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Les conditions initiales de la longevité des joint ventures internationales : une analyse des JVI implantées dans les pays de la Méditerrannée / The initial conditions of the longevity of international joint ventures : an analysis of IJV established in mediterranean regionTriki, Dorra 27 September 2013 (has links)
Dans un contexte de globalisation des marchés, les partenariats inter-firmes et les joint ventures internationales (JVI) se sont considérablement développés à l’échelle mondiale. La littérature montre qu’en dépit des nombreux avantages offerts aux entreprises, ces stratégies demeurent risquées avec un niveau de performance hétérogène. Dans le cadre de cette recherche doctorale, nous proposons d’étudier l’impact des conditions initiales sur la longévité et les modalités de sortie des joint ventures implantées dans les pays de la Méditerranée. Dans cet objectif, nous avons retenu une perspective holistique en mobilisant trois ensembles de variables : l’environnement de la structure commune, les caractéristiques des partenaires et celles de la joint venture. Ces conditions initiales, prises en compte au moment de la formation de la relation, sont considérées comme des éléments « déstabilisateurs » influençant la durée de la relation partenariale. Afin de déterminer l’influence de ces variables, nous avons construit une base de données, à partir de la presse économique. L’échantillon est constitué de 124 JVI implantées dans huit pays de la région méditerranéenne et créées entre 1996 et 2003. Les analyses statistiques de survie nous ont permis de montrer que le type des JVI (JVI créées par des investissements greenfield ou par acquisition) et le degré de similarité des activités entre le partenaire étranger et la JVI exercent une influence significative sur la longévité. / Inter-firm partnerships and international joint ventures (IJV) have developed significantly at the global scale. Previous studies show that, despite their benefits, these strategies remain risky, with a heterogeneous level of performance. In this doctoral dissertation, we aim to analyze the impact of initial conditions on longevity and exit modes of joint ventures established in Mediterranean countries. For this purpose, we have chosen a holistic approach by using three sets of variables: the environment of the common structure, the characteristics of the partner companies and the characteristics of the joint venture. Such initial conditions, under which IJVs are formed, are considered as "destabilizing" factors influencing the duration of the partnership. In order to determine the influence of these variables, we created a database, relying on the international business press. The sample includes 124 IJVs which were formed between 1996 and 2003 and implemented in eight countries of the Mediterranean region. Survival analysis shows that the type of IJV (created by greenfield investments or by acquisition) and the industry relatedness of an IJV to its foreign parent have a significant influence on longevity.
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O interesse público nas sociedades de economia mista / The public interest in joint venturesBonfim, Natália Bertolo 16 April 2012 (has links)
O trabalho trata do interesse público nas sociedades de economia mista enquanto tipo societário que agrega participação estatal e privada em seu capital social, e que se constitui em instrumento do Estado para a implementação de políticas públicas. Analisa os elementos que as caracterizam e os problemas internos e externos que delas decorrem, buscando demonstrar que toda sua estrutura gravita em torno do interesse público que lhes dá causa. Em um segundo momento, percorre os meandros da expressão interesse público, investigando seus aspectos ideológicos e a compreensão do conceito no decorrer da evolução histórico-cultural do pensamento jurídico-político. Assegura que sua essência de conceito jurídico indeterminado não retira a possibilidade de sua melhor aplicação a cada caso concreto, tendo em vista que seu núcleo permanece aberto à realidade. Entende que, com a instituição do Estado Democrático de Direito pela Constituição Federal de 1988, que erigiu a dignidade da pessoa humana como princípio fundamental da ordem econômicasocial, o interesse público passou a constituir uma forma de garantir a satisfação dos interesses privados, pelo que não se pode incorrer no erro de afirmar que o interesse público coloca em risco os direitos fundamentais, conferindo à expressão um caráter autoritário que, em verdade, ela não contém. Aduz sobre a propalada idéia de supremacia do interesse público sobre o interesse privado, não contemplada explicitamente pelo texto constitucional, mas amplamente admitida pelo Direito Administrativo como princípio que consagra uma finalidade imperativa e indisponível da Administração e de seus agentes. Apresenta o embate atual na doutrina brasileira entre a corrente de juristas que propugna pela reconstrução do princípio da supremacia do interesse público, com base na nova roupagem que lhe foi conferida pela Constituição Federal, de garantidor dos direitos fundamentais, frente à corrente que defende a desconstrução do princípio que, a seu ver, colocaria em risco os interesses privados, o que demandaria um juízo de ponderação entre os interesses conflitantes. Em seguida, passa a analisar o interesse público como elemento fundamental da atividade estatal e combate que a participação do Estado na exploração direta de atividade econômica tenha caráter subsidiário; o Estado não só pode, como deve intervir no domínio econômico, visando assegurar o melhor interesse público a ser realizado. Em sua parte final, o trabalho traz, especificamente, a compreensão do interesse público nas sociedades de economia mista com base nas questões clássicas que derivam da atuação do Estado em um contexto macroeconômico, sob a perspectiva do poder de controle, da função social da empresa, do lucro e da concorrência. Conclui que o interesse público nas sociedades de economia mista se confunde com sua própria finalidade e deve ser compreendido tanto como elemento que norteia todos os aspectos de sua constituição, tanto como elemento que direciona a atuação estatal na atividade econômica. / The paper discusses the public interest in joint ventures as a type of company that combines state and private participation in its capital stock, and that it constitutes in an instrument of the State for the implementation of public policies. It analyzes the elements that characterize them and the internal and external problems resulting thereon, seeking to demonstrate that their whole structure revolves around the public interest that gives them rise. Then it goes through the intricacies of the term public interest by investigating its ideological aspects and understanding the concept in the course of historical and cultural evolution of the legal and political thought. It ensures that its essence of indeterminate legal concept does not remove the possibility of its best application in each specific case, given that its core remains open to reality. It considers that, with the establishment of the Democratic Rule-of-law State by the Federal Constitution of 1988, that raised the human dignity as a fundamental principle of social-economic order, public interest began to be a way to ensure satisfaction of private interests, by that you cannot make the mistake of asserting that the public interest endangers the fundamental rights, giving the expression an authoritarian character that, in fact, it does not have. It brings forward the divulged idea about supremacy of the public interest over the private interest, not covered explicitly by the Constitution, but widely accepted by the Administrative Law as the principle that elects a mandatory and unavailable purpose of the Administration and its agents. It presents the current resistance in Brazilian doctrine between the jurists current who advocates the reconstruction of the public interest supremacy principle, based on the new look given to it by the Federal Constitution, of guarantor of fundamental rights, and the current that defends the deconstruction of the principle that, in their opinion, endanger the private interests, which would require a court to deliberate between conflicting interests. Then it analyzes the public interest as a fundamental element of the state activity and it combats that the States participation in the direct exploitation of economic activity has subsidiary nature; the State not only may, but must intervene in the economic order, in order to ensure the best interest public. In its final part, this paper brings, specifically, the understanding of the public interest in joint ventures based on the classic questions that arise from the actions of the State in a macroeconomic context, from the perspective of controlling power, companys social function, profit and competition. Its conclusion is that the public interest in joint ventures is confounded with its own purpose and should be understood both as an element that guides all aspects of its constitution, and as an element that directs the State action in economic activity.
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我國廠商參加業界科技專案動機之研究洪靜宜, Hung, Jin-Yi Unknown Date (has links)
經濟部技術處長久以來為推動產業研究發展工作、強化產業之技術開發能力,每年均委託法人機構執行「科技研究發展專案計畫」(科專計畫),對國家科技水準及人才培育,貢獻斐然,以為我國科技研發能力奠定良好基礎。為能對民間所具有研發能力之廠商加以整合應用,以利政府達成協助國內產業升級轉型,以提升國家整體競爭力的目的。自86年度起,經濟部科專計畫以開放給民營事業申請,一方面希望能夠借重民間企業的研發能力與資源優勢,提升原財團法人較不具執行優勢之科專計畫研究成果品質。另一方面藉由政府與民間企業研發單位之間的合作,亦可藉由產業界本身對科技研究之投入與努力,達到政府藏技於民的美意。其計畫目的以導引企業投入研究發展工作,並期以發揮相乘效果,促進企業進一步參與及進行投資,達到強化研發能量之目的。由於86、87試辦年度廠商反應熱烈,為擴大業界參與科技專案計畫,自88年度起,新作法改為以補助款方式來鼓勵業界投入研發活動(原為委辦方式),推動「業界開發產業技術計畫」(原業界科專)。且放寬申請資格、及智慧財產權下授給廠商…等變革。
由於88以後年度業界科專制度設計的改變,為瞭解兩套制度設計如何影響廠商參加業界科專的動機,本文應用理論模型、實證、深入訪談的方式來探討,得到若干結論如下:
1.由本文理論模型分析可知,86、87委辦年度時,從模型中推論可知,廠商申請業界科專為研發投入規模較大時,個別或會員廠商參加業界科專的意願較高。而88以後年度時,廠商參加業界科專後,由模型推論為不論此專案的研發規模為何,個別或會員廠商皆願意參加業界科專,這也符合經濟部擴大申請範圍的立意,而實證分析結果也大致上符合模型的推論。
2.委辦年度所設計的機制,較能鼓勵研發投入龐大及規模制度良好的廠商參加業界科專。若廠商參加業界科專研發的主要目的是希望政府共同分攤高風險、金額龐大的研發成本,或其研發成果較偏向基礎研發,或原先就具相當好的研發體制,在市場已佔一席之地而希望取得技術領先的地位者,在88以後年度的設計下,反而會降低其來申請業界科專之動機。
由於88以後年度的設計,下放智產權給廠商、提高廠商配合款比例及簡化申請手續。若參加業界科專主要目的在於以研發成果(應用研發)來獲取商業利益,及完全擁有智產權,且參加科專不但能與政府一起分攤研發成本、更能改善廠商體制,故較能吸引較新成立或規模較小的廠商來參與。
3.為瞭解廠商為何很少以共同研發的方式來參加業界科專,本文輔以深入訪談廠商的方式來瞭解。在委辦及補助年度各選取一家廠商來訪問。台中精機因研發成果技術上的需要,需與跨領域的錸德公司合作。由於此共同研發為獨立作業,除了在評鑑時台中精機有等待錸德外,共同研發並無太大問題。其參加主要的目的為研發經費的補助,並認為由於為私人企業,老闆較重視短期的利益,且研發又具高度風險,經濟部能給予廠商一筆經費來從事研發,老闆較不會限制其經費的運用,對業界研發助益很有幫助。但由於廠商自籌款的要求增加,並無再參加業界科專的動機。
另漢翔航空工業則表示,其研發聯盟伙伴皆為其下游廠商,由於此專案為建立一標準化作業系統,也因為如此,對其研發伙伴的包容性較一般研發聯盟還大。因其為領導廠商,相對的付出成本也更多。漢翔也是希望政府的補助款能再增加,否則對於領導廠商而言,參加業界科專成本反而更增加了!
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中共吸引外商直接投資之研究 - 以合資經營企業為例謝名毅, Hsieh Ming Yi Unknown Date (has links)
合資經營企業是外商直接投資中相當重要的一種形式,再加上有別於外商獨資企業、中國大陸的內資企業或國營企業,係為由中方投資者與外方投資者雙方在約定的期限內共同投資、共同經營、共享利潤與共擔風險之一種企業形式,究竟對企業內部能帶來哪些正面積極的作用?更深一層來說,是否能對中國大陸的總體經濟作出貢獻?這些均是相當引人注意的課題。有關合資經營企業的相關研究文獻,大多偏重於個體面,而有關總體面的分析則付之闕如。因此,本研究之主要目的即在探討合資經營企業對於中國大陸的經濟發展產生何種程度的影響,並檢視目前中國大陸的投資環境,以展望合資經營企業乃至於外商直接投資的未來發展。
有關合資經營企業的總體經濟成效,本研究將分成對經濟發展的直接影響與間接影響,以及技術移轉效果等三方面來加以探討。
一、對經濟發展的直接影響
(一)資本形成效果
合資經營企業外商實際投資額佔全社會固定資產投資總額的比例,呈現逐年攀升的現象,在1994年達到最高峰。從1995年到1997年,雖然出現了小幅度的衰退,但對於資本形成仍有相當程度的影響力。有鑒於不宜以整個地區來衡量外資之資本形成效果,因此以合資經營企業所在地的資本形成額來推測其貢獻。將分析的範圍縮小,僅以廣東一省為例,可以發現合資經營企業對當地資本形成的貢獻更為顯著。
(二)產出效果
觀察合資經營工業企業對中國大陸工業總產值的貢獻,以估測產出效果。1997年合資經營工業企業數有12833家,工業產值5751億元人民幣,佔全中國大陸工業企業數與工業總產值之比重,分別為0.16%與5.06%,故以如此微小的企業比重,卻能達對全中國大陸的工業總產值作出相當程度的貢獻,實屬難能可貴。
(三)就業效果
從1988年到1992年,全中國大陸合資經營企業職工人數之成長幅度均超過同時期全國職工人數的成長幅度,而且,所佔比重也呈現出逐年增加的趨勢。值得注意的是,合資經營企業職工人數與工資總額佔全國總額的比重,幾乎每年都是後者較前者高,這反映出合資經營企業職工的平均工資普遍高於全國職工的平均水準之事實,雖然有助於提高合資經營企業職工的所得水準,但是卻有加深中國大陸所得分配更加不均之虞。
二、對經濟發展的間接影響
(一)對外貿出口之影響
合資經營企業的出口金額逐年提昇,1997年已佔全國出口總額的18.98%,接近五分之一的比重。再者,合資經營企業的出口創匯率一直表現亮麗,顯示其偏向出口導向甚於進口替代。然而,合資經營企業出口多集中於東南沿海的廣東、深圳、上海等地,而且出口貿易方式以進料加工佔絕大多數,可以看出,合資經營企業大多為出口導向型的初級加工出口產業,利用當地豐富的勞動力資源來獲取報酬,雖然有效促進了中國大陸的出口成長,並促進了地區的繁榮,但是對於中國大陸出口產品結構的提昇,恐怕貢獻並不大。
(二)國際收支效果
合資經營企業的外匯淨流入佔中國大陸外匯存底的比重,在1993年達16.77%為歷史高峰,1993年以後,雖然比重呈現下滑,但大致上保持在10%左右的水準。雖然上述的分析並沒有考慮外商匯出國外的利潤、資本與管理費用時所使用的外匯,若將此部份的因素考慮進去,則上面合資經營企業對於外匯存底的貢獻應該會再小一些。儘管如此,合資經營企業對於國際收支大致上仍存有正面的貢獻。
(三)對政府稅收之影響
將中國大陸涉外稅收的成長與合資經營企業的發展相配合,可以發現兩者密切的關係。以1995年為例,該年合資經營企業上繳的涉外稅收為375億餘元人民幣,佔當年全國涉外稅收的比重達57.28%,充分顯示合資經營企業相較於其他經濟類型的企業,對於中國大陸涉外稅收的貢獻卓著。
三、技術移轉效果
諸如上海大眾汽車有限公司、中國迅達電梯有限公司等進口替代型的合資經營企業,對於彌補中國大陸生產技術的貧乏產生一定的技術移轉效果。然而,這些具有先進技術的合資經營企業,畢竟只是少數,而且大多集中在北京、上海等經濟技術基礎較佳的大城市,相較於其他大部分技術水準偏低的合資經營企業而言,所佔的比例偏低。同時也反映出合資經營企業的技術移轉是極不均衡的。
最後,檢視中國大陸目前的投資環境以展望吸引外商直接投資的優勢與劣勢。分別從經濟、地理、勞動、投資獎勵制度以及外匯與租稅等五項條件來比較中國大陸與東協五國,即新加坡、印尼、馬來西亞、菲律賓與泰國的投資環境。評比的結果,中國大陸居於第二位,次於新加坡,而優於馬來西亞、菲律賓、泰國與印尼。
經由分析與評比後,可以歸納出中國大陸的投資環境之特色與優缺點。首先,將中國大陸與新加坡投資環境之優缺點做一比較,可以發現:新加坡由於勞動力不足且勞工薪資昂貴,於是運用其公共設施、外資與獎勵制度、租稅制度等優勢,積極吸收外商投資在高科技、高自動化的資本密集型產業;中國大陸則與新加坡正好相反,其優勢存在於充沛而廉價之勞動力,若吸收外資從事勞動密集型產業,一方面能有效降低城鄉廣大的失業人口,另一方面更能發揮工業生產成長迅速之特色。其次,比較中國大陸與馬來西亞,所得到的分析結果與新加坡相似,勞動條件的優勢仍然是中國大陸在吸引外商直接投資上有利的籌碼之一。至於與菲律賓、泰國與印尼做比較,勞動條件對這些國家而言,已不具有相對優勢,但經濟活動水準、工廠用地以及公共設施等條件,中國大陸則明顯優於菲律賓等國,尤其是經濟活動水準方面,更遠遠拉開彼此的差距。
第一章 緒論
第一節 研究動機與目的
第二節 研究範圍與限制
第三節 文獻探討
第四節 研究架構
第二章 開發中國家引進外資的理論基礎
第一節 開發中國家經濟發展的困境與因應之道
第二節 國際資本移動的經濟動
第三節 引入外資對開發中國家的影響
第四節 運用外資成功的條件
第三章 中國大陸的合資經營企業
第一節 合資經營企業的概念
第二節 合資經營企業的相關法規與政策
第三節 合資經營企業的投資領域
第四節 合資經營企業的發展歷程與現狀
第四章 合資經營企業的總體經濟成效
第一節 對經濟發展的直接影響
第二節 對經濟發展的間接影響
第三節 技術移轉效果
第五章 中國大陸的投資環境
第一節 經濟條件
第二節 地理條件
第三節 勞動條件
第四節 投資獎勵制度
第五節 外匯與租稅條件
第六節 小結
第六章 結論
參考文獻
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中外合資事業績效影響因素之研究 / The Determinants of International Joint Venture Performance in Taiwan吳習文, Wu,Shi Wen Unknown Date (has links)
國際合資對臺灣企業邁向國際化,提升產業競爭力具有策略上的含義,但
完整性地探討合資績效影響因素之文獻付之闕如。本研究的目的即在於了
解在臺國際合資事業的特性,並研究合資公司特性、母公司與合資公司的
關係、母公司間的關係及產業環境等因素對在臺國際合資事業績效之影響
。本研究的研究對象為截至民國82年11底止,經濟部投資審議委員會登記
有案之外商來臺投資,與本國廠商共同出資所成立之合資公司,符合本研
究條件者計有 186家公司。本研究選用之統計方法有描述性統計、因素分
析、集群分析、多變項變異數分析、Fisher的正準檢定、 t檢定及羅吉斯
迴歸。本研究的結論如下:一、在臺中外合資事業的特性樣本公司外資來
源以日本高居首位,成立年數多在十年以內,股權配置以50-50最多
,大多數股權配置未曾變動過,且規模遍及於大、中及小型企業。樣本公
司產品出口比例多在10%以內,母公司個數以二個居多,大多數樣本公司
和母公司間有水平相關,且獨立運作合資最多,來自外國母公司之高階主
管佔全部高階主管的比例多在25%以內。約一半樣本公司之母公司間,在
合資前並無任何關係,且母公司的貢獻幾乎都屬於互補長短型。二、影響
在臺中外合資事業績效之因素經由羅吉斯迴歸分析結果,發現在臺中外合
資事業高低績效滿意程度之因素,計有母公司數目、母公司規模差異及產
業環境等。當母公司個數為二、母公司規模差異愈大及產業愈具吸引力時
,合資公司高績效的可能性就愈高。
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世界分工體系下我國汽車業之大陸投資策略研究 / The China Invest Strategy of Taiwan Automobile Firms饒啓明, Rao, Chi-Ming Unknown Date (has links)
本研究乃著眼於近年來汽車業廠商紛紛渡海至大陸尋找合作廠商的情況,探討理想的台灣廠與母公司及大陸廠的良好合作模式,從合作有關各方間的策略目的衝突的大小程度來找出台灣廠赴大陸投資的理想合作模式,研究的前提假設如下:
1.國內汽車廠赴大陸投資時必須要有母公司的協助,但母公司與台灣廠對大陸投資所抱的策略目各不相同,而母公司與台灣廠間的關係也會對母公司與台灣廠的策略目的有所影響。
2.國內汽車廠赴大陸投資時必須要與大陸汽車廠合作,但大陸廠與台灣廠間的策略目也有所不同,而大陸廠的規模及能力大小不同,也會影響大陸廠和台灣廠的目的。
3.台灣廠因其規模及能力的不同,對大陸投資也有不同的目的。
從以上前提,以台灣廠的規模、大陸廠的規模及台灣廠與母公司間的合作關係為變數,得到下列結論:
1.大型台灣廠適合與小型大陸廠及合資母公司合作在大陸設廠,在這個合作模式中台灣廠的理想作法為營運中心設於大陸而研發中心設於台灣,關鍵零組件由台灣製造,由台灣廠負責車型的設計及日後的修改,逐步增加台灣廠對合資事業中管理及行銷人員的派出及控制;對母公司方面,則是台灣廠負責一部份母公司目前沒有或將要放棄的車型設計及研發工作。
2.小型台灣廠適合與大型大陸廠在大陸合作設廠,與母公司的關係則沒有差別,台灣廠的理想作法為營運及研發中心設於大陸,台灣廠負青關鍵零組件的製造及工廠管理,大陸廠則負責大陸內地的行銷工作;對母公司則是只以母公司不生產或經母公司同意的產品向大陸出口,並且負責一部份的關鍵零組件製造。
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IT-Outsourcing på den Finansiella Marknaden / IT-Outsourcing on the Financial MarketsGylling, Anders, Stenberg, Mattias January 2002 (has links)
Bakgrund: Svenska banker och försäkringsbolag spenderar stora summor och resurser på sina IT-system, vilka oftast sköts internt. IT-kostnaderna utgör för banker den näst största kostnadsposten i resultaträkningen och därmed utgör över 20 procent av den totala kostnadsmassan. Marginalerna inom bank och försäkringsbolag minskar i Sverige samtidigt som ITs komplexitet ökar med krav på integrering medgamla bank- och försäkringssystem. IT-outsourcing och joint venture med ett IT-företag är vanliga organiserings former och inget nytt fenomen i Finland inom bank och försäkringsbolag. IT-outsourcing har både för- och nackdelar. Syfte: Att beskriva och analysera begreppet outsourcing kopplat till hur aktörerna på den finansiella marknaden i Sverige hanterar och bör hantera sin IT-verksamhet. Metod: Vi har använt oss av en tvärsnittstudie och intervjuat de högsta ansvariga för IT inom bank och försäkring i Sverige och Finland. Vi har även intervjuat divisionschefer och IT-leverantörer på den nordiska marknaden. Resultat: IT är inte för banker och försäkringsbolag någon kärnkompetens och utgör heller ingen hög specifik tillgång och är därför lämplig för en viss sorts outsourcing. De flesta svenska banker har uppnått skalfördelar inom IT- drift, men försäkringsbolagen är inte lika kostnadseffektiva och har inte uppnått skalfördelar i samma utsträckning som bankerna. IT-driften är en standard tjänst som är lättare att specificera i kontrakt och därmed är en god kandidat för outsourcing. IT-förvaltning och utveckling ligger närmare bankernas och försäkringsbolagens kärnkompetens och bör inte outsourcas. Däremot utgör vissa delar inom IT-utveckling och förvaltning inget unikt värde och är i princip en standard för alla aktörer och kan därmed outsourcas. Detta förutsätter att företaget bygger en professionell inköpsorganisation som kan hantera problemet. Genom att IT-utvecklingen blir mer komplex är ett joint venture förhållande med ett IT-företag en bra lösning. Den finska IT- outsourcing marknaden skiljer sig från den svenska på grund av att svenska banker och försäkringsbolag är större än de finska motsvarigheterna och de svenska aktörerna tappade förtroendet för IT-outsourcing på grund av dåliga avtal under början av 90-talet. / Background: Swedish banks and insurance companies have spent considerable amounts of money and resourceson their IT-systems. IT-costs constitute the second largest cost after personal costs for banks, which mean over 20 percent of the total costs. The margins in banking and insurance industry are diminishing in Sweden, and at the same time they are facing more complex applications that have to be integrated into 30 years old IT-systems. IT- outsourcing and joint ventures are common in Finland, whereas Swedish banks and insurance companies have the IT-function in- house. IT-outsourcing is not a new phenomenon, and it has both advantages and disadvantages. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate if IT-outsourcing is suitable for banks and insurance companies with a focus on the Swedish and Finnish market. Furthermore, analyses on which part of the IT-function is core and strategically important for banks and insurance companies, and which part of the IT-function is a standard procedure that does not create value. Method: The paper has been carried out as a survey and interviews with the IT- responsible and divisional heads from the biggest Swedish and Finnish banks and insurance companies. Results: IT-production is not a core competence nor high asset specificity for banks and insurance companies. Swedish banks have reached economic of scale in their IT-production, but insurance companies do not possess the high cost effectiveness that banks have in their IT-production. IT-production is a standard service and easy to specify in contracts, which have an effect on outsourcing decisions. Application management and development is near the core business and should not be outsourced. However, some parts in development are standard and could be outsourced if the company can build a good and competitive purchase organisation. Application development is such a complex matter and that is why joint venture with an IT-supplier will be preferred in the future. The Finnish IT-outsourcing market differs from the Swedish, because the Swedish companies have bigger IT-organisations, furthermore the Swedish IT- outsourcing market was destroyed in the beginning in the 90s. The bad experience in Sweden has led to loss of faith in IT-suppliers on the market, this has a large influence on outsourcing decisions.
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Market entry and expansion through international joint venturesKlossek, Andreas M. 23 July 2009 (has links) (PDF)
International joint ventures (IJVs) are important modes for entering foreign markets. Yet, research shows that IJVs are volatile, difficult to manage, and often fail, especially when the joint venture is located in a developing country. Many studies look at a range of different factors behind IJV success or failure, and a few longitudinal studies have shed light on some of the complex management processes within IJVs. Many researchers have concluded that the high rate of IJV failure is due to internal tensions that are inherent to IJVs, but viable solutions for practitioners are rare. In the absence of a model that adequately explains the longitudinal aspects and determinants of IJV performance, we see firms electing to stay in underperforming IJVs, even though more profitable modes of entry into foreign markets exist. In this thesis I analyze market entry and expansion through IJVs using a multi-causal analysis of IJV performance. I begin with a critical evaluation of the IJV literature. I then develop a process-oriented model that may explain why firms persist with failing IJVs. Finally, I draw several important conclusions that have valuable implications for practitioners and for future research.
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IT-Outsourcing på den Finansiella Marknaden / IT-Outsourcing on the Financial MarketsGylling, Anders, Stenberg, Mattias January 2002 (has links)
<p>Bakgrund: Svenska banker och försäkringsbolag spenderar stora summor och resurser på sina IT-system, vilka oftast sköts internt. IT-kostnaderna utgör för banker den näst största kostnadsposten i resultaträkningen och därmed utgör över 20 procent av den totala kostnadsmassan. Marginalerna inom bank och försäkringsbolag minskar i Sverige samtidigt som ITs komplexitet ökar med krav på integrering medgamla bank- och försäkringssystem. IT-outsourcing och joint venture med ett IT-företag är vanliga organiserings former och inget nytt fenomen i Finland inom bank och försäkringsbolag. IT-outsourcing har både för- och nackdelar. </p><p>Syfte: Att beskriva och analysera begreppet outsourcing kopplat till hur aktörerna på den finansiella marknaden i Sverige hanterar och bör hantera sin IT-verksamhet. </p><p>Metod: Vi har använt oss av en tvärsnittstudie och intervjuat de högsta ansvariga för IT inom bank och försäkring i Sverige och Finland. Vi har även intervjuat divisionschefer och IT-leverantörer på den nordiska marknaden. </p><p>Resultat: IT är inte för banker och försäkringsbolag någon kärnkompetens och utgör heller ingen hög specifik tillgång och är därför lämplig för en viss sorts outsourcing. De flesta svenska banker har uppnått skalfördelar inom IT- drift, men försäkringsbolagen är inte lika kostnadseffektiva och har inte uppnått skalfördelar i samma utsträckning som bankerna. IT-driften är en standard tjänst som är lättare att specificera i kontrakt och därmed är en god kandidat för outsourcing. IT-förvaltning och utveckling ligger närmare bankernas och försäkringsbolagens kärnkompetens och bör inte outsourcas. Däremot utgör vissa delar inom IT-utveckling och förvaltning inget unikt värde och är i princip en standard för alla aktörer och kan därmed outsourcas. Detta förutsätter att företaget bygger en professionell inköpsorganisation som kan hantera problemet. Genom att IT-utvecklingen blir mer komplex är ett joint venture förhållande med ett IT-företag en bra lösning. Den finska IT- outsourcing marknaden skiljer sig från den svenska på grund av att svenska banker och försäkringsbolag är större än de finska motsvarigheterna och de svenska aktörerna tappade förtroendet för IT-outsourcing på grund av dåliga avtal under början av 90-talet.</p> / <p>Background: Swedish banks and insurance companies have spent considerable amounts of money and resourceson their IT-systems. IT-costs constitute the second largest cost after personal costs for banks, which mean over 20 percent of the total costs. The margins in banking and insurance industry are diminishing in Sweden, and at the same time they are facing more complex applications that have to be integrated into 30 years old IT-systems. IT- outsourcing and joint ventures are common in Finland, whereas Swedish banks and insurance companies have the IT-function in- house. IT-outsourcing is not a new phenomenon, and it has both advantages and disadvantages. </p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate if IT-outsourcing is suitable for banks and insurance companies with a focus on the Swedish and Finnish market. Furthermore, analyses on which part of the IT-function is core and strategically important for banks and insurance companies, and which part of the IT-function is a standard procedure that does not create value. </p><p>Method: The paper has been carried out as a survey and interviews with the IT- responsible and divisional heads from the biggest Swedish and Finnish banks and insurance companies. </p><p>Results: IT-production is not a core competence nor high asset specificity for banks and insurance companies. Swedish banks have reached economic of scale in their IT-production, but insurance companies do not possess the high cost effectiveness that banks have in their IT-production. IT-production is a standard service and easy to specify in contracts, which have an effect on outsourcing decisions. Application management and development is near the core business and should not be outsourced. However, some parts in development are standard and could be outsourced if the company can build a good and competitive purchase organisation. Application development is such a complex matter and that is why joint venture with an IT-supplier will be preferred in the future. The Finnish IT-outsourcing market differs from the Swedish, because the Swedish companies have bigger IT-organisations, furthermore the Swedish IT- outsourcing market was destroyed in the beginning in the 90s. The bad experience in Sweden has led to loss of faith in IT-suppliers on the market, this has a large influence on outsourcing decisions.</p>
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Eintritt in neue Märkte : eine fallbezogene Untersuchung am Beispiel schweizerischer Unternehmungen in Vietnam /Otto, Stefan Rudolf. January 1999 (has links)
Universiẗat, Diss.--St. Gallen, 1999. / Literaturverz. S. Anhang I - XXXIV.
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