Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Liege Gomes.pdf: 795681 bytes, checksum: 84af86a4bd72e364a06e823eb8720b95 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-14 / Tribunal de Justiça do Amapá / This Dissertation for Master Science has the purpose to make a diagnosis of environment questions within the ambit of the State of Amapá. We started the work by studying the importance of environment law as a fundamental law of third generation in view of constitutional instructions inserted in article 225. We identified some principles and the ways to make the causer of environment damages, responsible in civil, administrative and penal spheres. We studied the international perspective one has of Amazonia beyond the physical, geographical and administrative characteristics and the human contingent of the State of Amapá, as a component of this amazonic microcosm. We pointed out the considerable environment impacts which are being caused through offensive proceedings to the Amapá environment. We mentioned the administrative and judiciary measures adopted for the protection of the natural and urban environment of the State. Finally, all the study has a major purpose, which is to show the importance of the ecologically well balanced environment as an essential benefit for the healthy living standard of all, specially of this integrating part of Amazônia. And this will only be achieved effectively through the means, which are capable to restrain the illicit actions, that is, through the threefold liability and incentives to public politics, efficient in the combat of environment damages / A presente dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo tecer um diagnóstico das questões ambientais inseridas no âmbito do Estado do Amapá. Iniciamos o trabalho abordando a importância do direito ambiental como direito fundamental de terceira geração, em face do preceito constitucional inserto no art. 225. Identificamos alguns princípios e as formas de responsabilização do causador do dano ambiental, nas esferas civil, administrativa e penal. Abordamos a perspectiva internacional que se tem da Amazônia, além das características físicas, geográficas, administrativas e o contingente humano do Estado do Amapá, como parte integrante desse microcosmo amazônico. Pontuamos os consideráveis impactos ambientais que vem sendo ocasionados por condutas lesivas ao meio ambiente amapaense. Mencionamos as medidas administrativas e judiciais adotadas na defesa do meio ambiente natural e urbano do Estado. Em conclusão, todo o estudo tem um fim maior que é o de mostrar a importância do meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, como bem essencial à sadia qualidade de vida de todos, especialmente dessa parte que integra a Amazônia. E que isso só se conseguirá efetivamente através dos meios capazes de coibir as condutas ilícitas, que é por meio da tríplice responsabilização e de incentivo as políticas públicas eficazes no combate aos danos ambientais

L'idée de départ à partir de laquelle a trouvé son origine le présent travail était de traiter le problème de l’inégalité, selon une perspective sociologique, à travers la catégorie de genre et spécifiquement dans le cadre de la science. La différence du nombre de femmes au plus haut niveau (et pas seulement) des hiérarchies du travail dans la science (universités, laboratoires, centres de recherche, institutions) est une réalité. Notre recherche s'est donnée pour objectif d'enquêter les mécanismes à travers lesquels l'inégalité de genre opère dans l’univers scientifique et, pour atteindre ce but, nous avons utilisé l'étude d'un cas jugé particulièrement important et utile, celui des lauréates du prix Pour les Femmes et la Science, une importante reconnaissance au niveau international dédié aux femmes qui travaillent dans la science. Après avoir esquissé l'horizon théorique vers lequel diriger notre attention, nous avons d'abord entrepris une analyse secondaire des données. Nous avons élaboré puis soumis les lauréates du prix à un entretien structuré, intégrant donc la phase d’étude préparatoire avec la voix directe des protagonistes. Le noyau central de la recherche est donc constitué par l'étude de cas du prix qui nous a permis d'établir un dialogue direct avec les femmes qui ont réussi à percer les murs puissants qui ont toujours entourés le “fortin” de la science et qui nous aidé à mettre en évidence certaines des dynamiques clés qui peuvent être tenues responsables de l’inégalité. D'une part, en effet, le prix indique comment la présence des femmes dans l'univers scientifique est encore perçue comme un phénomène à souligner, par conséquent, par certains aspects, à protéger, ce qui témoigne que l'égalité de genre dans la science ne doit pas être prise pour acquise, mais plutôt comme un objectif à poursuivre avec persévérance et détermination. D'autre part, il souligne que la recherche scientifique est devenue - comme la Communauté européenne n'a pas manqué de le mettre en évidence et comme la littérature le souligne - un aspect constitutif d'une société développée et de ses dynamiques économiques et politiques. Nous pouvons nous demander : pourquoi une multinationale a décidé d’investir dans un domaine apparemment si éloigné de son propre secteur ? Comment le prix se situe-t-il dans le contexte de l'entreprise ? Ce sont quelques-unes des questions que nous nous sommes posées et auxquelles nous avons tenté de répondre car considérées indispensables pour affronter de la manière la plus approfondie possible l'étude de cas choisi / The starting point from which this work originated is to understand and investigate the problem of inequality, from a sociological perspective, through the gender category and specifically in science. The difference in the number of women at the highest level (and not only) of professional hierarchies in science (universities, laboratories, research centers, institutions) is a reality. Our research aims to investigate the mechanisms through which gender inequality operates in the scientific world and, to achieve this goal, we have used a case study considered particularly important and useful, that of the For Women and Science Award, an important international recognition dedicated to women who work in science. After defining the theoretical horizon which constitutes the context of the thematics of our research, we have realised a secondary analysis of data and then, we have developed and submitted the award’s winners to a structured interview, integrating, in this way, the preparatory study phase with the direct voice of the protagonists. The core of the research is represented by the case study of the L’Oréal’s Award, which has permitted to establish a direct dialogue with the scientists who have succeeded in science and therefore it has helped us to highlight some of the key dynamics responsible of inequality. On one hand, the Award’s case study reflects how the presence of women in the scientific world is still perceived as a phenomenon to be underlined, therefore, in certain aspects, to be protected, showing that gender equality in science must not be taken for granted, but rather as an objective to be pursued with perseverance and determination. On the other hand, it stresses that scientific research has become - as the European Community has not failed to highlight and as the literature underlines - a constitutive aspect of a developed society and of its economic and political dynamics. We may wonder: why a multinational has decided to invest in an area apparently so far from its own sector? How is the Award’s placement in the company’s context? These are some of the questions we have asked and we have tried to answer in order to face the case study chosen and to receive important and innovative informations about the thematics we wanted to analyse with this research / L’idea di partenza da cui ha avuto origine il presente lavoro è stata quella di confrontarsicon il problema, secondo una prospettiva sociologica, della disuguaglianza attraverso lacategoria di genere e, specificatamente, nell’ambito della scienza. La differenza del numerodi donne ai livelli apicali (e non solo) delle gerarchie lavorative in ambito scientifico(università, laboratori, centri di ricerca, istituzioni) è un dato inoppugnabile in quantopermane costante nel tempo. Nella nostra ricerca ci siamo posti, dunque, l’obiettivo di indagarei meccanismi attraverso cui le discriminazioni di genere operano nell’universoscientifico. La nostra indagine ha principiato con un’analisi della letteratura che ci hapermesso di comprendere e definire lo stato dell’arte attuale evidenziando un trend cheresta, purtroppo, invariato. Abbiamo, in seguito, studiato e cercato di capire e mettere inluce quali siano le motivazioni e le dinamiche alla base della perdurante condizione dimarginalità in cui versano le donne e, a tal fine, siamo ricorsi allo studio di un caso giudicatoparticolarmente significativo e interessante, rappresentato dal Premio Pour les femmeset la science. I racconti delle vincitrici del Premio, rappresentanza dell’eccellenzascientifica mondiale, ci hanno permesso di raccogliere importantissime informazioni riguardoa molteplici aspetti relativi alle nostre tematiche. E’ stato infatti possibile fare lucesull’impatto effettivo esercitato sulle carriere scientifiche femminili da parte dell’iniziativadella multinazionale e, in particolar modo, abbiamo potuto raccogliere direttamente dallavoce delle scienziate opinioni, visioni ed esperienze significative che ci hanno permesso diapprofondire dall’interno e secondo un punto di vista inedito e foriero di spunti, le tematicheoggetto della presente tesi. In questo scenario, dopo aver delineato l’orizzonte teoricoentro cui dirigere la nostra attenzione, abbiamo dapprima intrapreso un’analisi secondariadei dati e, in un secondo momento, abbiamo elaborato e somministrato alle vincitrici delPremio un’intervista strutturata. Il nucleo centrale della ricerca è costituito, quindi, dallostudio del caso del Premio che ci ha permesso di instaurare un dialogo diretto con quelledonne che sono riuscite a fare breccia nelle potenti mura che da sempre hanno delimitatoil fortino della scienza, permettendoci così di rilevare alcune delle principali dinamicheche possono essere ritenute responsabili delle dinamiche discriminatorie che produconodisuguaglianze nell’operato delle donne. Da un lato, infatti, il Premio indica come la presenzafemminile nell’universo scientifico sia ancora avvertita come un fenomeno non risolto,dunque, per certi aspetti, da porre costantemente all’attenzione, a testimonianza diquanto la parità di genere nella scienza non vada data per scontata, ma sia anzi un obiettivoda perseguire con costanza e determinazione. Dall’altro lato, esso mette in evidenzache la ricerca scientifica è diventata – come la Comunità Europea non ha mancato di sottolinearee come rimarca molta letteratura – un aspetto costitutivo di una società evoluta edelle sue dinamiche economiche e politiche. Possiamo allora chiederci: perché una famosissimamultinazionale che opera nel campo della cosmesi ha deciso di investire in unaquestione apparentemente così distante e lontana dal proprio ambito di intervento nel mercato? Come si colloca il premio all’interno del contesto aziendale? Questi sono alcuni deiquesiti che ci siamo posti e a cui abbiamo tentato di rispondere perché ritenuti imprescindibiliper affrontare in modo il più possibile approfondito il caso studio prescelto

Este trabalho foi elaborado com o objetivo de versar especificamente sobre o fenômeno social que é a Empresa, uma instituição-organização e, como tal, uma abstração humana de caráter poliédrico (emprestando a terminologia cunhada em 1943 por Asquini (em seu paradigmático artigo \"Os perfis da Empresa\"), um relevante agente da Sociedade que, institucionalizado, defenderemos tratar-se de um sujeito per si de direito. Como toda instituição, a Empresa é uma criação essencialmente humana, uma solução desenvolvida para atender determinada necessidade social, não sendo um resultado natural, espontâneo da natureza, mas, sim, fruto da racionalidade, da lógica, de uma pessoa ou conjunto de pessoas, que gozando do reconhecimento por seus pares é legitimada no seio social e por atribuição legal passa a gozar de personalidade jurídica. Neste estudo pretende-se conceituar juridicamente a Empresa, mediante a assunção deste fenômeno como uma realidade complexa que deve ser compreendida de forma sistêmica e integrada, não limitando sua análise jurídica meramente aos efeitos de sua atividade (função); ou à sua definição vulgar como forma de organização de fatores de produção voltada ao lucro; ou à sua interpretação como o simples resultado de um feixe de contratos avalorativos ou, ainda, entendida como instrumento simplesmente voltado à concretização da vontade de seu fundador o empresário, nesse trabalho entendido como empreendedor , mas sim como um fenômeno multifacetado uno, resultado da integração de suas diversas facetas (ou perfis), da inter-relação de suas diversas \"partes-interessadas\", enfim, como uma legítima instituição-organização. / This project was developed with the aim of relating specifically to the social phenomenon that is the Firm, an \"institution-organization\" and as such a human abstraction (creation) materialized as a polyhedral phenomenon (borrowing the terminology coined in 1943 by Asquini in his paradigmatic article \"Profiles of the Firm\"), a major agent of the Society that, institutionalized, it will be defended to be itself a \"subject of law\". Like any institution, the Firm is essentially a human creation, a solution designed to meet particular social need, not a spontaneous result of the \"nature\", but rather the result of rationality, logic, build by a person or group of people, and as a social phenomenon enjoys the recognition by their peers as legitimated social institution. This study intended to characterize the Firm legally, taking up this phenomenon as a complex reality that must be understood in a systemic and integrated approach, not limiting its legal analysis only to the effects of their activity (function), or its ordinary definition as a \"form of organization of production factors profit-oriented\", or its interpretation as the mere result of a series of contracts devoided of values, or even simply understood as a tool aimed at achieving the will of its founder - the entrepreneur, that in this work is understood as \"entrepreneur\" but as a multifaceted phenomenon considered as one single reality, resulting from the integration of its various aspects (or \"profiles\"), and the relations among and between its stakeholders, in others words, as a legitimate \"institution-organization\".

Este trabalho foi elaborado com o objetivo de versar especificamente sobre o fenômeno social que é a Empresa, uma instituição-organização e, como tal, uma abstração humana de caráter poliédrico (emprestando a terminologia cunhada em 1943 por Asquini (em seu paradigmático artigo \"Os perfis da Empresa\"), um relevante agente da Sociedade que, institucionalizado, defenderemos tratar-se de um sujeito per si de direito. Como toda instituição, a Empresa é uma criação essencialmente humana, uma solução desenvolvida para atender determinada necessidade social, não sendo um resultado natural, espontâneo da natureza, mas, sim, fruto da racionalidade, da lógica, de uma pessoa ou conjunto de pessoas, que gozando do reconhecimento por seus pares é legitimada no seio social e por atribuição legal passa a gozar de personalidade jurídica. Neste estudo pretende-se conceituar juridicamente a Empresa, mediante a assunção deste fenômeno como uma realidade complexa que deve ser compreendida de forma sistêmica e integrada, não limitando sua análise jurídica meramente aos efeitos de sua atividade (função); ou à sua definição vulgar como forma de organização de fatores de produção voltada ao lucro; ou à sua interpretação como o simples resultado de um feixe de contratos avalorativos ou, ainda, entendida como instrumento simplesmente voltado à concretização da vontade de seu fundador o empresário, nesse trabalho entendido como empreendedor , mas sim como um fenômeno multifacetado uno, resultado da integração de suas diversas facetas (ou perfis), da inter-relação de suas diversas \"partes-interessadas\", enfim, como uma legítima instituição-organização. / This project was developed with the aim of relating specifically to the social phenomenon that is the Firm, an \"institution-organization\" and as such a human abstraction (creation) materialized as a polyhedral phenomenon (borrowing the terminology coined in 1943 by Asquini in his paradigmatic article \"Profiles of the Firm\"), a major agent of the Society that, institutionalized, it will be defended to be itself a \"subject of law\". Like any institution, the Firm is essentially a human creation, a solution designed to meet particular social need, not a spontaneous result of the \"nature\", but rather the result of rationality, logic, build by a person or group of people, and as a social phenomenon enjoys the recognition by their peers as legitimated social institution. This study intended to characterize the Firm legally, taking up this phenomenon as a complex reality that must be understood in a systemic and integrated approach, not limiting its legal analysis only to the effects of their activity (function), or its ordinary definition as a \"form of organization of production factors profit-oriented\", or its interpretation as the mere result of a series of contracts devoided of values, or even simply understood as a tool aimed at achieving the will of its founder - the entrepreneur, that in this work is understood as \"entrepreneur\" but as a multifaceted phenomenon considered as one single reality, resulting from the integration of its various aspects (or \"profiles\"), and the relations among and between its stakeholders, in others words, as a legitimate \"institution-organization\".

La responsabilité internationale est un ensemble de conséquences liées à laviolation des obligations internationales, soit le lien juridique par lequel un sujet de droitinternational est tenu, envers un ou plusieurs autres sujets, d’adopter un comportementdéterminé ou de s’en abstenir. S’il y a un comportement illicite, la Communautéinternationale peut intervenir, c’est ce que l’on dénomme souvent « droit d’ingérence ». Cedernier a évolué récemment vers une nouvelle terminologie introduite dans le rapport de laCIISE : « responsabilité de protéger ». C’est un concept selon lequel les Etats souverains ontl’obligation de protéger leurs propres populations contre des catastrophes de grande ampleur.Dans la dynamique du dépassement de l’antagonisme entre souveraineté et intervention, nousanalyserons le comportement de la Communauté internationale face à la « responsabilité deprotéger », le rôle qui lui incombe lorsque l’Etat faillit à ses obligations. Au-delà de cesauteurs, il reste encore à définir quels sont les bénéficiaires de cette protection, sa mise enœuvre et ses limites. Si la notion de « responsabilité de protéger » ne constitue pas seulementune nouvelle terminologie, garantit-t-elle un degré de protection plus élevé par rapport au« droit d’ingérence ». / International responsibility is a set of consequences connected to the violation ofinternational obligations, this being the legal ties which bind a subject of international law toadopt a defined way of behaving towards another or others or to abstain. If there is illicitconduct the International Community can intervene, which is often named “right ofintervention”. The latter hasrecently developeda new terminology introduced in the (ICISS)report: “responsibility to protect”. It is a concept according to which the sovereign states havethe obligation to protect their own populations against large-scale catastrophes.From theperspective of going beyond the opposition between sovereignty and intervention we willanalyse the behaviour of the International Community faced with the “responsibility toprotect”, its incumbent role when the state fails in its obligations.Aside from its creators itremains to be seen who will benefit from this protection, its implementation and its limits. Ifthe notion of the “responsibility to protect” not only constitutes new terminology, does itchange an issue already raised by the “right of intervention”: military deployment with aimswhich are not purely military?

L'émergence de l'ophtalmologie en tant que spécialité pointue est récente, contemporaine de l'aire de la révolution technologique. Cette discipline ne s'exerce qu'en présence de dispositifs médicaux et ses spécificités sont aussi liées aux particularités de l'organe responsable de la fonction visuelle. Mais justifient-elles un traitement particulier de la responsabilité de l'ophtalmologiste ? Médicale, chirurgicale et fonctionnelle cette discipline embrasse de nombreux champs de la responsabilité médicale. Les réponses en vue de la réparation du dommage produit, sont examinées au regard de la causalité qu'une perte de chance relativise fréquemment. Le fait originel obéit aux qualifications habituelles, mais l'incidence du défaut des produits prend un relief particulier au côté de la faute, de l'aléa et de l'infection nosocomiale. Les frontières des qualifications évoluent dans le temps et participent outre une certaine ambiguïté, à alimenter les procédures. Le contexte d'exercice et le développement du consumérisme modifient la jurisprudence. Ils sont à l'origine de la loi du 4 mars 2002, tournant de la relation médecin malade, qui assoie les récents revirements de jurisprudence, notamment sur le plan de l'information. Elle créé les commissions de conciliation et d'indemnisation qui transcendent les voies judiciaires et administratives sans les supprimer. Ouvertes aux préjudices visuels, les critères de gravité liés tant à leur accès et qu'à la solidarité nationale renforcent les tensions autour de l'oeil par un seul fait arithmétique. En fait, ces différentes instances ne tiennent pas compte du particularisme de l'exercice mais intègrent leur raisonnement en droit commun. / The ophtalmology has very old history; it's recently appeared like a speciality because of the technological revolution. The specificities of the discipline are applied only with medical devices and are connected with the peculiarities of this organ ; the eye is manager of the visual function. But do they justify a particular treatment of the ophtalmologist responsibility? It's a medical, surgical and functional discipline which opens so many medical responsibilities. Answers to repair the ophthalmologist intervention damage are examined face to causality, the loose of lucky often reduce it. The original fact obeys to the usual qualifications, but the incidence of the default product is particular next to the fault, the hazard and the hospital-borne infection. Qualifications limit differ with the time and play with a certain ambiguity to create so many process for the ophthalmologist. The practicing context and the consumer society development m odify the case law which doesn't miss and are of the origin of an Act. The recent cases laws completes changes, particular for patient information, are to the origin of the Act of 4 March 2002 and show a modification of the patient doctor relation. The Act creates reconciliation and compensation board which transcend judicial and administrative ways without deleting them. Those last one are open to the visual damages. The seriousness criteria linked to access and national solidarity increase problems around the eye by a only arithmetical fact. In my opinion, these different authorities don't take care about the particularism of exercise but integrate their arguments into common law.

La responsabilité des père et mère en droit guinéen. Etude prospective à la lumière du droit français.Par l'intitulé de notre thèse, l'on peut comprendre qu'il s'agit d'un droit comparé français, guinéen. Ce qui n'est pas visible à travers le titre de la thèse c'est la double comparaison. Sur la question de la responsabilité des père et mère nous comparons d'abord le droit traditionnel guinéen au droit guinéen moderne, ensuite, nous analysons le droit guinéen moderne à la lumière du droit français.Le développement de notre thèse est précédé d'une longue introduction pour mettre en exergue la différence sur les notions de famille et de responsabilité entre le droit guinéen et le droit français.L'étude se développe en deux parties : dans la première, nous comparons le concept de responsabilité parentale en droit traditionnel guinéen avec la règle de la responsabilité des père et mère prévue par le Code civil guinéen. Nous ne manquons pas de souligner la résistance de la pratique sociale au droit moderne guinéen. Puis nous caractérisons l'originalité du droit guinéen par rapport au droit français en ce qui concerne les personnes visées pour la responsabilité du fait de l'enfant mineur.Dans la seconde partie, nous analysons les fondements de la responsabilité parentale en droit guinéen, en comparaison avec le droit positif français qui retient une responsabilité de plein droit des père et mère. Nous démontrons que cette solution ne serait pas adaptée aux réalités socioculturelles guinéennes. Nous proposons alors une autre solution pour une réforme en Guinée, consistant à substituer à un régime de responsabilité parentale pour faute prouvée un régime de présomption de faute des père et mère ou du tuteur dans le contexte d'un développement préconisé des mécanismes de l'assurance.A la lumière du système français, nous nous livrons à une analyse critique des solutions du droit guinéen moderne et codifié, issu du Code civil guinéen qui est inspiré du Code civil français, et du nouveau Code guinéen de l'enfant de 2008. Nous nous référons aussi à la Convention de New York relative aux droits de l'enfant ratifiée par la Guinée et à la Charte africaine des droits et du bien- être de l'enfant dont les dispositions sont inspirées de la Convention de l'ONU. Nous soulignons le décalage entre les solutions du droit moderne et les solutions coutumières qui imprègnent encore fortement la vie sociale et qui imputent à la solidarité familiale, voire collective, la charge de réparer les dommages causés par un enfant selon les processus et les critères tirés des traditions. Le manque de dynamisme de la jurisprudence guinéenne nous a conduit à inviter le législateur à réformer le Code civil, tant pour en clarifier les dispositions que pour les faire évoluer. / The responsibility of the father and the mother in Guinean law. prospective study in the light of the French law.By the title of our thesis, they can understand that it is about a French, Guinean compared right. What is not visible across the title of thesis it is double comparison. On the question of the responsibility of the father and mother we compare the Guinean traditional right to modern Guinean right, then first, we analyse modern Guinean right in the light of French law.The development of our thesis is preceded of a long introduction to head with difference on the notions of family and responsibility between Guinean right and French law.Study develops in two parties: in the first one, we compare the concept of parental responsibility in Guinean traditional right with the rule of the responsibility of the father and mother envisaged by the Guinean Civil code. We do not miss to underline the resistance of social practice to Guinean modern right. Then we characterize the originality of Guinean right in comparison with French law as regards the purposeful persons for responsibility due to the child.In the second party, we analyse the foundations of parental responsibility in Guinean right, compared with the positive French right which keeps has responsibility by right of father and mother. We show that this resolution would not be adapted to Guinean sociocultural realities. We offer then another resolution for a reform in Guinea, consisting in substituting for a regime of parental responsibility for proved error a regime of presumption of error of the father and mother or the guardian in the context of a development recommended by the mechanisms of insurance.

Après une analyse sémantique de la notion de Bonne Gouvernance, afin d'éclairer le sens de cette notion assez complexe, notion dont les origines remontent à une époque assez lointaine. Ce principe, qui s'est construit à travers les siècles, a d'abord concerné le monde des entreprises, avant d'envahir le champ de la politique, dans la quête de la meilleure gestion des affaires publiques, afin de satisfaire au mieux les affaires de l'Etat. En tant que thérapie, mise en place par les institutions internationales, afin de sortir les Etats africains, souvent corrompus, du tunnel de la misère et du sous-développement, elle s'est révélée inefficace. La bonne gouvernance dans sa mise en place, en Afrique et en Côte d'ivoire, fait face à un monde où le jeu politique est influencé par des liens claniques, familiaux, tribaux… qui mettent l'intérêt des groupes au dessus de l'intérêt général, engendrant une déliquescence de l'Etat, avec une absence d'éthique , de responsabilité , de clarté dans la prise de décision, dans des sociétés où la quête de la démocratie est marquée du sceau de la démagogie, avec une prime accordée à l'opacité dans la gestion des affaires publiques. Cette quête d'efficacité est contrebalancée par le poids des traditions et des pratiques inhérentes au monde du tiers-monde, choses qui rendent la gestion des affaires publiques difficilement efficace. Cependant, le champ politique n'échappe pas à l'emprise du monde extérieur, qui influence les prises de décisions, avec des acteurs publics souvent soumis aux injonctions de ce monde capitaliste, dans un monde marqué du sceau de la globalisation et de la mondialisation. / After a semantic analysis of the notion of Good Governance, to light the sense of this complex notion, notion the origins of which go back up to a rather distant time. This principle, which built itself through centuries, concerned at first the world of companies, before invading the field of the politics, in the quest of the best management of the public affairs, to satisfy at best the affairs of the State. As therapy, organized by the international institutions, to bring out the African states, often corrupted States, of the tunnel of the poverty and the underdevelopment, it showed itself ineffective. The good governance in its implementation, in Africa and in Ivory Coast, faces a world where the political game set, is influenced by clan, family, tribal links, which put the interest of the groups above the general interest, engendering a decay of the State, with an absence of ethics, responsibility of brightness in the decision-making, in the societies where the quest of the democracy is marked with the seal of the demagoguery, with a premium granted to the opacity in the management of the public affairs. This quest of efficiency is counterbalanced by the weight of the traditions and the practices inherent to the world of the Third World, the things which return the with difficulty effective management of the public affairs. However, the political arena does not escape the influence of the outside world, which influences decision-making, with public actors often subjected to the orders of this capitalist world, in a world marked with the seal of the globalization and with the globalization.

A l’heure de la mondialisation, réguler la responsabilité sociétale des entreprises (RSE) au niveau international est un défi majeur auquel sont confrontés les Etats. Devant ce défi, le cadre du droit international classique semble sinon impuissant, du moins à la peine. Réguler la RSE nécessite de composer avec maintes difficultés tant en terme institutionnel que matériel. Concurrencés par de nouvelles normativités, tributaires de la volonté des Etats, les instruments de droit international classique semblent peu adaptés pour remédier à cette situation. En face de ses tentatives désarticulées et dispersées, le marché trouve sa traduction juridique internationale dans un espace normatif large, intégré, et doté d’un pouvoir de contrainte effectif : l’OMC. Entre une régulation internationale de la RSE qui s’apparente à une course d’obstacles en ordre dispersé et une régulation du commerce mondial doté de solides fondations, le décalage est considérable et le dialogue faible. Cette thèse a pour objet d’ébaucher une piste de rééquilibrage à travers un outil encore peu étudié : la standardisation. Parmi les instruments de régulation, les standards techniques offrent un potentiel intéressant à plus d’un titre. Instrument de soft law, ses dimensions juridiques sont nombreuses et il s’affirme comme un instrument incontournable tant pour le marché que pour la régulation des innombrables dimensions techniques de la RSE. Il semble le plus à même d’échapper aux contraintes auxquels font face les instruments de droit classique pour contribuer à davantage de cohérence entre la responsabilité sociétale des entreprises en droit international et le champ de l’OMC. / In a global world, regulate social responsibility (CSR) at international level is a major challenge for States. Framework of traditional international law seems powerless. Regulate CSR requires to cope with many institutional and material difficulties. In competition with new non-legal norms, dependent on the will of States, traditional international law instruments seem ill-suited to address this situation.In front of these disarticulated and scattered attempts, the international market finds its legal translation in a broad, integrated, normative space, with an effective power of constraint: the WTO. Between the international regulation of CSR and the world trade rules world the gap t is considerable and the dialogue is weak. This PhD thesis aims to draft a rebalancing trail through an understudied tool: standardization. Ttechnical standards have have a huge and unique potential. As soft law instrument, it is emerging as a key instrument for both international market and the regulation of innumerable technical dimensions of CSR. It seems best able to escape the constraints facing classical international law instruments to contribute to greater coherence between the social responsibility of corporations in international law and the WTO field.

Orientador: Jair Pinheiro / Banca: Marcos T. Del Roio / Banca: Joana Aparecida Coutinho / Resumo: Nesta dissertação, buscamos analisar as estratégias, os discursos e as ações do Instituto Gife e Ethos para o campo social. Para tanto, nossa análise incidiu nas razões pelas quais foram criadas duas organizações do porte do Gife e do Ethos no Brasil visando uma atuação social dos empresários distinta das ações vinculadas à filantropia tradicional e ao assistencialismo até então realizadas. Com esse fito, analisamos as condições históricas e os principais agentes que possibilitaram a emergência dessa nova atuação empresarial expressa na ideologia da Responsabilidade Social Empresarial e do Investimento Social Privado. Ou seja, com a abertura política, nos anos 1980, impõe-se aos empresários ou às frações da burguesia a necessidade de redefinir suas estratégias de dominação, que não poderiam mais ter como predomínio o elemento da coerção, exigindo estratégias de cunho mais consensual ao novo quadro político que se instaurara. Com a vigência do neoliberalismo no país, o ativismo social dos empresários passou ganhar destaque e força, uma vez que a política de Estado empreendida para a área social desenvolveu-se, sobretudo na década de 1990, por meio do encolhimento da responsabilidade estatal frente aos problemas sociais, ensejando a intervenção da iniciativa privada nesta área. Nesse cenário, foram criados os institutos considerados nesta pesquisa como os principais articuladores e formuladores da nova atuação social empresarial, que atuando como aparelhos privados de hegemonia, buscam difundir uma nova perspectiva política ancorada nos postulados do neoliberalismo aos principais problemas sociais, políticos e econômicos, imprimindo outros significados ao modo como esses problemas devem ser tratados. / Abstract: In this dissertation, we analyze the strategies, discourses and actions of the Institutes Gife and Ethos to the social sphere . For this purpose, the analysis is focused on reasons why these two organizations of such magnitude, Gife and Ethos has been created in Brazil aiming at a distinct social entrepreneurs role associated to traditional philanthropy and welfare performed up to then. With this goal, have been analyzed both the historical conditions and key actors that made possible the raising of a new business activity expressed in the ideology of CSR and Private Social Investment policies. Thereto, due the 1980s political opening, entrepreneurs or fractions of the capitalists was forced to redefine their strategies of domination. They could not have the coercion as predominant element, requiring strategies to more consensual nature new political arrangements in this political framework. With the implementation of neoliberalism in the country, the social activism of entrepreneurs began gaining prominence and strength, since the state policy for the social area developed, particularly in the 1990s, through the shrinkage of state liability against social problems, allowing for the intervention of the private sector in this area . In this scenario, were created the institutions considered in this research as the main organizers and formulators of the new social entrepreneurial action. These organization acting as private apparatus of hegemony seeking to spread a new political perspective grounded in the tenets of neoliberalism applied to political and economic problems, attributing other meanings to how these problems should be treated. / Mestre