Orientador: Anselmo Luís dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T17:23:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GorospeIbuan_Julie_M.pdf: 1076088 bytes, checksum: ef02f878c4c8a319c422f6656a5b3638 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A flexibilização das regras de proteção social do trabalho, uma das expressões do movimento mais geral do capitalismo em sua feição neoliberal, iniciou seu processo de institucionalização nas Filipinas a partir de 1990. Esse é o marco de um processo por meio do qual as Filipinas vêm progressivamente abandonando suas aclamadas políticas trabalhistas informadas pelo princípio de proteção aos trabalhadores, na incansável busca para alcançar a competitividade internacional segundo prescrita pelo ideário Neoliberal. A Nação Filipina, necessitando atrair investimentos externos diretos, tem sido vulnerável às pressões das forças neoliberais e das finanças, lideradas por agentes não estatais como o Fundo Monetário Internacional (FMI), o Banco Mundial, BID, e as corporações transnacionais. Inspirada nessas forças, vem promovendo reformas estruturais que incluem: ajuste nas políticas econômicas e sociais, reformas trabalhistas, desregulamentação de indústrias tradicionalmente protegidas, privatização de estatais e flexibilização do mercado de trabalho. Nesse cenário, empregadores fazem uso da flexibilização de várias formas, impactando a remuneração e as horas de trabalho, o leque da proteção social, as formas de contratação e a organização dos trabalhadores, em meio à indução de massiva migração de trabalhadores do setor formal para o informal. Cada vez mais o mercado de trabalho filipino se desestrutura, expondo os trabalhadores à precarização, ao subemprego e ao desemprego, num cenário de grandes inseguranças. O presente trabalho analisa a regulação social do trabalho filipina no período de 1990-2009 mostrando como a onda liberal tem impactado o mundo do trabalho, o Judiciário, com reflexos no seu até então tradicional viés protetor, bem como a constituição das políticas sociais e a regulação pública do trabalho. Ainda, busca desnudar o mito de que a flexibilização do mercado e das normas de proteção ao trabalho é um antídoto ao desemprego, garantindo e maior participação da força de trabalho e melhor estruturação do mercado de trabalho. Para tanto, apresenta um balanço das políticas filipinas voltadas ao trabalho, das leis trabalhistas flexibilizadoras e das algumas decisões do Judiciário em casos relacionados ao tema / Abstract: Labor flexibilization, one of the expressions of capitalism general movement in the era of neoliberalism, has become institutionalized in the Philippines from 1990 onwards. The Philippines has steadily abandoned its once acclaimed pro-worker labor policies, in its quest to achieve the international competitiveness prescribed by neoliberalists. The Philippines, desperate for foreign direct investments, has been vulnerable to pressure from the forces of neoliberalism and finacialization led by non-state actors like the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and transnational corporations. Thus, the Philippines has adopted structural reforms prescribed by these forces. These reforms include the amendment of key economic and labor laws and policies, the deregulation of once protected industries, the privatization of state enterprises and assets, and the flexibilization of the labor market. As a result, employers resort to flexibilization in its various forms, impacting on working hours remuneration, social protection, ways of contracting, unionization and security of tenure, and inducing a massive migration of workers from the formal to the informal sector. More and more workers have become exposed to precarization, underemployment, and unemployment. In this study of the Philippine situation during the period 1990-2008, the author discusses how, against this tide, the judiciary?s sympathy for workers is being reduced by neoliberalist laws and flexibilization policies. The neoliberalist myth that labor flexibilization guarantees higher participation of the labor force as an antidote to massive unemployment is thus exposed, mainly through the author?s enumeration of new laws and policies as well as judiciary decided cases / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

This study examines the impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Labour Market within the next decade. Methods and limitations in the technology and their correlation to work, as well as the possible developments likely to be seen in the coming decade, is presented. It also looks at whether Artificial General Intelligence (a system that meet human performance in all fields) could be invented in the next ten years. So far, methods like machine-, deep- and reinforcement learning has resulted in systems that sometimes exceed human performance but are narrow in skill and proficiency. Meaning that AGI is very unlikely to be achieved before 2030. AI is estimated to replace work in the production-, service-, care- and welfare-, transport-, and warehouse sector. The conclusion, however, is that transformation will happen in a pace such that society will be able manage it without the changes causing mass-unemployment.

This study focuses on annual earnings assimilation and the employment probability, described as the assimilation of annual earnings and the extent of which available workers are being used respectively (in this case workers originating from a certain country) of immigrants arriving from former Yugoslavia, i.e. Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia and Croatia, to Sweden during the Yugoslav wars occurring in the 1990s. Previous research made on immigrants, and in this case focusing on refugees, brings some empirical standpoints; initial annual earnings of refugees are lower than those of labour-market immigrants and natives, higher education level as well as geographic closeness and cultural similarities between source country and host country makes the transition and assimilation easier for immigrants. Immigrants incur a net-cost on public sector finances during their first years in host country, but that it diminishes as years since migration increases. These longitudinal regressions were made for two different cohorts and genders separately. The cohorts included individuals in ages 20-64 years of age from countries previously being a part of former Yugoslav that arrived in Sweden between the years of 1990 and 1995, and between 1996 and 1999. These cohorts are being studied in three cross-sections, 1990, 1995 and 1999. A brief history of the Yugoslav wars will also be presented in this thesis. Our results show that the refugees from former Yugoslavia had a positive assimilation in to the Swedish labour market, and our results are in line with previous theory regarding labour market assimilation. Moreover, men without university education as well as women with university education assimilate faster in comparison to their corresponding opposites in regards of educational level. However, both genders, regardless of educational level, assimilated. This confirms some of the theory presented in this thesis.

A hot topic in politics as well as in the political sciences is the topic of labour market integration. For newcomers the challenge of entering into the labour market is a staggering one. This can be showcased by the vast statistical difference in labour participation between newcomers and citizens. Another interesting aspect regarding labour market integration is inthe way that it is being governed. Both the political sphere and academia have shown an inclination to question the validity regarding New Public Management. This has started adebate regarding other ways of governmentality that is more suitable for the public sector. One of these is Public Value Management which emphasizes the goal of public value. The aim of this study is to perform a policy analysis of a government proposition as well as a planof action from the Swedish Employment Service. This was done by examining the problem representations as well as what was being left unproblematic. It also identified what type of governmentality is applied in the documents. The results revealed three problem representations of cooperation, quality & efficiency and governance. Additionally the labour market participation of immigrants that were not newcomers were left out of both the proposition as well as the plan of action. Lastly the study found an inclination by the Swedish Employment Service to rely more on a type of governmentality that resembles the one of Public Value Management.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (Development Studies) / There is a wide-reaching consensus that data required for poverty analysis in developing countries are inadequate. Concerns have been raised on the accuracy and adequacy of household surveys, especially those emanating from Sub-Saharan Africa. Part of the debate has hinted on the existence of a statistical tragedy, but caution has also been voiced that African statistical offices are not similar and some statistical offices having stronger statistical capacities than others. The use of generalizations therefore fails to capture these variations. This thesis argues that African statistical offices are facing data challenges but not necessarily to the extent insinuated. In the post-1995 period, there has been an increase in the availability of household surveys from developing countries. This has also been accompanied by an expansion of poverty analyses efforts. Despite this surge in data availability, available household survey data remain inadequate in meeting the demand to answer poverty related enquiry. What is also evident is that cross sectional household surveys were conducted more extensively than panel data. Resultantly the paucity of panel data in developing counties is more pronounced. In South Africa, a country classified as ‘data rich’ in this thesis, there exists inadequate panel surveys that are nationally representative and covers a comprehensive period in the post-1995 period. Existing knowledge on poverty dynamics in the country has relied mostly on the use of the National Income Dynamic Study, KwaZulu Natal Dynamic Study and smaller cohort-based panels such as the Birth to Twenty and Birth to Ten cohort studies that have rarely been used in the analysis of poverty dynamics. Using mixed methods, this thesis engages these data issues. The qualitative component of this thesis uses key informants from Statistics South Africa and explores how the organization has measured poverty over the years. A historical background on the context of statistical conduct in the period before 1995 shows the shaky foundation that characterised statistical conduct in the country at the inception of Statistics South Africa in 1995. The organization since then has expanded its efforts in poverty measurement; partly a result of the availability of more household survey data. Improvements within the organization also are evidenced by the emergence of a fully-fledged Poverty and Inequality division within the organization. The agency has managed to embrace the measurement of multidimensional poverty. Nevertheless, there are issues surrounding available poverty related data. Issues of comparability affect poverty analysis, and these are discussed in this thesis. The informants agreed that there is need for more analysis of poverty using available surveys in South Africa. Against this backdrop, the use of pseudo panels to analyse poverty dynamics becomes an attractive option. Given the high costs associated with the conduct of panel surveys, pseudo panels are not only cost effective, but they enable the analysis of new research questions that would not be possible using existing data in its traditional forms. Elsewhere, pseudo panels have been used in the analysis of poverty dynamics in the absence of genuine panel data and the results have proved their importance. The methodology used to generate the pseudo panel in this thesis borrows from previous works including the work of Deaton and generates 13 birth cohorts using the Living Conditions Surveys of 2008/9 and 2014/15 as well as the IES of 2010. The birth cohorts under a set of given assumptions are ‘tracked’ in these three time periods. The thesis then analysed the expenditure patterns and poverty rates of birth cohorts. The findings suggested that in South Africa, expenditures are driven mostly with incomes from the labour market and social grants. The data however did not have adequate and comparative variables on the types of employment to further explore this debate. It also emerged that birth cohorts with male headship as well as birth cohorts in urban settlements and in White and Indian households have a higher percentage share of their income coming from labour market sources. On the other hand, birth cohorts with female headship and residing in rural, African and in Coloured households are more reliant on social grants. The majority of recipients of social grants receive the Child Social Grant and its minimalist value partly explains why birth cohorts reporting social grants as their main source of income are more likely to be poor when compared to birth cohorts who mostly earn their income from the labour market. Residing in a female-headed household, or in a rural area as well as in Black African and Coloured increases the chances of experiencing poverty. This supports existing knowledge on poverty in South Africa and confirms that these groups are deprived. The results of the pseudo panel analysis also show that poverty reduced between 2006 and 2011 for most birth cohorts but increased in 2015. Policy recommendations to reduce poverty therefore lie in the labour market. However, given the high levels of unemployment in the country today, more rigorous labour incentives are required.

This thesis is focused on the integration of women after maternity and parental leave into the labour market. It is concerned with the specifics of women's employment, an important area of harmonization personal and professional life and finally facilities for children up to 6 years. In the theoretical part I outlined exactly these findings and compared with the situation abroad. The following section described the empirical research methods and interviews with mothers with children, questionnaires with workers of contact offices of the Labour Office and questionnaires with workers of the Directorate of Labour Office. In this section there is also an analysis of the findings and the final interpretation of the results. In the discussion I introduced the concluding observations in the context of the writers mentioned in the theoretical part and suggestions for improvements. In conclusion, I summarized my entire work and evaluated achievement of goals. Key words Unemployment - Labour market - Women's employment - Maternity and Parental leave

Prolonged and new regional violent conflicts have resulted in the displacement of residents in several countries. The thesis focuses on the people who arrived and applied for asylum in Germany between 2013 and 2016. Aimed to analyse their labour market integration in Germany, the thesis uses micro-data from Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) to decompose the wage gap between refugee workers and native workers in 2018. Coarsened exact matching (CEM) is used to match the characteristics of native workers with refugee workers. Five sets are generated at four different matching levels of covariates. It is found that total wage gap reaches the greatest value in the unmatched set. As the two groups' characteristics getting more and more similar, explained wage gap gradually shrinks until it becomes statistically insignificant. However, discriminatory wage gap exists in all sets and cannot be wiped out even if the characteristics get similar. CEM helps to reduce the heterogeneity between the two groups and provides a more balanced dataset and a non-overestimated labour market discrimination value.

Canada has been active in attracting highly-skilled, foreign-trained workers to overcome its labour shortage, facilitate its economic growth, and enhance its global competency. While promoting gender equality in the workplace and advancing women’s labour market participation are ongoing focuses of Canada’s attention, the arrival of an increased number of skilled immigrant women and their marginalized experiences in the Canadian labour market reflects a critical problem that the underuse of highly skilled immigrant women’s professional skills might be a loss for both Canada and individual immigrants. This research reveals the lived experience of highly skilled Chinese immigrant women in the Canadian labour market, and analyzes how the barriers to their career restoration were constructed. It adopts Seyla Benhabib’s weak version of postmodern feminist theory and Dorothy Smith’s Institutional Ethnography methodology. Based on interview data with 46 highly skilled Chinese immigrant women, this research identifies these immigrant women’s standpoint within the institutional arrangements and understands the barriers to their career restoration as discursively constructed outcomes. This research contends that the settlement services for new immigrants funded by the federal government fall short of meeting the particular needs of highly skilled immigrants who intend to find highly skilled jobs that match their qualifications. This research also makes recommendations for improving existing language training and employment-related settlement services in order to better assist highly skilled immigrants in using their skills to a larger extent.

This thesis studies the role of the third sector organisation [TSO] in highly skilled refugees' employment integration in Sweden. It attempts to contribute to the migration studies literature and nonprofit sector studies by focusing on the underresearched highly skilled refugees and several TSOs in Sweden, one of the major receiving countries in Europe during the refugee crisis. It discovers the challenges faced by the highly skilled refugees and the TSOs' solution to help them overcome the obstacles using Bourdieusian capital theory. In doing so, the TSOs are also shaping the integration concept of the nation, which is proven to be ambiguous. On the one hand, they preserve the construction of refugees as needing care and their difference from Sweden as weakness. On the other hand, they challenge the idea that integration is primarily refugees' responsibility and attempt to change employers' unwillingness to hire with the concept of diversity as a strength. Despite that, the TSOs do not significantly challenge the dominant integration concept in Sweden and the state. This thesis argues that it may be explained by the strong trust between the government and civil society stemmed from the nation's historical development as an egalitarian welfare state.

This doctoral thesis analyses the changes in income inequality in post-apartheid South Africa. The thesis adds to the existing literature by explaining the underlying causes of the changes in observed income inequality. As such, this thesis applies different decomposition methods to the Gini coefficient. In the analysis of household income sources, traditional static decompositions are supplemented by applying micro-simulations that allow for a dynamic decomposition of changes in income sources reported in household surveys. The results corroborate previous findings of the significant contribution of labour market incomes and governmen grants. However, the application of advanced dynamic methods highlights the effects of changes in other factors, such as investment income and the role of employed household members, which have previously received less attention. Further study of household survey data and a unique set of tax administration data enabled a decomposition of the Gini coefficient of taxable income to investigate the effect of high earners on income inequality and the accuracy of capturing them in household surveys. This analysis highlights a significant weighting issues of high earners in the latest wave of the household survey data. Therefore, when combining the two types of data sets, a significant decrease in overall inequality of taxable income can be found between 2011 and 2014. The results ascertain the vast differences between the top and the bottom of the income distribution and concrete policies addressing both sides of the issue need to be implemented in order to overcome persisting income inequality. Finally, the strong effects of labour market incomes on overall income inequality warrant further investigation. Therefore, changes in earnings inequality are decomposed to assess the effect of changes in the labour market. The application of micro-simulations thereby allows to decompose the changes in earnings inequality into ‘price effect' and ‘endowment effect' but also to assess the effect of changes in labour market participation, employment, occupational structure and unobserved characteristics. The results show that key drivers of an increase in earnings inequality between 1993 and 2012 were changes in the endowments of working age individuals. This effect was partially counteracted by the price effect. The findings show persisting discrepancies between male and female employment in the labour market and the ongoing marginalization particularly of African women which highlights the need for a revision of existing affirmative action laws and their implementation. The National Development Plan offers several strategies for more inclusive growth for South Africa, however, government is already falling behind with its implementation. Therefore, policy makers need to re-examine the efficiency of current social spending and labour laws in order to set the right growth path for the South African economy. The methods utilized throughout this thesis harmonise different sources of information and enable an integrated analysis of the dynamics of the South African income distribution. The static and dynamic decompositions make use of the 1993 household survey of the Project for Statistics on Living Standards and Development (PSLSD) and the 2008 and 2014 National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS). The assessment of high earners is performed by comparing tax administration data provided by the South African Revenue Service (SARS) for the 2010 and 2014 tax years with household survey data from NIDS in 2011 and 2014. Finally, the decomposition of earnings inequality is carried out using data sets from the Post-Apartheid Labour Market Series (PALMS) between 1993 and 2012.