As habilidades psicomotoras são fundamentais para conduzir de forma adequada e segura um procedimento videocirúrgico. A cirurgia laparoscópica difere da cirurgia tradicional, pois o cirurgião deve guiar suas manobras em um ambiente tri-dimensional, através de imagem bi-dimensional, é privado da sensação táctil direta com os tecidos e necessita adquirir coordenação motora para a utilização de um novo tipo de instrumental cirúrgico. Faz-se necessário o desenvolvimento de modelos de treinamento factíveis para a formação de cirurgiões laparoscópicos, que simulem adequadamente as situações vivenciadas na sala de operação. Esta pesquisa objetivou desenvolver um modelo de cadáver de coelho embalsamado, utilizando a solução de Larssen modificada, para treinamento em quatro procedimentos laparoscópicos: colecistectomia, nefrectomia, esplenectomia e criptorquidectomia. Foram utilizados 17 coelhos de diferentes raças, submetidos a dois procedimentos cirúrgicos cada um. Destes, 15 foram eutanasiados, embalsamados e criopreservados. Após uma semana, os animais foram descongelados em caixa plástica com água aquecida a 40ºC e utilizados no treinamento de um cirurgião sem experiência prévia em videocirurgia. Dois coelhos foram operados vivos, sob anestesia geral inalatória, ao final da fase de treinamento, para verificar a capacidade do cirurgião em realizar as quatro técnicas laparoscópicas citadas, sem ocorrência de complicações significativas, sendo estes animais eutanasiados ao final dos procedimentos. Os cadáveres de coelhos mantiveram suas características teciduais semelhantes àquelas encontradas em um animal vivo. A coloração dos tecidos e órgãos abdominais foi bastante similar ao verificado in vivo, enquanto o odor variou entre leve e moderado e a textura variou entre normal e friável. A imersão dos cadáveres em água aquecida foi efetiva para alcançar o descongelamento completo, com mínima interferência da temperatura ambiente, tendo duração de quatro a cinco horas. O modelo experimental proposto neste estudo apresentou boas condições para execução e treinamento de colecistectomia laparoscópica, nefrectomia total laparoscópica e criptorquidectomia laparoscópica. As condições encontradas na cavidade abdominal dos coelhos embalsamados não foram satisfatórias para a prática adequada de esplenectomia laparoscópica, pela dificuldade em estabelecer boa visualização e manipulação do baço. / Psychomotor skills are essential to correctly and safely conduct endoscopic surgical procedures. Laparoscopic surgery differs from traditional surgery because the surgeon must guide his maneuvers in a tri-dimensional environment, through a bi-dimensional image, he’s deprived of direct tactile sensation with the tissues and needs to acquire motor coordination to use a new type of surgical instruments. Its necessary feasible experimental models to train laparoscopic surgeons, which properly simulates the situations experienced in the operation room. This research aims at proposing a embalmed rabbit cadaver model, prepared with the modified Larssen solution, for training in four laparoscopic procedures: cholecystectomy, nephrectomy, splenectomy, cryptorchidectomy. Seventeen rabbits from different breeds were used, each undergoing two surgical procedures. Of these, 15 were euthanized, embalmed and cryopreservated. After one week, they were thawed in a plastic box with water heated to 40ºC and used in the training of a surgeon with no previous experience with endoscopic surgery. Two rabbits underwent surgery under general anesthesia with a volatile agent, at the end of the training step, to check the surgeon’s ability to perform the four mentioned laparoscopic techniques, without the occurrence of major complications, both being euthanized at the end of the procedures. The rabbit cadavers kept tissues properties similar to those found in a living animal. The color of the abdominal tissues and organs was very close to that verified in vivo, although odor tended from slight to moderate and consistency tended from normal to friable. The cadavers immersion in heated water was effective to completely thaw then, with minimum interference of room temperature, within four to five hours. The experimental model proposed in this study presented valuable conditions to perform and train laparoscopic cholecystectomy, laparoscopic total nephrectomy and laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy. The state of the abdominal cavity found in the embalmed rabbits was unsatisfactory for suitable practice of laparoscopic splenectomy, because of the difficulty in establishing good visualization and manipulation of the spleen.

Introdução: o uso da videolaparoscopia na doença de Crohn (DC) teve seu início nos anos 90, com ressalvas à possível dificuldade técnica que a DC complexa ou recorrente poderia impor à sua realização. Diversos estudos ao longo das décadas de 90 e 2000 mostraram ser a mesma factível, quando comparada à laparoscopia para DC primária, além de demonstrarem maior benefício da laparoscopia comparada à cirurgia aberta/convencional nos casos de DC recorrente. Entretanto, não houve estudos sobre resultados cirúrgicos após repetidas ressecções laparoscópicas. Objetivo: avaliar resultados pós-operatórios em curto prazo no tratamento da DC, comparando pacientes submetidos a uma segunda ressecção intestinal laparoscópica e pacientes sem cirurgia prévia. Além disso, comparar os mesmos resultados pós-operatórios entre pacientes submetidos a uma segunda ressecção intestinal laparoscópica e pacientes sendo submetidos a laparoscopia para DC e história prévia de ressecção intestinal prévia por laparotomia. Materiais e métodos: foi realizado análise retrospectiva a partir de base de dados mantida prospectivamente de pacientes submetidos a laparoscopia para tratamento da DC no Hospital Beaujon, França, entre 2005 e 2010. Os desfechos analisados foram: conversão para cirurgia aberta, tempo operatório, taxa de enterotomias inadvertidas no intra-operatório, morbidade, necessidade de reintervenção (cirúrgica ou radiológica) e tempo total de hospitalização. Resultados: foram analisados 18 pacientes com laparoscopia prévia (grupo A), 90 pacientes sem cirurgia prévia (grupo B) e 26 pacientes com laparotomia prévia (grupo C). Em nossa análise principal, comparando os grupos A e B, vemos grupos semelhantes em relação a dados demográficos, exceto maior número de casos complexos no grupo A (83,3 vs 46,7%; p=0,005) e tipo de operação realizada (p < 0,001). Quanto aos resultados, apenas o tempo operatório foi significativamente mais longo no grupo A (180 minutos vs. 150 minutos; p=0,013). A taxa de conversão, enterotomia inadvertida, morbidade, necessidade de reintervenção e tempo de hospitalização foram similares entre os grupos. Em nossa segunda análise, entre os grupos A e C, não houve diferença significativa quanto aos mesmos resultados analisados. Conclusão: apesar de um maior tempo operatório, uma segunda ressecção laparoscópica mantém os mesmos benefícios vistos em uma ressecção intestinal laparoscópica primária. Os mesmos benefícios são vistos quando os resultados são comparados com pacientes submetidos previamente a uma ressecção intestinal por laparotomia, em especial quando nas mãos de equipe experiente / Introduction: the use of laparoscopy in Crohn\'s disease (CD) had its beginning in the 90s, despite the possible challenge of technical difficulty that the complex or recurrent CD could impose to its realization. Numerous studies over the decades of 90 and 2000 showed laparoscopy in recurrent CD to be feasible compared to laparoscopy for primary CD, and have also shown the benefits of laparoscopic compared to open conventional surgery in patients with recurrent CD. However, there were no studies on surgical outcomes after repeated laparoscopic resections. Objective: 1. to evaluate postoperative short-term results regarding surgical treatment of CD, comparing patients who underwent a second laparoscopic bowel resection and patients without prior surgery. 2. to compare the same postoperative results among patients who underwent a second laparoscopic bowel resection patients and patients undergoing laparoscopic resection with history of prior intestinal resection by laparotomy. Materials and methods: a retrospective analysis from prospectively maintained database of patients undergoing laparoscopy for treatment of CD in Hospital Beaujon, France, between 2005 and 2010, was performed. The outcomes analyzed were: conversion to open surgery, operative time, intraoperative inadvertent enterotomy, morbidity, need for re-intervention (surgical or radiological) and length of hospitalization. Results: 18 patients with previous laparoscopy (group A), 90 patients without previous surgery (group B) and 26 patients with previous laparotomy (group C) were included. In our main analysis, comparing the groups A and B, groups were similar in respect to demographic data, except number of complex cases in group A (83.3 vs 46.7%; p = 0.005) and type of surgery performed (p < 0.001). As for the results, operative time was significantly longer in group A (180 minutes vs. 150 minutes; p = 0.013). Conversion rate, inadvertent enterotomy, morbidity, need for re-intervention and hospital stay were similar between groups. In our second analysis, between groups A and C, there was no significant difference between groups regarding the same variables. Conclusion. In spite of a longer operative time, a second laparoscopic resection guarantees the same benefits seen in a primary laparoscopic bowel resection. The same benefits are kept compared to patients who underwent prior bowel resection by laparotomy, especially when in the hands of experienced staff

Introdução: A obesidade é uma afecção com alta prevalência no Brasil e no mundo. É fator de risco para comorbidades como Diabetes tipo 2 (DM2), Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS), Dislipidemia, Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (AOS), entre outras. Seu tratamento é complexo e a cirurgia bariátrica, executada por diferentes técnicas, tem sido uma das opções. Objetivo: Analisar os resultados publicados na literatura em relação às técnicas cirúrgicas de Banda Gástrica Ajustável (BGA), Gastrectomia Vertical (GV), Gastroplastia com derivação em Y de Roux (GDYR) e Derivação Biliopancreática (DBP) - técnica de \"Scopinaro\" e de \"Duodenal Switch\" quanto às complicações operatórias, à mortalidade, à perda do excesso de peso (PEP) e ao reganho, e a resolução das comorbidades após a operação. Método: Foram analisados 116 estudos selecionados na base de dados MEDLINE por meio da PubMed publicados na Língua Inglesa entre 2003 e 2014. Para comparar as diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas (BGA, GV, GDYR e DBP), realizou-se estudo estatístico por meio da análise de variância (ANOVA) aplicando os testes de Duncan e de Kruskal Wallis avaliando: complicações pós-operatórias (fístula, sangramento e óbito); perda e reganho do excesso de peso, e resolução das comorbidades. Resultados: A ocorrência de sangramento foi de 0,6% na média entre todos os estudos, sendo 0,44% na BGA; 1,29% na GV; 0,81% na GDYR e 2,09% na DBP. Já a ocorrência de fístulas foi de 1,3% na média entre todos os estudos, 0,68% para BGA; 1,93% para GV; 2,18% para GDYR e 5,23% para DBP. A mortalidade nos primeiros 30 dias pós-operatórios foi de 0,9% na média entre todos os estudos, 0,05% na BGA; 0,16% na GV; 0,60% na GDYR e 2,52% na DBP. A PEP após cinco anos na média entre todos os estudos foi de 63,86%, especificamente na BGA, foi de 48,35%; 52,7% na GV; 71,04% na GDYR e 77,90% na DBP. A taxa de DM2 resolvida foi de 76,9% na média entre todos os estudos, sendo 46,80% na BGA; 79,38% na GV; 79,86% na GDYR e 90,78% na DBP. A taxa de Dislipidemia resolvida após a operação foi de 74,0% na média de todo o estudo, sendo 51,28% na BGA; 58,00% na GV; 73,28% na GDYR e 90,75% na DBP. A taxa de HAS resolvida após a operação foi de 61,80% na média de todo o estudo, sendo 54,50% na BGA; 52,27% na GV; 68,11% na GDYR e 82,12% na DBP. A taxa de AOS resolvida após a operação foi de 75,0% na média de todo o estudo, sendo 56,85% na BGA; 51,43% na GV; 80,31% na GDYR e 92,50% na DBP. Conclusão: quando analisadas e comparada as quatro técnicas observa-se que nos primeiros 30 dias pós-operatório a taxa de sangramento é superior nos pacientes submetidos à DBP e taxa de fístula inferior nos pacientes da BGA. Quanto à mortalidade observou-se taxa mais pronunciada nos pacientes submetidos à DBP e menos nos submetidos à BGA. Quanto à PEP observou-se uma uniformidade entre os pacientes submetidos à GV, GDYR E DBP até o terceiro ano. Após esse período observa-se reganho de peso nos submetidos à GV até o quinto ano de seguimento. Já nos pacientes submetidos à BGA observou-se taxas de PEP menos pronunciadas em relação às demais desde o início do seguimento. Quanto à resolução das comorbidades observou-se taxas de resolução de DM2 inferiores nos pacientes submetidos à BGA, e não houve diferença entre nenhuma técnica quanto à resolução das demais comorbidades: HAS, AOS e dislipidemia / Introduction: Obesity is a disease with high prevalence in Brazil and worldwide. It is a risk factor for comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), hypertension, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, among others. Treatment is complex and bariatric surgery, performed by different techniques, has been one of the options. Objective: To analyze the surgical the results presented in the literature related to techniques of Adjustable Gastric Banding (AGB), Sleeve Gastrectomy(SG), Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass(RYGB) and Biliopancreatic Diversion(BPD) - (\"Scopinaro\" and \"Duodenal Switch\" procedures) as to the postoperative complications, mortality, excess weight loss (EWL) and regain, and resolution of the comorbidities after surgery. Method: 116 studies were selected in MEDLINE through PubMed published in the English language between 2003 and 2014. To compare the different surgical techniques (AGB, SG, RYGB, BPD), statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance applying Duncan and Kruskal Wallis tests assessing: postoperative complications (leak, bleeding and death); EWL and regained, and resolution of comorbidities after surgery. Results: The incidence of bleeding was in average 0.6% from all studies; 0.44% in AGB; 1.29% for SG; 0.81% RYGB and 2.09% for BPD. The average incidence of leaks was 1.3% in all studies; 0.68% for AGB; 1.93% in SG; 2.18% RYGB and 5.23% for BPD. Average mortality in the first 30 postoperative days was 0.9% in all studies; 0.05% for AGB; 0.16% in SG; 0.60% in RYGB and 2.52% in BPD. The average percentage of EWL after five years in all studies was 63.86%, specifically in AGB it was 48.35%; 52.7% in SG; 71.04% in RYGB and 77.90% in BPD. The rate of T2D resolved was in average 76.9% across all studies, 46.80% for AGB; 79.38% for SG; 79.86% RYGB and 90.78% for BPD. The rate of dyslipidemia resolved was in average 74.00% across all studies, 51.28% for AGB; 58.00% for SG; 73.28% RYGB and 90.75% for BPD. The rate of hypertension resolved was in average 61.80% across all studies, 54.50% for AGB; 52.27% for SG; 68.11% for RYGB and 82.12% for BPD. The rate of apnea resolved was in average 75.00% across all studies, 56.85% for AGB; 51.43% for SG; 80.31% for RYGB and 92.50% for BPD. Conclusion: After analyzing and comparing the four techniques it was observed that in the first 30 postoperative days the bleeding rate is higher in patients undergoing BPD and lower fistula rate in patients undergoing AGB. Regarding mortality was observed higher rate in patients undergoing BPD and smaller in patients undergoing AGB. As for EWL there was uniformity among patients submitted to SG, RYGB and BPD until the third year. After this period there has been regained weight in the patients submitted to SG until the fifth year. The patients undergoing AGB have lower rates of EWL. As for the resolution of comorbidities, observed T2D resolution rates were lower in patients undergoing AGB, and there was no difference between the techniques regarding: hypertension, dyslipidemia and obstructive sleep apnea

INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos iniciais observaram um funcionamento mais lento do enxerto renal na primeira semana em rins retirados por laparoscopia. Todavia, a sobrevida do enxerto de cirurgia laparoscópica a longo prazo parece ser semelhante quando comparada à cirurgia aberta. Estudos experimentais sugerem que a cirurgia laparoscópica possa exercer uma ação sobre a lesão de isquemia e reperfusão, porém até o momento seus efeitos na expressão tecidual de fatores protetores e inflamatórios são pouco conhecidos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a expressão tecidual de fatores protetores e inflamatórios em rins extraídos de doadores vivos, por cirurgia laparoscópica ou aberta, em dois diferentes momentos da cirurgia do transplante: após a retirada do rim e após a reperfusão e correlacionar estes achados com a função do enxerto renal por meio da medida da creatinina sérica no pósoperatório. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Foram analisados pacientes transplantados renais submetidos a biópsias renais em 2 momentos, logo após a retirada do rim (T-1) e 45 min após reperfusão (T+1). Compararamse dois grupos: pacientes que receberam rins de nefrectomia laparoscópica e receptores de rins provenientes de cirurgia aberta. Foram analisados os dados clínicos e a função renal através da medida da creatinina sérica do 1º ao 7º dia, 30º dia, 3º e 6º mês pós-operatório. A expressão de RNAm de Bcl- 2, Hsp70, HO-1, VEGF, TNF, IL-6 e HIF1 foi quantificada por PCR em tempo real, e a expressão protéica de HO-1, Bcl-2, Caspase 3 e BAx foram analisadas por imunoistoquímica. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 55 receptores renais, dos quais em 29 pacientes o enxerto era proveniente de nefrectomia aberta e em 26 pacientes o rim doado foi retirado por via laparoscópica. O tempo de isquemia quente foi maior no grupo laparoscópico (p=0,005). A função renal medida pela área sob a curva de creatinina (ASCcr) e a incidência de retardo de função do enxerto renal no pós-operatório foi semelhante entre os grupos. Com relação à expressão dos fatores protetores ou inflamatórios não houve diferença entre os grupos aberta e laparoscópica. Porém, houve uma menor expressão gênica no grupo laparoscópico no momento após a reperfusão (T+1) dos fatores Bcl-2 (p=0,007) e VEGF (p=0,034). Observou-se uma correlação de VEGF e ASCcr (Pearson r=0,885; p=0,019) e de HO-1 e tempo de isquemia quente (Pearson r=0,773; p=0,042).CONCLUSÕES: Não houve diferença entre o grupo aberta e laparoscópica com relação à expressão de fatores protetores e inflamatórios da lesão de isquemia e reperfusão. No grupo laparoscópica, houve redução da expressão gênica de Bcl-2 e VEGF após reperfusão. Além disso, a expressão gênica de VEGF após reperfusão está associada a um declínio mais lento da creatinina / INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopically harvested kidneys regain normal function slowly than open recruited organs. However, long term graft survival seems to be similar between two approaches. Experimental studies suggest that laparoscopic surgery may play a role in ischemia reperfusion injury, but at this moment its effects in tissue expression of protective and inflammatory factors are unknown. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate tissue expression of protective and inflammatory factors in living donor kidneys harvested by laparoscopic or open surgery at two time points: after kidney retrieval and after reperfusion and correlate these findings with renal allograft function through postoperative serum creatinine level. METHODS: It was analyzed live renal recipients submitted to renal biopsies at two time points, after kidney retrieval (T-1) and 45 min after reperfusion (T+1). Two groups were compared: patients that received kidneys from laparoscopic nephrectomy and recipients of kidneys from open surgery. It was analyzed clinical data and renal function through serum creatinine level of 1st to 7th day, 30th day, 3rd and 6th postoperative month. The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, Hsp70, HO-1, VEGF, TNF, IL-6 e HIF1 were quantified by real time PCR, and protein expression of HO-1, Bcl-2, Caspase 3 and Bax were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Fifty five recipients were analyzed, twenty nine patients from open nephrectomy and twenty six patients from laparoscopic nephrectomy. We observed warm ischemia time was longer in laparoscopic donor nephrectomy than open donor nephrectomy (p=0,005). The renal function measured by area under curve of creatinine and incidence of delayed graft function were similar in laparoscopic and open groups. There was no difference in protective and inflammatory gene expression between groups, but in laparoscopic group, mRNA expression of Bcl-2 and VEGF have been decreased after reperfusion in comparison to moment T-1(p=0,007, p=0,034, respectively). Furthermore, HO-1 was correlated with warm ischemia time (Pearson r=0,773, p=0,042) and VEGF was correlated with creatinine AUC (Pearson r=0,885; p=0,019).CONCLUSION: Protective and inflammatory factors of ischemia reperfusion injury were not different between open and laparoscopic groups. In laparoscopic group, there was a lower gene expression of Bcl-2 and VEGF after reperfusion. The mRNA expression of VEGF after reperfusion was correlated with slow decline of creatinine

Orientadores: Márcio Lopes Miranda, Joaquim Murray Bustorff Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T17:35:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barros_RogerioFortunatode_D.pdf: 7693178 bytes, checksum: 55f02301a0933dc093626f6cdc21d65b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Objetivo: Elevações da pressão intra-abdominal durante o pneumoperitônio podem ocasionar oligúria ou anúria em mamíferos. Possível lesão renal decorrente ainda não foi bem documentada na literatura médica. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o impacto do pneumoperitônio no parênquima renal em um modelo experimental de ratos jovens, através da expressão da neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (N-GAL), um biomarcador de lesão renal precoce. Materiais e Métodos: Vinte ratos machos jovens Sprague-Dowley foram utilizados no trabalho. Dezesseis ratos foram previamente anestesiados, traqueostomizados, flebotomizados e ventilados mecanicamente. Para análise, foram distribuídos em 4 grupos: Pneumoperitônio 1hora(h), Controle 1h, Pneumoperitônio 2h, Controle 2h. O quinto grupo, de quatro ratos, foi submetido à lesão renal através da administração de cisplatina para testar o biomarcador. Após 24h, todos os ratos foram submetidos à coleta de urina por 2 horas em gaiola metabólica; nefrectomia esquerda para quantificação por western blotting e nefrectomia direita para qualificação por immunofluorescência utilizando o biomarcador N-GAL Resultados: Os resultados foram analisados em 5 grupos de 4 ratos: Pneumoperitônio 1 e 2h, Controle 1 e 2h e Cisplatina. A expressão do N-GAL estava significantemente aumentada no grupo Cisplatina. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos Pneumoperitônio 1 e 2h e Controle 1 e 2h (P>0,05). . Conclusão: O Pneumoperitônio controlado de 1 e 2 horas em ratos não promoveu lesão renal aguda / Abstract: Objective: Elevations of intra-abdominal pressure during pneumoperitoneum can lead to oliguria or anuria in mammals. Consequent kidney injury has not been well demonstrated in the literature. The aim of this study is to investigate the post-operative kidney status after pneumoperitoneum in a rat model through expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (N-GAL), an early kidney injury biomarker. Materials and methods: Twenty male Sprague-Dowley rats were used in this experiment. Sixteen rats were previously anesthetized, tracheostomized, phlebotomized and mechanically ventilated were distributed in 4 groups: Pneumoperitoneum 1hour (h), Control 1h, Pneumoperitoneum 2h and Control 2h. The fifth group, composed of four rats, was kidney injuried with cisplatine to test the biomarker. After 24 hours all rats were submitted to a urine 2 hours output measurement, left nefrectomy to western blotting quantification and a right nefrectomy to immunofluorescence qualification of N-GAL. Results: The results were analyzed within 5 groups: Pneumoperitoneum 1 and 2h, Control 1 and 2h and Cisplatine group. The N-Gal expression was increased in the Cisplatine group. There weren't significant statistical difference between Pneumoperitoneum 1 and 2h and Control 1 and 2h groups (P>0,05). Conclusion: The 1 and 2hours controlled pneumoperitoneum isn't related to acute renal injury / Doutorado / Ciências da Cirurgia / Doutor em Ciências

Introdução: De acordo com a União Internacional Contra o Câncer um mínimo de 12 linfonodos (LN) deve ser obtido no espécime cirúrgico para o estadiamento do câncer colorretal (CCR). Estudos recentes reportaram que o uso da quimioirradioterapia neoadjuvante (QRN) pode resultar na não obtenção do número mínimo de LN na peça em 30-52% dos pacientes. Objetivo: Identificar os fatores relacionados à redução do número de LN ressecados em pacientes submetidos à neoadjuvancia e a excisão total do mesorreto. Pacientes e métodos: De janeiro de 2012 a março de 2013, 160 pacientes com câncer de reto foram submetidos à QRN (5-FU e 5040 Gys) seguida de excisão total de mesorreto com ligadura dos vasos mesentéricos inferiores nas suas raízes. Foram incluídos pacientes com estadiamento T3, T4 e/ou N+ que distavam até 10cm da borda anal e T2N0 que distavam até 7 cm da borda anal. Foram excluídos pacientes cujo tratamento com quimiorradioterapia neoadjuvante foi incompleto, ou que tiveram atrasos significativos para re-estadiamento e/ou realização da cirurgia. Todos foram estadiados através de toque retal, colonoscopia, TC de tórax e de abdome, e RM de pelve e igualmente re-estadiados 8 semanas após o término da neoadjuvância, operados e submetidos a excisão total do mesorreto. Os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos: A) menos de 12 LN, e B) 12 ou mais LN. Foram estudadas as possíveis variáveis relacionadas ao número de LN obtidos: sexo, idade, presença de LN acometidos, tamanho do tumor, localização da altura do tumor no reto, comprimento da peça, preservação esfincteriana, via de acesso, estadiamento inicial, grau de resposta tumoral e resposta patológica à quimiorrradioterapia neoadjuvante. Resultados: Noventa e cinco pacientes (60 masculinos) preencheram os critérios de inclusão e conseguiram ser tratados, re-estadiados e operados dentro das datas pré-estabelecidas. A média de LN ressecados foi 23,2 (3-67). Resposta patológica completa foi obtida em 18 pacientes (19%). Um mínimo de 12 LN foram obtidos em 81 pacientes (85%). Dentre os 14 doentes que obtiveram menos de 12 LN, 7 (50%) eram respostas patológicas completas. De todas as variáveis estudadas apenas resposta patológica completa na peça foi fator associado à não obtenção do número mínimo de 12 LN (p=0,002). Conclusões: Em pacientes submetidos à QRN e ETM, a resposta patológica completa foi o único fator associado a não obtenção de um mínimo de 12 de LN na peça / INTRODUCTION: According to the International Union against Cancer a minimum of 12 lymph nodes (LN) must be obtained from the surgical specimen for staging colorrectal cancer. However, recent studies reported that neoadjuvant chemoradiation may result in failure to obtain a minimum number of LN in 30-52 % of patients. OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with decreased number of LN resected in patients undergoing neoadjuvant therapy followed by total mesorectal excision (TEM). METHODS: From January/2012 to March/2013, 160 patients with rectal cancer underwent CRT (5 - FU and Gys 5040) followed by TEM and ligation of inferior mesenteric vessels in the roots. Patients with stage T3, T4 and/or N + within 10cm from anal verge were included. Patients with T2N0 located within 7cm from the anal verge were also included. Patients who were not able to complete the chemoradiation treatment or who presented significant delay on restaging and/or surgery were excluded from analyses. All patients were staged by digital rectal examination, colonoscopy, CT of the abdomen and chest, and MRI of the pelvis. Patients were re-staged 8 weeks after completion of neoadjuvant therapy, and submitted to total mesorectal excision right after that. Patients were stratified according to LN retrieval in two groups: A) less than 12 LN, B) 12 or more LN. Possible factors associated with the decreased number of LN were evaluated: gender, age, presence of metastatic LN, tumor size, tumor location, and length of the specimen, sphincter preservation, surgical access, initial staging, tumor regression grade and pathological response to chemoradiation. RESULTS: Ninety-five patients (60 male) met the inclusion criteria and were able to be treated, re-staged and operated within the pre-established intervals. The mean number of resected LN was 23.2 (3-67). Pathological complete response was achieved in 18 patients (19%). A minimum of 12 LN were obtained from 81 patients (85%). Half of the 14 patients with less than 12 LN presented pathologic complete response. Of all the variables studied only pathologic complete response was associated with less than 12 LN yield (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: In patients submitted to chemoradiation followed by TME the complete pathological response was the only factor associated with failure to obtain a minimum of 12 LN in the specimen

The thesis evaluates the results of experimental protocol involving the fertility sparing treatment procedure in early stage cervical carcinoma (LAP I protocol). Sentinel lymph node detection and experimental extirpation of afferent channels using laparoscopy and its technical aspects were analysed in prospective group of 85 women. The oncologic results and early/late morbidity show that established surgical procedures can be considered safe with minimal morbidity, provided that the indication criteria are met. The second part analyses the results of 148 women with no further pregnancy plans suffering from cervical tumors less than 2 cm in size with invasion less than half of the stroma (LAP II protocol). The oncological results in our defined group are very good and comparable to 'standard' procedure of modified radical hysterectomy type B or C with lower morbidity. In the separate section the thesis analyses the possibilities of laparoscopy in endometrial cancer treatment including the potentials of use of sentinel lymph node detection and technical aspects of laparoscopy in obese women. Currently the biggest controversy is the use of laparoscopy in malignant ovarian tumors. Our oncogynaecological study group at FN Motol prefers the laparotomic approach and we chose to include the set of advanced...

Hintergrund: Die Simulation wichtiger Handgriffe und Techniken in der Chirurgie wurde bereits seit der Antike praktiziert. Pflanzen, Menschen- und Tierkadaver, Puppen sowie Phantome haben seit Jahrhunderten diesem Zweck gedient. Das 21. Jahrhundert ist jedoch von virtueller Realität geprägt und es gibt viele technische Neuerungen in der Chirurgie. Erste virtuelle Simulationsmöglichkeiten tauchten auf dem Markt bereits im 20. Jahrhundert auf. Zuerst nur schwarzweiß, rudimentär und nur andeutungsweise einer echten Situation im OP-Saal ähnlich, überzeugen die heutigen Simulatoren durch schnelle Prozessoren, qualitative graphische Darstellung und haptisches Feedback. Der Simulator selbst wird zum Forschungsobjekt, endlich können in Simulationsbedingungen Fragestellungen untersucht werden, die bisher unter Operationsbedingungen weder ethisch vertretbar noch technisch möglich waren. Fragestellung: Zwischen 2016 und 2017 fand am VTG Klinikum des Universitätsklinikums der TU Dresden Carl Gustav Carus eine Studie am chirurgischen Simulator für virtuelle Realität statt. Die untersuchte Fragestellung war die Übertragbarkeit von Fertigkeiten zwischen zwei laparoskopischen Operationen: Appendektomie und Cholezystektomie. Material und Methode: Es wurden 44 Studierende aus dem 3. bis 6. Studienjahr rekrutiert und in zwei Gruppen rand-omisiert. Beide Gruppen übten zunächst die Basisübungen bis bestimmte Leistungskriterien erfüllt wurden. Danach haben Probanden der ersten Gruppe die virtuelle Appendektomie und im Anschluss die virtuelle Cholezystektomie trainiert. Die zweite Gruppe ging sofort zum Cholezystektomie Training über. In beiden Gruppen wurden zum Schluss jeweils drei Wiederholungen der kompletten Cholezystektomie absolviert. Verglichen wurden Geschwindigkeit, Sicherheitsparameter wie z. B. aufgetretene Komplikationen sowie Motorik-Parameter der Instrumente. Des Weiteren wurde der mögliche Einfluss von Schlafverhalten, Koffeinkonsum und Erfahrung mit Videospielen auf die Leistung am Simulator untersucht. Ergebnisse: In der statistischen Analyse zeigte die erste Gruppe eine signifikante Verbesserung der Moto-rik-Parameter wie Instrumentenbewegungen und -strecke. Andere Werte wie Geschwindigkeit und Sicherheitsparameter waren innerhalb der zwei Gruppen ähnlich. Zwischen Schlaf-verhalten, Koffeinkonsum und Erfahrung mit Videospielen und der Leistung am Simulator konnte kein Zusammenhang festgestellt werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Studie ergab nur einen partiellen Übertragungseffekt zwischen laparoskopischer Appendektomie und Cholezystektomie. Die Gründe liegen in den jeweils unterschiedlichen Schlüsselmomenten, die die Beherrschung prozedurspezifischer Techniken erfordern. Diese müssen für jede Prozedur separat geübt werden. Die Verbesserung der feinmotorischen Fähigkeiten spricht jedoch dafür, dass eine Übertragung der Fertigkeiten bis zu einem gewissen Grad dennoch stattfand und durch das Trainieren einer zusätzlichen Modalität Vorteile insbesondere in der Bewegungsökonomie gewonnen werden können.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 3 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 7 1. Einleitung 8 1.1 Einblick in die Geschichte der chirurgischen Simulation 8 1.2 Entwicklung chirurgischer Simulatoren 9 1.3 Einsatz der Laparoskopie-Simulatoren in der heutigen chirurgischen Ausbildung 11 1.4 Übertragbarkeit von Fähigkeiten in der minimal invasiven Chirurgie 13 1.5 Laparoskopische Appendektomie und Cholezystektomie 17 1.5.1 Laparoskopische Appendektomie 17 1.5.2 Laparoskopische Cholezystektomie 18 1.6 Sonstige Aspekte des Trainings 19 1.6.1 Kriterien-basiertes Training 19 1.6.2 Betreuerfeedback 19 1.6.3 Leistung unter Beobachtung 20 1.6.4 Leistung unter Simulationsbedingungen 20 1.6.5.1 Schlafdauer 20 1.6.5.2 Kaffeekonsum 21 1.6.5.3 Motivation 21 1.6.5.4 Erfahrung mit Videospielen 22 2. Materialen und Methoden 23 2.1 Fragestellung 23 2.2 Ablauf der MIC Studie 24 2.3. Probandenrekrutierung 25 2.4 Lap Mentor von Simbionix (3D Systems) 27 2.5 Trainingsprotokolle am VRT-Simulator 28 2.5.1 Organisatorische Aspekte 28 2.5.2 Leistungsfeedback am VRT-Simulator 28 2.5.3 Training der Basis-Fertigkeiten (Basic Skills Training) 29 2.5.3.1 Peg Transfer 31 2.5.3.2 Clipping and Grasping 32 2.5.3.3 Electrocautery 33 2.5.3.4 Cutting 34 2.5.3.5 Pattern Cutting: Training Gauze 35 2.5.4 Training der Appendektomie Prozedur 36 2.5.5 Training der Cholezystektomie Prozedur 39 2.5.6 Subjektiver Schwierigkeitsgrad 43 2.6 Statistische Auswertung 44 3. Ergebnisse 45 3.1. Zusammenfassung der Probandencharakteristiken 45 3.2 Alter und Geschlecht der Probanden 45 3.3 Fragebogen 46 3.3.1 Schlaf 46 3.3.2 Kaffeekonsum 48 3.3.3 Motivation 49 3.3.4 Erfahrung mit Videospielen 50 3.3.5 Einflussfaktoren auf das Basistraining 50 3.4 Allgemeine Ergebnisse des Trainings am VRT Simulator 51 3.5 Ergebnisse des Trainings der Basis-Fertigkeiten 52 3.5.1 Peg Transfer 52 3.5.2 Clipping and Grasping 53 3.5.3 Electrocautery 54 3.5.4 Cutting 55 3.5.5 Pattern Cutting (Test Gauze) 56 3.5.6 Subjektiver Schwierigkeitsgrad für die Basis-Übungen 57 3.5.7. Zeitbedarf für das Erreichen der Könner-Kriterien 59 3.6 Ergebnisse des Appendektomie Trainings 60 3.7 Ergebnisse der Cholezystektomie Komplettprozedur 61 3.7.1 Geschwindigkeit 61 3.7.2 Sicherheitskriterien 62 3.7.2.1 Anzahl lebensbedrohlicher Komplikationen 62 3.7.2.2 Sichere Kauterisation 63 3.7.2.3 Anzahl verlorener Clips 63 3.7.2.4 Anzahl der Leberperforationen 64 3.7.2.5 Anzahl nicht kauterisierter Blutungen 64 3.7.3 Effizienz Kriterien 64 3.7.3.1 Anzahl der Instrumentenbewegungen 64 3.7.3.2 Gesamtstrecke der Instrumente 65 3.7.4 Subjektiver Schwierigkeitsgrad für die Cholezystektomie 65 3.7.5 Zeit für Basis Training und Cholezystektomie Parameter 65 4. Diskussion 67 4.1 Der Begriff des Übertragungsphänomens in Sportwissenschaften und seine Anwendbarkeit auf die laparoskopischen Fertigkeiten 67 4.2 Übertragbarkeit von Fertigkeiten zwischen virtueller Appendektomie und Cholezystektomie und Vergleich mit anderen Studien 74 4.3 Exploration zweitrangiger Fragestellungen 78 4.4 Vergleich zentraler Tendenzen der Cholezystektomie-Parameter mit Hersteller-Kriterien und externen Studien 79 4.5 Schlussfolgerungen aus dem Training der Basis-Fertigkeiten 81 4.6 Schlussfolgerungen aus dem Appendektomie Training 82 4.7 Schlussfolgerungen aus dem Cholezystektomie Training 83 4.8 Empfehlungen für das Ausbildungscurriculum an einem VR Simulator 85 4.9 Vorschlag für das Anfängertraining an einem VRT Simulator 91 4.10 Limitierungen der Arbeit 92 4.11 Ausblick 93 5. Zusammenfassung 94 5.1 Summary 96 6. Literatur 98 6.1 Abbildungsverzeichnis 106 6.2 Tabellenverzeichnis 108 7. Anhang 109 7.1 Probandenrandomisierung 109 7.2 Probandeninformationsblatt 110 7.3 Einwilligungserklärung 112 7.4 Beispiel Teilnahmebescheinigung 114 7.5 Zusammenfassung der aufgetretenen Softwarefehler am Lap Mentor II 115 8. Danksagung 116 9. Eigenständigkeitserklärung 117 Anlage 1 118 Anlage 2 120 / Background: Simulation of important surgical procedures and techniques has been practiced since ancient times. Plants, human and animal cadavers, dolls and phantoms have served this purpose for hundreds of years. However, the 21st century is characterized by virtual reality and there are also many technical innovations in the field of surgery. The first virtual simulation possibilities appeared on the market in the 20th century. Initially only black and white, rudimentary and only suggestively similar to a real situation in the operating room, today's simulators convince with fast processors, qualitative graphical representation and haptic feedback. The simulator itself becomes an object of research. At last, questions can be investigated in simulation conditions that were previously neither ethically nor technically possible under operating conditions. Hypothesis: Between 2016 and 2017, at the VTG clinic of the Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital of the TU Dresden a study using a surgical simulator for virtual reality took place. The question investigated was the transferability of skills between two laparoscopic procedures: appendectomy and cholecystectomy. Methods: 44 students from the 3rd to 6th year of study were recruited and randomly divided into two groups. Both groups initially practiced the basic exercises until certain criteria were met. Afterwards, the first group practiced virtual appendectomy and then virtual cholecystectomy. The second group immediately moved on to cholecystectomy training. In both groups, three repetitions of the complete cholecystectomy were completed in the end. Speed, safety parameters such as complications that occurred and efficiency parameters of the instruments were compared. Furthermore, the possible influence of sleep behavior, caffeine consumption and experience with video games on simulator performance was investigated. Results: In the statistical analysis, the first group showed a significant reduction in the efficiency parameters such as instrument movements and distance travelled. Other values like speed and safety parameters were similar within two groups. There was no correlation between sleep behavior, caffeine consumption and experience with video games and simulator performance. Conclusion: The study showed only a partial skill transfer between laparoscopic appendectomy and cholecystectomy. The reasons are the different key moments that require the mastery of procedure-specific techniques. These must be practiced separately for each procedure. However, the improvement of fine motor skills indicates, that by training an additional modality a skill transfer nevertheless took place to a certain degree and that advantages, especially in the economy of movement, were gained.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 3 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 7 1. Einleitung 8 1.1 Einblick in die Geschichte der chirurgischen Simulation 8 1.2 Entwicklung chirurgischer Simulatoren 9 1.3 Einsatz der Laparoskopie-Simulatoren in der heutigen chirurgischen Ausbildung 11 1.4 Übertragbarkeit von Fähigkeiten in der minimal invasiven Chirurgie 13 1.5 Laparoskopische Appendektomie und Cholezystektomie 17 1.5.1 Laparoskopische Appendektomie 17 1.5.2 Laparoskopische Cholezystektomie 18 1.6 Sonstige Aspekte des Trainings 19 1.6.1 Kriterien-basiertes Training 19 1.6.2 Betreuerfeedback 19 1.6.3 Leistung unter Beobachtung 20 1.6.4 Leistung unter Simulationsbedingungen 20 1.6.5.1 Schlafdauer 20 1.6.5.2 Kaffeekonsum 21 1.6.5.3 Motivation 21 1.6.5.4 Erfahrung mit Videospielen 22 2. Materialen und Methoden 23 2.1 Fragestellung 23 2.2 Ablauf der MIC Studie 24 2.3. Probandenrekrutierung 25 2.4 Lap Mentor von Simbionix (3D Systems) 27 2.5 Trainingsprotokolle am VRT-Simulator 28 2.5.1 Organisatorische Aspekte 28 2.5.2 Leistungsfeedback am VRT-Simulator 28 2.5.3 Training der Basis-Fertigkeiten (Basic Skills Training) 29 2.5.3.1 Peg Transfer 31 2.5.3.2 Clipping and Grasping 32 2.5.3.3 Electrocautery 33 2.5.3.4 Cutting 34 2.5.3.5 Pattern Cutting: Training Gauze 35 2.5.4 Training der Appendektomie Prozedur 36 2.5.5 Training der Cholezystektomie Prozedur 39 2.5.6 Subjektiver Schwierigkeitsgrad 43 2.6 Statistische Auswertung 44 3. Ergebnisse 45 3.1. Zusammenfassung der Probandencharakteristiken 45 3.2 Alter und Geschlecht der Probanden 45 3.3 Fragebogen 46 3.3.1 Schlaf 46 3.3.2 Kaffeekonsum 48 3.3.3 Motivation 49 3.3.4 Erfahrung mit Videospielen 50 3.3.5 Einflussfaktoren auf das Basistraining 50 3.4 Allgemeine Ergebnisse des Trainings am VRT Simulator 51 3.5 Ergebnisse des Trainings der Basis-Fertigkeiten 52 3.5.1 Peg Transfer 52 3.5.2 Clipping and Grasping 53 3.5.3 Electrocautery 54 3.5.4 Cutting 55 3.5.5 Pattern Cutting (Test Gauze) 56 3.5.6 Subjektiver Schwierigkeitsgrad für die Basis-Übungen 57 3.5.7. Zeitbedarf für das Erreichen der Könner-Kriterien 59 3.6 Ergebnisse des Appendektomie Trainings 60 3.7 Ergebnisse der Cholezystektomie Komplettprozedur 61 3.7.1 Geschwindigkeit 61 3.7.2 Sicherheitskriterien 62 3.7.2.1 Anzahl lebensbedrohlicher Komplikationen 62 3.7.2.2 Sichere Kauterisation 63 3.7.2.3 Anzahl verlorener Clips 63 3.7.2.4 Anzahl der Leberperforationen 64 3.7.2.5 Anzahl nicht kauterisierter Blutungen 64 3.7.3 Effizienz Kriterien 64 3.7.3.1 Anzahl der Instrumentenbewegungen 64 3.7.3.2 Gesamtstrecke der Instrumente 65 3.7.4 Subjektiver Schwierigkeitsgrad für die Cholezystektomie 65 3.7.5 Zeit für Basis Training und Cholezystektomie Parameter 65 4. Diskussion 67 4.1 Der Begriff des Übertragungsphänomens in Sportwissenschaften und seine Anwendbarkeit auf die laparoskopischen Fertigkeiten 67 4.2 Übertragbarkeit von Fertigkeiten zwischen virtueller Appendektomie und Cholezystektomie und Vergleich mit anderen Studien 74 4.3 Exploration zweitrangiger Fragestellungen 78 4.4 Vergleich zentraler Tendenzen der Cholezystektomie-Parameter mit Hersteller-Kriterien und externen Studien 79 4.5 Schlussfolgerungen aus dem Training der Basis-Fertigkeiten 81 4.6 Schlussfolgerungen aus dem Appendektomie Training 82 4.7 Schlussfolgerungen aus dem Cholezystektomie Training 83 4.8 Empfehlungen für das Ausbildungscurriculum an einem VR Simulator 85 4.9 Vorschlag für das Anfängertraining an einem VRT Simulator 91 4.10 Limitierungen der Arbeit 92 4.11 Ausblick 93 5. Zusammenfassung 94 5.1 Summary 96 6. Literatur 98 6.1 Abbildungsverzeichnis 106 6.2 Tabellenverzeichnis 108 7. Anhang 109 7.1 Probandenrandomisierung 109 7.2 Probandeninformationsblatt 110 7.3 Einwilligungserklärung 112 7.4 Beispiel Teilnahmebescheinigung 114 7.5 Zusammenfassung der aufgetretenen Softwarefehler am Lap Mentor II 115 8. Danksagung 116 9. Eigenständigkeitserklärung 117 Anlage 1 118 Anlage 2 120

[ES] La cirugía laparoscopia está considerada uno de los principales avances quirúrgicos en las últimas décadas. Esta técnica ha demostrado numerosas ventajas comparadas con la cirugía convencional abierta y ha sido extensamente usada para procesos quirúrgicos en el área abdominal. Para el paciente, la cirugía laparoscópica supone diversas ventajas, como por ejemplo menor dolor post operativo, tiempos de recuperación menores, menor riesgo de infección, o reducción del trauma. Para el cirujano en cambio, la situación es completamente diferente, esta práctica requiere mayor esfuerzo, concentración y estrés mental que la práctica convencional abierta. Además fuerza al cirujano a adoptar posiciones no-neutras en falanges, manos, muñecas, y brazos. Estas posturas no-neutras son la principal causa de fatiga muscular y aumentan el riesgo de problemas musculo-esqueléticos. Estos problemas han sido ampliamente estudiados por diferentes equipos de investigación, los cuales están tratando de mejorar la experiencia del cirujano en el quirófano. El enfoque utilizado en este estudio es diferente del utilizado anteriormente por la mayoría de estos equipos, los cuales suelen propones soluciones basadas en cambios ergonómicos con la intención de mejorar la geometría del mango de pistola convencional, ya que se considera ergonómicamente deficiente. El problema con este enfoque, es que las deficiencias no se encuentran únicamente en el mango, sino en la utilización de un punto de entrada fijo que fuerza a los cirujanos a mantener posiciones desfavorables. En este trabajo, se introduce el concepto "Libertad Postural" en el ámbito de la cirugía, este se basa en la hipótesis de que, si las herramientas no forzaran la posición de los cirujanos, estos mantendrían posiciones más favorables y cercanas al rango de posiciones neutras durante los procesos laparoscópicos. Los beneficios de este concepto han sido demostrados por medio de análisis de movimiento y de electromiografía de superficie, los cuales indican que la "Libertad Postural" es causante de un claro aumento de las posiciones neutras y de la reducción de la fatiga muscular, y han sido testeados por cirujanos en entornos simulados, los cuales encuentran beneficioso utilizar la "Libertad Postural" como característica base de este nuevo diseño de herramienta laparoscópica. En la sección final de este trabajo se propone un diseño que implementa el concepto de libertad postura con el cual se reduciría la fatiga muscular y los problemas musculo esqueléticos asociados a la práctica laparoscópica. Este diseño tiene la característica de actuar como una nueva sección del brazo, siendo una articulación que soporta los giros y grandes desplazamientos que normalmente tienen que desarrollar los brazos del cirujano. Además, esta solución es económica y fácil de fabricar, lo cual permitiría su uso por cirujanos de todo el mundo. / [CA] La cirurgia laparoscòpia està considerada un dels principals avanços quirúrgics en les últimes dècades. Aquesta tècnica ha demostrat nombrosos avantatges comparats amb la cirurgia convencional oberta i ha sigut extensament usada per a processos quirúrgics en l'àrea abdominal. Per al pacient, la cirurgia laparoscòpica suposa diversos avantatges, com per exemple menor dolor post operatiu, temps de recuperació menors, menor risc d'infecció, o reducció del trauma. Per al cirurgià en canvi, la situació és completament diferent, aquesta pràctica requereix major esforç, concentració i estrés mental que la pràctica convencional oberta. A més força al cirurgià a adoptar posicions no-neutres en falanges, mans, nines, i braços. Aquestes postures no-neutres són la principal causa de fatiga muscular i augmenten el risc de problemes musculo-esquelètics. Aquests problemes han sigut àmpliament estudiats per diferents equips d'investigació, els quals estan tractant de millorar l'experiència del cirurgià en el quiròfan. L'enfocament utilitzat en aquest estudi és diferent de l'utilitzat anteriorment per la majoria d'aquests equips, els quals solen proposes solucions basades en canvis ergonòmics amb la intenció de millorar la geometria del mànec de pistola convencional, ja que es considera ergonòmicament deficient. El problema amb aquest enfocament, és que les deficiències no es troben únicament en el mànec, sinó en la utilització d'un punt d'entrada fix que força als cirurgians a mantindre posicions desfavorables. En aquest treball, s'introdueix el concepte "Llibertat Postural" en l'àmbit de la cirurgia, aquest es basa en la hipòtesi que, si les eines no forçaren la posició dels cirurgians, aquests mantindrien posicions més favorables i pròximes al rang de posicions neutres durant els processos laparoscòpics. Els beneficis d'aquest concepte han sigut demostrats per mitjà d'anàlisi de moviment i de electromiografía de superfície, els quals indiquen que la "Llibertat Postural" és causant d'un clar augment de les posicions neutres i de la reducció de la fatiga muscular, i han sigut testats per cirurgians en entorns simulats, els quals troben beneficiós utilitzar la "Llibertat Postural" com a característica base d'aquest nou disseny d'eina laparoscòpica. En la secció final d'aquest treball es proposa un disseny que implementa el concepte de llibertat postura amb el qual es reduiria la fatiga muscular i els problemes *musculo esquelètics associats a la pràctica laparoscòpica. Aquest disseny té la característica d'actuar com una nova secció del braç, sent una articulació que suporta els girs i grans desplaçaments que normalment han de desenvolupar els braços del cirurgià. A més, aquesta solució és econòmica i fàcil de fabricar, la qual cosa permetria el seu ús per cirurgians de tot el món. / [EN] Laparoscopic surgery is considered one of the main surgical advances in the last decades, this technique has demonstrated numerous advantages compared to open conventional surgery and it is widely used in abdominal procedures around the world. For the patient, laparoscopic surgery suppose less post-operative pain, shorter recovery time, lower risk of infection, and reduction of the trauma among other benefits. For the surgeon, the situation is completely different, this practice requires more effort, concentration and mental stress than conventional open procedures. It forces the surgeon to adopt non-neutral postures with phalanges, hands, wrists, and arms being this non-neutral postures the main cause of muscular fatigue and high risk of musculoskeletal disorders. The poor ergonomic postures accelerate muscle fatigue and pain because, outside the neutral range, muscles require more energy to generate the same contractile force than in neutral position. This increase of muscular fatigue is associated with the potential to commit errors that may harm the patient during the surgery. Because this problem is widely studied and different research centers are already trying to improve their surgeons experience in the operation room, the approach used during this work is different than most of the ones presented in previous works. Generally, the solutions proposed are based on ergonomic changes in the handle shape of the instrument, because the conventional pistol-grip handle is considered ergonomically poor. But the problem is not only in the shape of the handle but also in the fixed point of entrance that force the positions for the surgeon despite the handle¿s shape. In this work, the concept of postural freedom in laparoscopic surgery is introduced and evaluated. The postural freedom concept is based on the hypothesis that the surgeon involuntarily would maintain neutral postures if the instrument does not force him or her to reach extreme position with the upper limbs. The benefits of this concept has been demonstrated, by means of electromyography and motion capture. It reduces the localized muscular fatigue and increases the number of neutral postures during laparoscopic simulations. In the final section it is proposed a design that implements the postural freedom concept with, according on the results, the potential to reduce the localized muscular fatigue and the musculoskeletal problems associated to the practice. The design proposed here acts as a new section on the arm, being an articulation that support the turns and big displacements that currently suffer the surgeon¿s body. The solution is affordable and easy to manufacture and could be used by surgeons worldwide. / Pace Bedetti, HM. (2019). The effect of "Postural Freedom" in laparoscopic surgery [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/122312

Lorsqu’on se tient debout, notre corps ne peut être maintenu en position complètement statique, il oscille légèrement malgré nous. Pour les interventions chirurgicales qui se pratiquent en position debout, le contrôle des oscillations posturales revêt une importance primordiale afin de minimiser les mouvements du corps qui affectent par le fait-même la précision des gestes des chirurgiens. Le contrôle de la posture apparait ainsi comme une habileté essentielle à la réalisation de la plupart des tâches chirurgicales comme la laparoscopie. Dans ce contexte, il est crucial de comprendre non seulement les paramètres globaux du contrôle postural, mais également les mécanismes sous-jacents spécifiques qui le régissent. Bien que l’amplitude et la vitesse du centre de pression (CdePnet) soient des paramètres couramment utilisés pour quantifier la stabilité posturale, les composantes issues des mécanismes des chevilles (CdePc) et des hanches (CdePv) ont été, jusqu’à maintenant, moins fréquemment exploitées. L’objectif de ce mémoire était l’étude du contrôle postural et de ses mécanismes en comparant des chirurgiens novices et experts lors de la réalisation de tâches laparoscopiques standardisées (MISTELS). Le contrôle postural de sept novices avec une exposition limitée à la chirurgie laparoscopique a donc été comparé, à l’aide du CdePnet et de ses composantes (CdePc et CdePv), à celui de six chirurgiens experts lors de la réalisation de cinq tâches du MISTELS. Les résultats indiquent que les experts ne démontrent pas uniquement un meilleur contrôle postural, mais adoptent également des stratégies de gestion de la posture spécifiques et mieux adaptées que les novices. De plus, notre étude a permis de mettre en lumière un lien entre la complexité d’une tâche laparoscopique, la qualité du contrôle postural des chirurgiens et les stratégies de gestion de la posture privilégiées par ces derniers. / When standing, our body cannot be kept in a completely static position, it oscillates slightly despite us. For surgical procedures that are performed in a standing position, the control of postural oscillations is of great importance to minimize the body movements that affect the precision of the surgeons' gestures. Posture control thus appears to be an essential skill in performing most surgical tasks such as laparoscopy. In this context, it is crucial to understand not only the parameters associated with postural control, but also the specific underlying mechanisms that govern it. Although the amplitude and velocity of the net center of pressure (CdePnet) are commonly used to quantify postural stability, the components resulting from the mechanisms of the ankles (CdePc) and hips (CdePv) have been, until now, less frequently exploited. The objective of this thesis was to compare postural control and its mechanisms in novice and expert surgeons when performing standardized laparoscopic tasks (MISTELS). The postural control of seven novices with limited exposure to laparoscopic surgery was therefore compared, using the CdePnet and its components (CdePc and CdePv), to that of six expert surgeons when performing five MISTELS tasks. The results indicate that experts not only demonstrate better postural control, but also adopt specific and better adapted posture management strategies than novices. In addition, our study highlighted a link between the complexity of a laparoscopic task, the quality of postural control surgeons and posture management strategies preferred by the latter.