composer avec des situations tendues, ce qui augmente le risque de subir une agression. À long terme, ces interactions exigeantes minent la santé et le bien-être des intervenants. L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’éclaircir la façon dont les intervenants s’adaptent aux conséquences des agressions commises par leurs usagers dans le cadre de leur travail. Cette thèse s’ouvre sur une recension détaillée des écrits scientifiques actuels sur le sujet. Suivent trois articles scientifiques présentant des informations indispensables au sujet des expériences des intervenants. Le premier article de cette thèse, une analyse thématique transversale portant sur les expériences de 30 intervenants, donne un aperçu du sujet à l’étude en décrivant les types d’agressions que vivent les intervenants, leurs perceptions de ce problème et les modes d’adaptation qu’ils adoptent au travail. Plus précisément, ce chapitre démontre comment les agressions commises par les usagers constituent une préoccupation constante pour les intervenants, qu’ils travaillent aux domiciles des usagers ou dans des centres résidentiels. L’article explique que les intervenants recourent à divers modes efficaces pour s’adapter à court et long terme, comme le travail en équipe et le soutien du superviseur. Cependant, pour continuer à remplir leur mandat, ils recourent aussi parfois à des modes d’adaptation nuisibles, tels que le déni et la minimisation. L’auteure révèle que les efforts que déploient les intervenants pour se sentir en sécurité face à des actes d’agression récurrents constituent une lutte constante pour ces derniers, qui font souvent état de niveaux élevés de détresse et de faibles niveaux de soutien au travail. Les résultats présentés dans le premier chapitre indiquent que la détresse des intervenants les amène parfois à mal gérer des situations tendues. En conséquence, le deuxième chapitre vise principalement à étudier sous un angle dynamique la relation entre la détresse émotionnelle des intervenants et leur revictimisation. À l’aide d’une analyse faisant appel à des modèles autorégressifs croisés, ce chapitre révèle un lien entre la détresse émotionnelle que signalent 173 intervenants à la suite d’un événement potentiellement traumatisant au travail et des taux plus élevés de revictimisation chez les intervenants deux mois plus tard, mais pas six ou douze mois plus tard. Cela fait penser que les intervenants sont particulièrement vulnérables aux agressions récurrentes lorsqu’ils viennent de vivre un événement marquant au travail. Bien que cet article démontre qu’il y a une corrélation entre le soutien du superviseur et des niveaux inférieurs de détresse émotionnelle à la suite d’un événement potentiellement traumatisant, cette variable ne modère pas la relation entre la détresse émotionnelle et la revictimisation. Ce constat révèle que l’influence du soutien du superviseur est plus complexe que ce qu’ont précédemment décrit d’autres auteurs. Les résultats tirés du deuxième article ont motivé une analyse approfondie des expériences des intervenants qui se tournent vers leur superviseur pour être soutenus après avoir subi un acte d’agression commis par un usager. Ce dernier article comprend une analyse longitudinale qualitative des réalités vécues par 30 intervenants qui ont récemment subi une agression commise par un usager. Les résultats de cette analyse révèlent que la qualité de la relation superviseur/intervenant influe grandement sur l’approche que les intervenants adoptent pour composer avec leur détresse ainsi que sur la manière dont ils recherchent et perçoivent le soutien de leur superviseur. En effet, lorsque les intervenants perçoivent une relation de confiance avec leur superviseur, ils expriment leurs émotions plus librement et sont plus ouverts à inclure leur superviseur dans leur adaptation, ce qui mène à des résultats plus favorables (p. ex., atténuation de la détresse émotionnelle, croissance professionnelle). En revanche, lorsque la qualité de la relation est perçue comme médiocre, les intervenants se créent peu d’attentes et choisissent de gérer leur détresse eux-mêmes, ce qui se traduit parfois par l’utilisation de modes d’adaptation associés à une plus grande détresse émotionnelle, comme la minimisation, l’isolement ou le déni. La thèse se conclut sur une discussion de la manière dont la disponibilité et la qualité des ressources individuelles et organisationnelles, telles que le soutien des superviseurs, influent grandement sur l’adaptation des intervenants lorsque ces derniers sont confrontés aux agressions commises par leurs usagers. En effet, il est possible que des intervenants ne puissent pas compter sur leurs supérieurs en cas de besoin, soit en raison de la mauvaise qualité de leur relation, soit en raison d’autres facteurs, comme les contraintes de temps à cause d’une charge de travail excessive. Cela exerce une pression supplémentaire sur ces intervenants, qui doivent trouver d’autres modes d’adaptation pour gérer seuls leur détresse. Ceci conduit parfois à l’utilisation plus fréquente de modes d’adaptation qui menacent leur bien-être à long terme. À l’aide de la théorie des ressources et exigences liées à l’emploi (Demerouti et coll., 2001), cette thèse révèle que le contexte organisationnel limite et influence la manière dont les intervenants choisissent de s’adapter. En effet, l’adaptation ne dépend pas seulement de l’apport de l’intervenant ou de son superviseur, mais aussi des ressources rendues disponibles par leur employeur. Malheureusement, cette thèse décrit aussi à quel point ces ressources organisationnelles sont souvent insuffisantes pour permettre aux intervenants de gérer les conséquences des agressions qu’ils vivent ainsi que d’autres aspects négatifs de leur emploi. Considérant cela, cette thèse fait plusieurs suggestions qui pourraient aider les établissements à soutenir leurs intervenants en supprimant les contraintes qui favorisent l’adoption de modes d’adaptation inefficaces et en augmentant la disponibilité et la qualité des ressources qui favorisent des stratégies d’adaptation plus efficaces. / While performing their mandate, child protection workers (CPWs) are exposed to numerous occupational hazards. One such hazard is the psychological abuse and physical hostility directed at them by service users. Since many families view a CPW’s involvement in their lives as an unwelcome intrusion, CPWs frequently find themselves needing to de-escalate tense situations, some of which devolve into abusive acts. Over time, these emotionally charged encounters can interfere with CPW health and wellbeing. This thesis aims to further our current understanding of how CPWs cope in the aftermath of abusive acts perpetrated upon them by service users in the work setting. The thesis project opens with a comprehensive overview of the current scientific literature on the topic, followed by three scientific articles—two qualitative and one quantitative—that contribute much-needed information on the experience of at-risk CPWs. The first thesis article—a thematic analysis of 30 CPWs’ experiences—then provides an overview of the abusive acts that are directed at CPWs in the workplace. Specifically, it describes the various forms of hostility or abuse the CPWs experience, along with their subjective perception of it and the coping strategies they employ. This first article highlights more specifically how service-user hostility is a constant concern for CPWs, whether they practice in the community or in residential treatment centers. CPWs draw upon a variety of positive coping methods as adjustment strategies, such as teamwork and supervisor support; and sometimes employ harmful coping strategies, such as denial and minimization, in order to keep fulfilling their mandate. The author reveals that feeling “safe” whilst being confronted with repeated acts of aggression proves a constant struggle for CPWs, who often report high levels of distress and few sources of organizational support. Findings from the first article suggest that CPW distress sometimes leads to their mishandling tense situations. In consideration of this, the main objective of the second article was to study the interrelationship between emotional distress and revictimization. Using cross-lagged panel analysis, this second article reveals that the emotional distress reported by 173 CPWs subsequent to a potentially traumatic workplace event can in fact be linked to higher rates of revictimization when dealing with service users up to two months later, but not six or twelve months later. This suggests that CPWs are particularly at risk of hostile acts recurring after a recent distressing event in their work setting. Although supervisor support can be correlated with lower levels of emotional distress after a potentially traumatic event, this variable does not moderate the relationship between emotional distress and revictimization, suggesting that its influence is more complex than previously described. Mixed results from the second article motivated a more thorough analysis of the CPWs who seek support from their supervisors after having suffered an abusive encounter with a service user. The last article consists of a qualitative longitudinal study of the lived realities of 30 CPWs who had recently been subjected to an act of aggression. Findings reveal that the quality of the supervisor/CPW relationship greatly influences how CPWs manage their distress and how they seek out and perceive support from their supervisors. Indeed, when CPWs have a strong and open relationship with their supervisors, they express emotions more freely and are more open to involving their supervisors in their adjustment efforts which, in turn, leads to more favorable outcomes (e.g., less emotional distress, greater professional growth, meaning-making). To the contrary, when the supervisor/CPW relationship is perceived as poor, CPWs have low expectations and choose to manage the distress on their own—which sometimes translates into their opting for strategies which may lead to greater emotional distress over time, such as minimization or denial. The thesis closes with a discussion on how the availability and quality of personal and organizational resources—such as supervisor support—greatly influence the adjustment capacity of CPWs when facing abusive encounters with service users. In fact, CPWs may not be able to rely on their supervisors when in need, either due to the poor quality of the relationship or due to other factors such as time constraints resulting from excessive workloads. This places additional pressure on CPWs who must find alternative strategies to manage distress on their own—which sometimes means more frequent recourse to ineffective coping strategies. Using Job Demands and Resources Theory (Demerouti et al., 2001), this thesis concludes by explaining how the organizational context can constrain and shape the way CPWs choose to adapt. Indeed, adaptation does not solely depend on workers or their supervisors, but also on the resources made available by their employer. Unfortunately, this thesis also describes how organisational resources are often insufficient to counteract the effects of job demands, such as repeated aggression. Still, this thesis recommends several avenues that could help organizations to provide CPWs with more effective support by eliminating some constraints that promote ineffective coping strategies and by increasing both the availability and the quality of resources that encourage the adoption of more effective coping strategies.

Over the last two decades, more and more elderly care nurses, specialists and untrained, have chosen to go into temporary agency work rather than insitutionalized care. This qualitative study investigated the factors that attract elderly care nurses to temporary employment and possible adjustments organizations can make, to enhance their competitiveness over agencies. A structured literature review and the Job Demand-Resource Theory were used as the backdrop for qualitative interviews with temporary agency nurses, temporary agents and leaders of elderly care homes. The factors that attract elderly care nurses in Germany to temporary agency work are expectations of greater flexibility, higher salaries and a different balance of demands and resources. The expected flexibilities are however limited and higher salaries arequestionable. Temporary agency nurses are engaging in a form of job crafting behavior that has larger implications for the field. Organizations might enhance their competitiveness with changes to internal structures, in large part changes to internal communication, and external changes the organizations might support / In den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten haben sich immer mehr Altenpfleger*innen, sowohl Fachkräfte als auch Ungelernte, dafür entschieden, in der Zeitarbeit statt der stationären Pflege zu arbeiten. Diese qualitative Studie untersuchte die Faktoren, die Altenpfleger*innen zur Zeitarbeit bewegen, und mögliche Anpassungen, die Unternehmen vornehmen können, um ihre Wettbewerbsfähigkeit gegenüber Agenturen zu verbessern. Eine strukturierte Literaturrecherche und die Job Demand-Resource Theorie dienten als Grundlage für qualitative Interviews mit Zeitarbeitspflegekräften, Disponent*innen von Zeitarbeitsagenturen und Leiter*innen von Altenpflegeheimen. Die Faktoren, die Altenpflegeri*innen in Deutschland zur Zeitarbeit bewegen, sind die Erwartung größerer Flexibilität, höhere Gehälter und ein anderes Gleichgewicht von Anforderungen und Ressourcen. Die erwartete Flexibilität ist jedoch begrenzt und die finanziellen Vorteile sind fraglich. Zeitarbeitskräfte üben eine Form des Job Crafting aus, die weitreichende Auswirkungen auf die Pflege als Profession und Arbeitsfeld hat. Unternehmen könnten ihre Wettbewerbsfähigkeit durch Änderungen der internen Strukturen, größtenteils eine Anpassung der Kommunikation, und durch externe Veränderungen, die sie unterstützen könnten, verbessern.

過去學者探究員工擔任師父意願，或以個人特質、或以情境因素，皆以個人層次的性格因素探討其對擔任師父意願的影響程度。然而此研究取向結果累積，無法有系統架構地了解其對員工擔任師父意願的影響，並找到組織的施力點。故本研究以「工作要求-資源模型」為基礎，探討工作情境中的工作負荷量與知覺主管支持兩因素對於員工擔任師父意願之影響。本研究首先探討工作要求能否藉由增加員工的耗竭感，而減低員工擔任師父意願。其次探討工作資源是否能透過增加員工的工作敬業，進而提升員工擔任師父意願。此外，藉由比較工作要求-資源模型之雙歷程模式，以統計方法進行重要性比較，了解兩途徑對於員工擔任意願的影響程度相對大小。此研究結果可提供未來情境因素影響擔任師父意願研究之參考，實務上則能為組織提升員工擔任師父意願所用。並研究結果顯示，工作耗竭感完全中介工作負荷量與員工擔任師父意願間的關係，工作敬業對知覺主管支持與擔任師父意願間關係的中介並不顯著。其討論與應用則於後續章節探討。 / The past mentor topics mostly discussed the influence of personality on willingness to mentor. But with this approach, the authorities would not be able to intervene the mentoring program from the policy or program design so that the authorities could not improve current status of the organizational training. This research would base on theory of Job Demand-Resource model to integrate the work situational factors, such as workload and supervisor’s support, to predict the influence on the willingness to mentor. Also the other emphasis is to weight the two different work situational factors to value the importance between the situational factors and employees’ willingness to mentor. The result shows the job exhaustion directly mediate the workload and the willingness to mentor. However, the mediation effect of work engagement is not significant between the supervisor’s support and the willingness to mentor. The Job Demand-Resource model can be further applied in the area of mentoring willingness. Besides, the control variable of personality, altruism, has consistent effect on each of the research variables.