Diese Dissertation Untersucht die verschiedenen Strategie- und Aktionsbündel der Protestbewegungsgruppen, um ihre Ziele für Jordanien während des Arabischen Frühlings zu erreichen. Der Fokus dieser Arbeit liegt dabei auf drei Protestbewegungen, die in diesem Zeitraum im Königreich agierten: die Free Assembly, die Liberation National Social Group und Sadaqa. Mein besonderes Augenmerk gilt der Fragestellung, inwiefern gruppeneigene Ressourcen, ihre Nähe zum Regime, politisches Framing und die Beurteilung politischer Opportunität ihren Verlauf geprägt haben. Basierend auf einer mehr als neunmonatigen Feldforschung und einer gleichzeitig teilnehmenden Beobachtung innerhalb einer der genannten drei Protestgruppen zwischen 2011 und 2013, stelle ich fest, dass sich die Entwicklungsstadien der Gruppen im selben autoritär geprägten Kontext voneinander unterscheiden. Während ich festgestellt habe, dass die Entstehung beziehungsweise die Mobilisierung aller drei Gruppen zu just diesem Zeitpunkt in den regionalen Ereignissen des Arabischen Frühlings begründet sind, bin ich auch der Ansicht, dass dieser regionale Faktor die Entwicklungsverläufe dieser Gruppen nur teilweise erklärt. Vielmehr gilt, dass der Werdegang der Protestgruppen in Jordanien in örtlichen Bedingungen sowohl eingebettet, als auch stark mit ihnen verflochten ist. Namentlich sind diese lokale sozioökonomische Klassenhierarchien, Spannungen zwischen der städtischen und dörflichen Bevölkerung, sowie die umstrittene Geschichte der palästinensischen Jordanier im Land. Diese vorherrschenden Umstände sind für die Analyse, wie die Gruppen ihre Ressourcen mobilisiert, ihre Agenden formuliert und mit der Regierung interagiert haben, um staatliche Unterstützung zu erhalten, von wesentlicher Bedeutung. / This dissertation examines the trajectories, or the culmination of strategies and actions that protest groups take toward achieving their intended goals during the Arab Spring in Jordan. I focus on three protest groups in the kingdom during this time period: The Free Assembly, the Liberation National Social Group, and Sadaqa. I specifically look at how each groups’ resources, regime links, framing, and assessment of political opportunity shaped its trajectory. Based on over nine months of fieldwork as well as participant observation within one of the three protest groups from 2011-2013, I find that the groups vary in their trajectories within the same authoritarian context. While I find that the regional events related to the Arab Spring explain why all three groups formed or mobilized at the time they did, I find this regional factor only partially explains the trajectories of these groups. Rather, the trajectories of protest groups in Jordan are also embedded and tied to local circumstances, namely: local socioeconomic class hierarchies, tensions between urban and local populations, and the contentious history of Palestinian-Jordanians in the country. These local circumstances are critical in shaping how the groups mobilized their resources, framed their agendas, and interacted with the regime in ways that allowed them to gain public support.

No description available.

The Wadi Dhuliel catchment/ North east Jordan, as any other arid area has distinctive hydrological features with limited water resources. The hydrological regime is characterized by high variability of temporal and spatial rainfall distributions, flash floods, absence of base flow, and high rates of evapotranspiration. The aim of this Ph.D. thesis was to apply lumped and distributed models to simulate stream flow in the Wadi Dhuliel arid catchment. Intensive research was done to estimate the spatial and temporal rainfall distributions using remote sensing. Because most rainfall-runoff models were undertaken for other climatic zones, an attempt was made to study limitations and challenges and improve rainfall-runoff modeling in arid areas in general and for the Wadi Dhuliel in particular. The thesis is divided into three hierarchically ordered research topics. In the first part and research paper, the metric conceptual IHACRES model was applied to daily and storm events time scales, including data from 19 runoff events during the period 1986-1992. The IHACRES model was extended for snowfall in order to cope with such extreme events. The performance of the IHACRES model on daily data was rather poor while the performance on the storm events scale shows a good agreement between observed and simulated streamflow. The modeled outputs were expected to be sensitive when the observed flood was relatively small. The optimum parameter values were influenced by the length of a time series used for calibration and event specific changes. In the second research paper, the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP_MVK+) dataset was used to evaluate the precipitation rates over the Wadi Dhuliel arid catchment for the period from January 2003 to March 2008. Due to the scarcity of the ground rain gauge network, the detailed structure of the rainfall distribution was inadequate, so an independent from interpolation techniques was used. Three meteorological stations and six rain gauges were used to adjust and compare with GSMaP_MVK+ estimates. Comparisons between GSMaP_MVK+ measurements and ground rain gauge records show distinct regions of correlation, as well as areas where GSMaP_MVK+ systematically over- and underestimated ground rain gauge records. A multiple linear regression (MLR) model was used to derive the relationship between rainfall and GSMaP_MVK+ in conjunction with temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. The MLR equations were defined for the three meteorological stations. The ‘best’ fit of the MLR model for each station was chosen and used to interpolate a multiscale temporal and spatial distribution. Results show that the rainfall distribution over the Wadi Dhuliel is characterized by clear west-east and north-south gradients. Estimates from the monthly MLR model were more reliable than estimates obtained using daily data. The adjusted GSMaP_MVK+ dataset performed well in capturing the spatial patterns of the rainfall at monthly and annual time scales, while daily estimation showed some weakness for light and moderate storms. In the third research paper, the HEC-HMS and IHACRES rainfall runoff models were applied to simulate a single streamflow event in the Wadi Dhuliel catchment that occurred in 30-31.01.2008. Both models are considered suitable for arid conditions. The HEC-HMS model application was done in conjunction with the HEC-GeoHMS extension in ArcView 3.3. Streamflow estimation was performed on hourly data. The aim of this study was to develop a new framework of rainfall-runoff model applications in arid catchment by integrating a re-adjusted satellite derived rainfall dataset (GSMaP_MVK+) to determine the location of the rainfall storm. Each model has its own input data sets. HEC-HMS input data include soil type, land use/land cover map, and slope map. IHACRES input data sets include hourly rainfall and temperature. The model was calibrated and validated using observed stream flow data collected from Al-Za’atari discharge station. IHACRES shows some weaknesses, while the flow comparison between the calibrated streamflow results agrees well with the observed streamflow data of the HEC-HMS model. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (Ef) for both models was 0.51, and 0.88 respectively. The application of HEC-HMS model in this study is considered to be satisfactory.

Jusqu’à l’entrée en vigueur de la loi Badinter du 5 juillet 1985, l’indemnisation des victimes des accidents de la circulation était régie en France par le principe général de responsabilité du fait des choses développé par la jurisprudence française sur la base de l’article 1384, alinéa 1er , Code civil. Le Code civil jordanien de 1976 comprend un principe de responsabilité du fait des choses inspiré de celui qui existe en France. Toutefois, la jurisprudence jordanienne n’applique pas ce principe dans le domaine des accidents de la circulation, en dépit de l’inexistence en Jordanie d’une loi similaire à la loi Badinter du 5 juillet 1985. L’indemnisation des victimes de ces accidents est donc régie en Jordanie par le droit commun de la responsabilité du fait personnel et par une loi de 2010 instituant un régime d’assurance obligatoire au profit des victimes des accidents résultant de l’utilisation des véhicules. Le système mis en place autorise le débiteur de l’indemnité ou son assureur d’opposer à la victime son propre fait dommageable, quel que soit son degré de gravité. Les victimes voient donc souvent leur droit à indemnisation intégrale réduit, voire supprimé. / Until the enactment of the so-called loi Badinter of 5 July 1985, the compensation of traffic accident victims was governed in France by the general principle of liability for the action of things developed by French case law on the basis of article 1384, paragraph 1, of the French Civil Code. The 1976 Jordanian Civil Code includes a principle of liability for the action of things inspired by the French model. However, this principle is not applied by Jordanian courts in the field of traffic accidents, in spite of the fact that there is no law in Jordan similar to the loi Badinter of 5 July 1985. Hence, compensation in cases of traffic accidents is still governed in Jordan by general rules of tort law which govern liability for one’s own actions and by a 2010 law creating a compulsory motor insurance scheme, which protects victims of accidents resulting from the use of motor vehicles. In accordance with these rules, the compensation’s debtor or her/his insurer is authorized to put forward the victim’s own harmful action, disregarding its seriousness. As a result, the victim’s right to full compensation ifs often reduced or even withheld.

The Wadi Dhuliel catchment/ North east Jordan, as any other arid area has distinctive hydrological features with limited water resources. The hydrological regime is characterized by high variability of temporal and spatial rainfall distributions, flash floods, absence of base flow, and high rates of evapotranspiration. The aim of this Ph.D. thesis was to apply lumped and distributed models to simulate stream flow in the Wadi Dhuliel arid catchment. Intensive research was done to estimate the spatial and temporal rainfall distributions using remote sensing. Because most rainfall-runoff models were undertaken for other climatic zones, an attempt was made to study limitations and challenges and improve rainfall-runoff modeling in arid areas in general and for the Wadi Dhuliel in particular. The thesis is divided into three hierarchically ordered research topics. In the first part and research paper, the metric conceptual IHACRES model was applied to daily and storm events time scales, including data from 19 runoff events during the period 1986-1992. The IHACRES model was extended for snowfall in order to cope with such extreme events. The performance of the IHACRES model on daily data was rather poor while the performance on the storm events scale shows a good agreement between observed and simulated streamflow. The modeled outputs were expected to be sensitive when the observed flood was relatively small. The optimum parameter values were influenced by the length of a time series used for calibration and event specific changes. In the second research paper, the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP_MVK+) dataset was used to evaluate the precipitation rates over the Wadi Dhuliel arid catchment for the period from January 2003 to March 2008. Due to the scarcity of the ground rain gauge network, the detailed structure of the rainfall distribution was inadequate, so an independent from interpolation techniques was used. Three meteorological stations and six rain gauges were used to adjust and compare with GSMaP_MVK+ estimates. Comparisons between GSMaP_MVK+ measurements and ground rain gauge records show distinct regions of correlation, as well as areas where GSMaP_MVK+ systematically over- and underestimated ground rain gauge records. A multiple linear regression (MLR) model was used to derive the relationship between rainfall and GSMaP_MVK+ in conjunction with temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. The MLR equations were defined for the three meteorological stations. The ‘best’ fit of the MLR model for each station was chosen and used to interpolate a multiscale temporal and spatial distribution. Results show that the rainfall distribution over the Wadi Dhuliel is characterized by clear west-east and north-south gradients. Estimates from the monthly MLR model were more reliable than estimates obtained using daily data. The adjusted GSMaP_MVK+ dataset performed well in capturing the spatial patterns of the rainfall at monthly and annual time scales, while daily estimation showed some weakness for light and moderate storms. In the third research paper, the HEC-HMS and IHACRES rainfall runoff models were applied to simulate a single streamflow event in the Wadi Dhuliel catchment that occurred in 30-31.01.2008. Both models are considered suitable for arid conditions. The HEC-HMS model application was done in conjunction with the HEC-GeoHMS extension in ArcView 3.3. Streamflow estimation was performed on hourly data. The aim of this study was to develop a new framework of rainfall-runoff model applications in arid catchment by integrating a re-adjusted satellite derived rainfall dataset (GSMaP_MVK+) to determine the location of the rainfall storm. Each model has its own input data sets. HEC-HMS input data include soil type, land use/land cover map, and slope map. IHACRES input data sets include hourly rainfall and temperature. The model was calibrated and validated using observed stream flow data collected from Al-Za’atari discharge station. IHACRES shows some weaknesses, while the flow comparison between the calibrated streamflow results agrees well with the observed streamflow data of the HEC-HMS model. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (Ef) for both models was 0.51, and 0.88 respectively. The application of HEC-HMS model in this study is considered to be satisfactory.

To meet the global hydrocarbon energy demand, it is imperative either to enhance the production from existing fields by applying innovative engineering solutions or discovering new field /resource areas. Both of these options are investigated by petroleum engineers intensively to tackle the challenges of meeting the ever-increasing demand. Meeting the energy demand as, like any other developing country, Jordan is facing a formidable challenge and requires exploration for conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon resources. As Jordan has a long exploration history for conventional reservoirs, Unconventional resource exploration and production seems to be the way to find new energy sources. Different exploration wells were drilled to evaluate the hydrocarbon potential. This research work is focusing on an experimental investigation to evaluate Jordanian hydrocarbon potential as well as to provide recommendations for future exploration activities in shale resources. The Evaluations were performed through comprehensive laboratory experiments that include measurements of Total Organic Content, Grain density, Pore Size Distribution, Specific Surface Area (BET), Mineralogy, Thermogravimetry Analysis, and Rock-Eval pyrolysis. The petrophysical properties (TOC, grain density, pore size distribution) of Jordanian shale (nine different wells) are investigated. The TOC and grain density are in an inversely proportional relationship. The TOC results show a gradual increment with the depth. All the samples have higher porosity dominated by macro pores. Fourteen (14) samples were selected primarily based on TOC (above 1.5%) for further analysis. The specific surface area results show a proportional relationship with the TOC content. Considering the petrophysical properties and mineralogy, these Jordanian shales broadly can be considered as high porosity clay and mudstone type of shale. Thermogravimetry analysis (TG/DTG) results indicate quantitative information related to organic and inorganic matter. Detection of thermos-reactive minerals, especially clay, carbonate, muscovite, pyrite is possible due to the combination of TG/DTG/DSC. The samples are examined under three different procedures which includes different heating programs. The oxidizing and inert atmospheric conditions (procedure i & ii) have the same heating program whereas procedure iii (inert atmospheric condition) has a heating program similar to the Rock-Eval pyrolysis program. The results of these samples show the complex nature of shale as well as organic matter by reacting in different stages (two or, three stages). Depending of the maturity of organic matter, the reaction occurring temperature range varies. Maximum oxidization reaction peaks happen between 479°C to 502°C. The maximum pyrolysis reaction peaks between 498°C to 521°C. Compared with complex heating (procedure iii) and rock Eval pyrolysis, S2 results indicate a high amount of inorganic compounds. Considering TGA reaction peaks and rock Eval pyrolysis results, these Jordanian shales indicate immature with low hydrocarbon generation potential. The Jordanian shale samples are analyzed by using Rock-Eval pyrolysis. Analysis results are used to interpret petroleum potential in rocks. The most important information includes organic matter types (also connected with the depositional settings), organic matter thermal maturity, and the remaining hydrocarbon generation potential in the current form. The organic geochemical analysis results indicate mostly poor to no source rock potential except JF2-760 samples. The hydrogen index (HI) and oxygen index (OI) result suggests that type iii kerogen and type iii/ iv kerogen are most likely from terrestrial and varied settings origin. The low hydrogen, as well as, low S2 value indicate very little hydrocarbon generation potential. Similarly, The Tmax and PI data indicate immature to early mature source rock status and low conversion scenario. Furthermore, the supercritical CO2 is injected into the samples, which is similar to gas flooding experiments to understand the recovery process. Hydrocarbon recovery or, CO2-shale interaction is determined by comparing three different properties (TOC, SSA, and TGA) pre-and-post supercritical CO2 injection. Supercritical CO2 injection in immature shale shows very limited property changes (TOC, SSA, and TGA) to the samples. However, in presence of hydrocarbon the pre-and post-injection property changes TOC, TGA, and SSA (BET) are noticeable enough to conclude HC recovery. Although in the case of immature shale with no hydrocarbon potential the kerogen or bitumen extraction has not been detected, which can be significant in the case of greenhouse gas storage, especially CCUS. This could reduce the risk of Organic Matter (OM) migration possibility in case immature shale formation is present in a suitable geological location.

Künstliche Terrassen sind künstlich konstruierte Trockenmauern, die Hänge in Ebenen unterteilen. Petra im Süden Jordaniens gehört zu einer trockenen Klimazone, die sich durch unwegsames Gelände und eine mit Terrassen durchsetzte Landschaft auszeichnet. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse wurden vom Autor im Rahmen einer multidisziplinären Studie gesammelt, die aus Vermessungen, Erkundungsgrabungen, geophysikalischen Prospektionen, Untersuchungen der Bodentextur sowie chemischen Analysen, optisch stimulierender Lumineszenzdatierung (OSL), Radiokohlenstoffdatierung (14C), Phytolithanalysen und geografischen Analysen zur Untersuchung der Terrassen in einem Gebiet von etwa 391 km2 bestand. Die vorliegende Studie zeigt, dass die künstlichen Terrassen in Trockengebieten für eine Vielzahl von Funktionen konzipiert und genutzt wurden. Die Terrassen dienten somit der Rückhaltung, Sammlung und Verteilung von Boden und Wasser und verhinderten, dass Wasser unkontrolliert abfließt und Erde weggespült wird. Das trockene Klima, das raue Gelände und die für dieses Gebiet charakteristischen Überschwemmungen machten diese Eingriffe in die Natur notwendig. Neben diesen beiden Hauptaufgaben konnten die Terrassen der Nabatäer noch andere Funktionen erfüllen. Neben der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzung der Terrassen nutzten die Nabatäer sie auch zum Schutz ihrer Infrastruktur wie Straßen und hydrologische Einrichtungen. Ein Aspekt, der in der Forschung noch nicht diskutiert wurde. All dies deutet darauf hin, dass die Nabatäer die Gegend sehr gut kannten und gezielt den Bau einer bestimmten Art von Terrasse nutzten. Basierend auf verschiedenen Datierungstechniken begann der Bau der Terrassen in Petra um 350-320 v. Chr. Drei zeitliche Höhepunkte in der Bauausweitung lassen sich unterscheiden: um das 1. Jahrhundert n. Chr., um das 6. bis 7. Jahrhundert n. Chr. und um das 12. Jahrhundert n. Chr. / Man-made terraces are often-overlooked feature in the landscapes of southern Jordan, especially around Petra. These features are artificial constructions dry walls that create flat surfaces on slopes (Spencer, J. and Hale, G. 1961: 3; Treacy, J. and Denevan, W. 1994: 93; Kvapil, L. 2013: 6612). These terraces are usually attributed to have agricultural functions, which is only partially true. This study shows that terraces constructed in arid areas have been designed and used for a wide set of functions that go beyond their agrarian aspects. Petra, located in the south of Jordan, falls within an arid climatic zone, is of rough terrain, and has a landscape dotted with terraces. A multidisciplinary study was conducted by the author which included survey, sounding excavations, geophysical prospecting, soil texture and chemical analysis, Optical Stimulating Luminescence (OSL), radiocarbon dating (14C), phytolith analysis and spatial analysis for studying the terraces. Two major functions were assigned to the constructed terraces: hydrological (water) and pedogenic (soil). Applied to prevent, retain, collect and distribute soil and water. Nabataeans managed to apply terraces to a wide range of fields such as: agriculture, infrastructure such as roads and hydrological installations, an aspect never discussed before. The study concluded, based on OSL, pottery sherds and 14C dates, terrace construction in Petra started around 350-320 B.C.E. at the upper catchment areas, probably for flood water mitigation. Three peaks in the construction expansion can be grouped: around the 1st century A.D, around 6th -7th century and around 12th century, which correspond to more humid climatic conditions and stability in the political situation.

Die im Oktober 2011 verteidigte und mit der Note "summa cum laude" bewertete Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Auswertung aller bis 2011 bekannt gewordener Zeugnisse, die im Nahen Osten auf eine Kenntnisnahme und Verehrung der ägyptischen Götter Isis, Sarapis, Apis, Harpokrates etc. hindeuten. Eine grundlegende Materialaufnahme mithilfe eines DAAD-Stipendiums erfolgte 2003 bis 2004 in allen Levanteländern. Die im Zuge dieser Recherchen allerdings ausufernde Materialbasis führte dazu, den Fokus der Dissertation auf die südliche Levante zu richten. Zeitlich wurden vor allem die Jahrhunderte der hellenistischen und römischen Beherrschung des Gebiets näher untersucht. / This thesis, defended in October 2011 and rated "summa cum laude", evaluates testimonies that became known until 2011, which in the Middle East point to a recognition and worship of the Egyptian gods Isis, Sarapis, Apis, Harpocrates, etc. , Basic material was collected with the help of a DAAD scholarship in 2003-2004 in all Levant countries. However, in the course of these researches, a sprawling material base led to the focus of the dissertation on the southern Levant. In particular, the centuries of Hellenistic and Roman domination of the area were examined more closely.

No description available.

Wasser ist eine der wichtigsten Ressourcen. Jedoch schätzt man, dass sich das globale Wasserdefizit schon im Jahr 2030 auf ca. 40 Prozent belaufen wird. Klimawandel, veränderte Lebensweisen, und Bevölkerungswachstum verstärken das Nachfrage-Angebot-Defizit. Als Konsequenz leiden immer mehr Regionen unter Wasserknappheit. Eine reduzierte Wassernachfrage bedingt durch verstärktes Wassersparen kann das Problem verringern. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es daher, zu einem besseren Verständnis der sozio-demographischen und psychologischen Determinanten von Wassersparverhalten beizutragen. Basierend auf drei Datensätzen aus Deutschland und Jordanien wurden die verschiedenen Facetten von Wassersparverhalten und deren Determinanten beleuchtet. Das Verhältnis zwischen Wassersparen und Umwelteinstellung, einem latenten Konstrukt, das kooperative, prosoziale und sogar moralische Tendenzen widerspiegelt, wurde konzeptionell untersucht. Zusätzlich wurde Wassersparen in Deutschland als ein Repräsentant für moralisches Verhalten verwendet. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden Umwelteinstellung und der Persönlichkeitsfaktor Ehrlichkeit-Bescheidenheit auf ihr Vermögen hin verglichen, moralisches Verhalten vorherzusehen. Eine ausführliche Analyse zur Bewertung einer Kampagne zur Förderung des Wassersparbewusstseins hat detaillierte Informationen zu ihren tatsächlichen Effekten gezeigt. Eine weitere Analyse hat sich auf die Determinanten von Wassersparverhalten in Jordanien konzentriert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Wassersparverhalten nicht durch Alter, Bildungsgrad und Einkommen beeinflusst wird, sondern eher durch die Ausprägung der Umwelteinstellung. Diese Dissertation liefert wertvolle Informationen für Forscher und Politiker. Die detaillierte Untersuchung von verschiedenen Wasserspardeterminanten birgt großes Potenzial für ein verbessertes Wassermanagement. / Water is one of the most important resources. However, the global water deficit was estimated to reach about 40% by 2030. Climate change, changing lifestyles, and population growth increase the supply and demand gap further. As a consequence, more and more regions experience water scarcity. In that context, reduced household water demand due to enhanced water conservation could alleviate the problem or, at least, reduce the pressure on water resources. Thus, this thesis aims to contribute to a better understanding of the socio-demographic and psychological determinants of water conservation behavior. Based on three distinct datasets from Germany and Jordan, the manifold facets of water conservation and its determinants were examined. From a conceptual perspective, the relationship between water conservation and environmental attitude, a latent construct representing cooperative, prosocial, and even moral tendencies, were investigated. Furthermore, water conservation in Germany was used as a proxy for moral behavior. In that respect, environmental attitude and the personality factor Honesty-Humility were compared in order to determine, which factor constitutes the better predictor of moral behavior. Using original data from Jordan, a comprehensive impact evaluation of a water conservation awareness campaign revealed detailed information on its actual effects. Another analysis focused on a wide variety of water conservation determinants in Jordan. The results indicate that water conservation does not differ with respect to age, education, and income, but rather with different levels of environmental attitude. This thesis provides valuable information for researchers and policy makers alike. The detailed examination of various water conservation determinants offer a great potential for an improved management of household water demand.