The thesis considers methods for the spatial deployment of public charging stations for electric vehicles. After studying the future situation for public charging infrastructure three cases where spatial deployment methods can come to use were identied: Public slow charging a within city area Public fast charging a within city area Charging station alongside a major road The methods were constructed using the GIS-software ArcGIS and was then validated using three different test studies (an introduction to GIS and ArcGIS is found in Appendix A). It could be concluded that it is difficult to predict the future public charging need because of uncertainties in predicting the future electric vehicle market penetration, charging behaviours and market models. The GIS software used proved to have many useful tools which made the deployment implementation straight forward. Much work will have to be invested in nding adequate GIS input data and defining the method objective and parameters, since each deployment situation is unique.

Projektet gick ut på att utveckla en laddstolpe med befintlig elektronik från Sea Ice AB, samt utveckla ett tillägg till deras befintliga box för upphängning där inte vägg finns tillgänglig. Behoven hos användarna hamnade som grund för projektet som hämtades från frågeformulär, observationer, och kundresor. Efter det startade en idégenereringsfas, där formgivning, sladdhantering och funktionsutveckling stod som delproblem för processen. Tester och olika mockups byggdes för att få en bättre bild av vad som behöver lösas och kunna få användarna mer delaktiga i processen. Tillslut ritades projekten upp i CAD och en slutgiltig prototyp byggdes på stolpen, för att kunna redovisa resultatet och kunna dra slutsatser till kravspecifikationen som gjordes från början. Resultatet kunde hanteras med en hand och var diskret till den tänkta miljön, som var två av flera krav som företaget ställde. Alla parter blev nöjda med resultatet, det är fortfarande osäkert om produkten kommer ut i produktion. / During this project you will see the process behind the development of a charging station for electric vehicles with electronics developed by Sea Ice AB. Sea Ice AB wanted two concepts, one accessory that would allow installations of a charging box without access to a wall. Also a concept of a charging pole. These concepts had to be discreet, and blend in with the surrounding environment, which will be the niche for the produkt. The needs and desires from the user became a central topic for the project. In the prestudy these were found using forms, observations and other methods. The ideageneration were performed on the problems “form, cablemanagement, and function” which later will be welded together and solve the problem as a whole. Mockups, user tests and creative thinking were heavily used during the ideation phase. The project is summarized, evaluated, and communicated with CAD-models and an appearance prototype. All parties are satisfied with the result but its still uncertain if it's going to produktion.

Sverige gör satsningar för att nå upp till landets egna energimål för 2030 och 2040, men också för att nå upp till de mål som kommits överens om globalt i det satta Parisavtalet. För att komma upp till dessa mål måste Sverige göra satsningar på den svenska fordonsflottan för att minska de egna utsläppen. Samtidigt sker förändringar på marknaden som rör sig mot en allt mer elektrifierad transportsektor. Den ökande andelen elbilar av den svenska fordonsflottan och utbyggnaden kring förnybar energi, som är mindre reglerbar och starkt väderberoende, ökar påfrestningen för det svenska elnätet. Med ett redan existerande effektproblem i elnätet för större svenska städer idag och en eventuellt större belastning framöver blir frågan hur effektproblematiken skall tacklas. Skall elnätet stärkas för att bli ännu mer robust eller går problemet att lösa på ett alternativt sätt genom nya olika tekniska lösningar och V2G (Vehicle to Grid) konceptet. Det är något som granskas kring i detta arbete. Frågan ställs också vilken typ av energi elkraften för elbilarna skall komma från, både i Sverige och via den import som sker. Det ges även förklaringar kring elbilen och dess tekniska komponenter samt hur lång tid en laddning kan ta vid det vardagliga körbehovet. / Sweden is making efforts to reach the country's own energy targets for 2030 and 2040, but also to reach the targets agreed globally in the agreed Paris agreement. To achieve these goals, Sweden must invest in the Swedish vehicle fleet to reduce its own emissions. At the same time, there are changes in the market that are moving towards an increasingly electrified transport sector. The increasing share of electric cars in the Swedish vehicle fleet and the expansion of renewable energy, which is less controllable and highly weather dependent, adds to the stress on the Swedish electricity grid. With an already existing power problem in the electricity grid for larger Swedish cities today and a possibly greater burden in the future, the question becomes how to tackle the power problem. Should the electricity grid be strengthened to become even more robust or the problem can be solved in an alternative way through new different technical solutions and the V2G (Vehicle to Grid) concept. This is something to be examined in this work. The question is also asked what kind of energy the electric power for the electric cars should come from, both in Sweden and via the imports that occur. Explanations are also given about the electric car and its technical components as well as how long a charge can take in everyday driving needs.

The purpose of this project is to create a map showcasing the distribution of charging stations in the surrounding areas of Uppsala city in Uppsala Municipality. Additionally, the project examines the expected development of electric car utilization, identifies essential requirements, and highlights significant actors driving this development. Through an analysis of factors, such as demographic data, geographical data, car fleet data, car density and travel patterns, the project seeks to gain insight into the present and future usage patterns of electric cars. By understanding these factors, the research contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics surrounding the adoption of electric cars outside cities. Moreover, this project provides information on the optimal placement of charging infrastructure to facilitate the transition towards electric mobility. Calculations and assumptions are made to calculate the total number of electric cars in Uppsala city's surrounding areas in 2040. Based on this number, the total installed public power capacity needed is calculated in accordance with an EU regulation called AFIR. The total capacity is distributed on five different power capacities to match the need at each location. To achieve this, key actors have been examined. In addition, development and key actors in Norway are analyzed to examine similarities and to give a brief view into the future.  The results indicate that there will be a significant increase of electric cars in Uppsala Municipality. Therefore, expanding the charging infrastructure is shown to be essential. Due to the expected high usage of home charging outside cities, public charging is believed to be mostly necessary for tourists and passersby. Nevertheless, there are uncertainties that could influence the development of electric cars, which in turn would have an impact on the results. Finally, there follows a discussion both on the results and factors which could have affected the model.

Elbilar blir mer och mer populära i samhället och bredvid traditionella bensinstationer står laddstolpar för att förse elbilar med energi. Dover Fueling Solutions (DFS) har under många år levererat bränslelösningar till kunder över hela världen. DFS är världsledande i branchen och har ett stort intresse av att vidareutveckla och undersöka innovativa lösningar på laddningsprocessen. I takt med att elbilsförsäljningen ökar, så ökar intresset för en snabb och enkel laddningsprocess. En kabel som sitter mellan en laddstolpe och en elbil väger idag cirka tre kg per meter. Då laddluckan sitter på olika ställen på olika elbilar krävs en viss räckvidd med handtaget från laddstolpen. En lång räckvidd och tung sladd gör att laddningsprocessen kan bli tung och osmidig. För att förenkla laddningsprocessen undersöks hur en kabelavlastning kan göra processen lättare. Utifrån en given kravspecifikation och med systematisk produkutvecklingsmetodik tas ett kabelupphängningskoncept fram. Konceptet ska ha en lång räckvidd från laddstolpen och en kabelavlastning samt är det önskvärt med en tilltalande design. Konceptet består av ett inelastiskt snöre som i ena änden sitter fast i en kabel och i andra änden sitter fast i en motvikt vars syfte är att avlasta kabeln när laddstolpen används i max utdraget läge. Konceptet detaljutvecklas och dimensioneras med hjälp av hållfasthetsberäkningar. Det färdiga konceptet illustreras i en 3D-CAD modell. / Electric cars are becoming more and more popular in society and next to traditional gas stations there are charging posts to supply electric cars with energy. Dover Fueling Solutions (DFS) has for many years supplied fueling solutions for customers all over the world. DFS is a world leader in the industry and has a great interest in further developing and researching innovative solutions for the charging process. As electric car sales increase, so does interest in a fast and simple charging process. A cable that runs between a charging post and the electric car weighs about three kilograms per meter. As the docking outlet is mounted in different places on different models of electric cars, a certain range is required with the handle from the charging post. A long range and heavy cord means that the charging process can be cumbersome and awkward. In order to simplify the charging process, it is being investigated how a cable weight relief can make the process easier. Based on given requirement specifications and with systematic product development methodology, a cable weight relief concept is developed. The concept must have a long reach from the charging post and a cable relief, and it is desirable with an appealing design. The concept consists of an inelastic string that is attached to a cable at one end and at the other end is attached to a counterweight whose purpose is to relieve the cable when the charging post is used in the maximum extended position. The concept is developed in detail anddimensioned using strength calculations. The finished concept is illustrated in a 3D CAD model.

The municipality of Stockholm has released a proposition to battle the increase of pollutants and unwanted noise from transportation in the city of Stockholm. The proposition suggests that Stockholm should implement environmental zones within the city’s tolls. The strategy would promote an electrification of the transportation fleet, starting in year 2020. Currently the proposition includes emissions and noise but disregards the effect from an electrification of the vehicles within the zones. This master thesis investigates the effect an electrified car fleet would have on the electric power grid within the suggested environmental zones. By choosing two local areas in Stockholm electric vehicle charging has been added to the existing power load on the grid in order to evaluate the strain from the vehicle charging. The thesis also investigates the added power consumption based on a complete electrification of the cars within the city tolls. The results indicate that both of the local grids have the capacity to bear the extra load but that the marginal between the power peak and maximum capacity could decrease lifetime expectancy on the power equipment. A complete electrification of all vehicles would mean an 7 % increase of the yearly energy consumption within the tolls.

Promoting the use of electric vehicles (EVs) has become an important measure to solve the environmental issue in China. In Beijing, the number of EVs has increased rapidly during recent years. In parallel, an extensive charging infrastructure has been deployed. However, most charging infrastructure operators find it difficult to make a profit by only providing charging services due to the lack of a sound business model. This thesis aims to investigate the current status of charging infrastructure for electric vehicles in urban Beijing and the business models of Beijing’s main charging infrastructure operators. Furthermore, based on the empirical findings, the weaknesses in the business models are identified. Beijing was chosen as case study in which the three main operators were studied in order to identify their business models in terms of value proposition, value creation and value capture. Questionnaire and interview as data collection methods were used to collect qualitative data. The study has shown that owing to the market demand and governmental promotion, the charging infrastructure industry retains its rapid development in Beijing. Moreover, the study indicates that the EV users’ most important demands on the charging services are: safety, convenience, speed, and stability during charging. The services need to be delivered at a reasonable price, and this is the development orientation for the charging operators. The business models of the three main charging infrastructure operators are almost identical, as all of them both manufacture and deploy charging piles as well as deliver charging services. They create and capture value by providing charging piles and service as well as various services based on mobile apps. Furthermore, through the investigation and analysis of their business models, five weaknesses in the business model have been identified: the slow pace of technology adoption, high initial investment requirements, few revenue streams, high cost for both internal personnel and external contractors, and insufficient information from App/mobile platform. / Att främja användningen av elbilar har blivit en viktig åtgärd för att lösa miljöproblemet i Kina. I Peking har antalet elbilar ökat snabbt de senaste åren. Parallellt har en utbyggnad av laddningsinfrastruktur skett. De flesta laddningsinfrastrukturoperatörer har dock svårt att göra vinst genom att endast tillhandahålla laddningstjänster på grund av bristen på en sund affärsmodell. Denna avhandling syftar till att undersöka den nuvarande situationen för laddningsinfrastrukturen för elbilar i Peking samt affärsmodellerna hos Pekings främsta laddningsinfrastrukturoperatörer. Enligt de empiriska resultaten identifieras svagheterna i affärsmodellerna. Peking valdes som fallstudie där de tre huvudoperatörerna studerades för att identifiera deras affärsmodeller i fråga om värderbjudande, värdeskapande och värdefångst. Frågeformulär och intervju som datainsamlingsmetoder användes för att samla in kvalitativa data. Studien har visat att, på grund av efterfrågan på marknaden och statens främjande behåller laddningsinfrastrukturbranschen sin snabba utveckling i Peking. Dessutom visar studien att elbilanvändarnas viktigaste krav på laddningstjänsterna är: säkerhet, bekvämlighet, hastighet och stabilitet under laddning. Tjänsterna måste levereras till ett rimligt pris, och detta är utvecklingsorienteringen för laddningsoperatörerna. Affärsmodellerna för de tre huvudoperatörerna är nästan identiska, eftersom alla tillverkar och distribuerar laddstolpar samt levererar laddningstjänster. De skapar värde genom att tillhandahålla laddningspolar och service samt olika tjänster baserade på mobilapp. Vidare, har fem svagheter identifierats genom undersökningen och analysen av affärsmodellerna: den långsamma teknikspridningen, höga initiala investeringskrav, få inkomstströmmar och höga kostnader för både intern personal och externa entreprenörer samt otillräcklig information från app / mobil plattform.