Submitted by Fabiano Vassallo (fabianovassallo2127@gmail.com) on 2017-12-01T17:13:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) CONSTRUÇÕES COM O VERBO PASSAR - MUDANÇA CONSTRUCIONAL EM PERSPECTIVA FUNCIONAL. GEISA MARIA JAYME JORDÃO (UFF) 2017.pdf: 2139290 bytes, checksum: 06d68ece434668a11db451dcd9443a7b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jussara Moore (jussaramoore@id.uff.br) on 2018-01-22T14:59:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) CONSTRUÇÕES COM O VERBO PASSAR - MUDANÇA CONSTRUCIONAL EM PERSPECTIVA FUNCIONAL. GEISA MARIA JAYME JORDÃO (UFF) 2017.pdf: 2139290 bytes, checksum: 06d68ece434668a11db451dcd9443a7b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-22T14:59:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) CONSTRUÇÕES COM O VERBO PASSAR - MUDANÇA CONSTRUCIONAL EM PERSPECTIVA FUNCIONAL. GEISA MARIA JAYME JORDÃO (UFF) 2017.pdf: 2139290 bytes, checksum: 06d68ece434668a11db451dcd9443a7b (MD5) / Colégio Santo Agostinho NL, Colégio Santo Agostinho NL, Rio de Janeiro, RJ / JORDÃO, Geisa Maria Jayme. Construções com o Verbo Passar: Mudança Construcional em Perspectiva Funcional. Tese (Doutorado em Estudos de Linguagem, subárea – Linguística), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos de Linguagem, Instituto de Letras, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Niterói, 2017. Esta tese, sob a perspectiva da Linguística Funcional, investiga as construções formadas com o verbo passar pleno, aquele que seleciona argumentos, ex: “... eu passei na roleta do ônibus...” (D&G) e sua migração para passar auxiliar, aquele que acompanha um verbo pleno, constituindo as construções perifrásticas que marcam aspecto inceptivo, ex: “– Como o caso foi levado à Corte, passei a coletar todo tipo de cone...” (RG). Com o intuito de investigar as relações sintático-semânticas das construções com passar, foram determinados quatro subesquemas de análise, sendo três para as construções com passar pleno, nos quais analisamos 314 construções, e um subesquema para as construções perifrásticas com passar auxiliar, em um total de 80 casos. Assim nossos corpora totalizam 394 construções com passar. Destacamos nos mesmos textos as construções com passar pleno e as construções com passar auxiliar. Visando a uma análise diacrônica, pesquisamos textos dos séculos XVIII, XIX, XX e XXI, nas seguintes fontes: Corpus Discurso e Gramática (D&G), Corpora do Projeto Para a História do Português Brasileiro (PHPB), Corpus do Português (CP), Programa Roda Viva (RV) e Revista O Globo (RG). Os corpora foram constituídos por registros da oralidade (D&G) e escritos (PHPB, CP, RG, RV), nos gêneros: entrevistas, cartas e artigos, todos apresentando sequências narrativas e especificados em nossa Metodologia. Fizemos um levantamento das questões referentes ao verbo em geral, depois aprofundamos a investigação sobre o verbo passar, principalmente, em relação a sua categorização, aos argumentos selecionados pelo verbo passar, aos papéis temáticos e ao uso das preposições relacionadas às construções com passar. Também pesquisamos as questões aspectuais do verbo passar em construções perifrásticas. Os dados foram analisados no programa estatístico GoldVarb X, a partir de grupos de fatores correspondentes aos subesquemas sintático-semânticos, com o objetivo de acompanhar o pareamento forma  função das construções com passar. Seguimos uma linha de ação pautada no Esquema Semântico Geral: Origem----Percurso----Meta, focalizando o percurso das construções com o verbo passar pleno em direção à perífrase, correspondente a um esquema mais geral: Movimento > Tempo > Aspecto. Os resultados obtidos foram interpretados e comparados para a verificação dos motivos que favoreceram a gramaticalização e a mudança linguística ocorridas com as construções com passar, e como resultado final: a mudança construcional das construções com o verbo passar, confirmando o trajeto de mudança / JORDÃO, Geisa Maria Jayme. Constructions with the Verb to Pass: Constructive Change in Functional Perspective. Thesis (PhD in Language Studies, subarea - Linguistics), Graduate Program in Language Studies, Institute of Letters, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Niterói, 2017. This thesis, from the perspective of Functional Linguistics, investigates the constructions formed with the verb to pass full, the one that selects arguments, ex: "... I passed in the roulette of the bus..." (D & G) and its migration to pass auxiliary, which accompanies a full verb, constituting the periphrastic constructions that mark an inceptive aspect, eg: "As the casewas brought to the Court, I began to collect all kinds of con ..." (RG). In order to investigate the syntactic-semantic constructions with to pass, four subschemas of analysis were determined, three for the constructions with to pass full, in which we analyzed 314 constructions, and one subschema for the periphrastic constructions with to pass auxiliary, in a total of 80 cases. So our corpora totals 394 constructions with to pass. We emphasize in the same texts the constructions with to pass full and the constructions with to pass auxiliary. Aiming at a diachronic analysis, we searched texts from the 18th, 19th, 20th and 21st centuries, in the following sources: Corpus Discourse and Grammar (D&G), Corpora of the Project for the History of Brazilian Portuguese (PHPB), Portuguese Corpus (CP), Roda Viva (RV) and O Globo Magazine (RG). The corpora were constituted by orality records (D & G) and written (PHPB, CP, RG, RV), in the genres: interviews, letters and articles, all presenting narrative sequences and specified in our Methodology. We did a survey of the questions related to the verb in general, then deepened the research on the verb to pass, mainly, in relation to its categorization, to the arguments selected by the verb to pass, to the thematic roles and to the use of prepositions related to constructions with to pass. We also investigated the aspectual issues of the verb to pass in periphrastic constructions. The data were analyzed in the statistical program GoldVarb X, from groups of factors corresponding to the syntactic-semantic subschemes, in order to follow the pairing form  function of the constructions with to pass. We follow a line of action based on the General Semantic Scheme: Origin ---- Path ---- Target, focusing on the trajectory of the constructions with the verb to pass full towards the periphrasis, corresponding to a more general scheme: Movement > Time > Aspect. The results obtained were interpreted and compared to verify the reasons that favored the grammaticalization and linguistic change that occurred with the constructions with to pass, and as a final result: the constructional change of the constructions with the verb to pass, confirming the path of change

Orientador: Wilmar da Rocha D'Angelis / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T05:51:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jolkesky_MarceloPinhoDeValhery_M.pdf: 6190456 bytes, checksum: dd6c3f68c0202dc4c66e3d191a10025b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Esta dissertação busca reconstruir a fonologia e o léxico do Proto-Jê meridional (PJM). O Jê meridional é um dos três ramos da família jê e é composto por cinco línguas: Xokleng, Kaingang, Kaingang paulista, Ingain e Kimdá. Enquanto o foco principal dos trabalhos comparativos publicados sobre o PJM foi a fonologia, este estudo se concentra também na reconstrução de uma grande porção do seu léxico. Esta pesquisa adotou todos os trabalhos anteriores como base. Compõe-se de sete capítulos: §1 descreve alguns aspectos da origem dos povos jê meridionais e de suas línguas, baseando-se em dados históricos e arqueológicos. §2-§3 tratam essencialmente de tópicos teóricos relacionados com lingüística histórico-comparativa, modelos dinâmicos de mudança lingüística e análise fonológica numa perspectiva estruturalista. §4. descreve o sistema fonológico de cada membro do PJM; traz (i) um esboço dos segmentos fonéticos, (ii) a descrição dos fonemas vocálicos e consonantais com base nos critérios de variação livre, distribuição complementar e oposição, discriminando suas realizações nos seus diversos ambientes e (iii) a estrutura silábica e suas restrições fonotáticas. Em §5. reconstruo o sistema fonológico do PJM, detalhando as inovações ocorridas em cada língua e uma série de mudanças fonológicas inexplicáveis. Em §6. o léxico do PJM é apresentado com detalhamento morfológico. No último capítulo exponho algumas considerações léxico-estatísticas e glotocronológicas e proponho algumas questões para pesquisas futuras / Abstract: This dissertation attempts to reconstruct Proto-Southern Jê (PSJ) phonology and its lexicon. The Southern Jê is one of the three branches of the Jê family and comprises five languages: Xokleng, Kaingang, São Paulo Kaingang, Ingain and Kimdá. While other comparative works have focused mainly on PSJ phonology, this study concentrates too on the reconstruction of a wide range of its lexicon. This research acknowledged all the previous works as a start point. It has seven main chapters: §1 describes some aspects of the origin of the southern Jê peoples and languages, based on archaeological and some historical records; §2-§3 deal essentially with theoretical topics on historical linguistics, dynamic models of language change and phonological analysis in a structuralist perspective. §4. describes the phonological system of each of the members of PSJ (excepting Kimdá), encompassing: (i) a sketch of the phonetic segments; (ii) a description of the vocalic and consonantal phonemes based on criteria of free variation, complementary distribution and opposition, and (iii) their syllable structure and accentual pattern, as well as their phonemic distribution. In §5. I reconstruct the phonological system of PSJ, detailing the innovations regarded to each language as well as a series of unexplained sound changes. In §6. a lexicon of the PSJ is presented with morphological details. The last chapter features some considerations about the time depth of PSJ and fetches some questions for future research / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestre em Linguística

Orientador: Ingedore Grunfeld Villaça Koch / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T17:54:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_EdsonRosaFranciscode_D.pdf: 1670572 bytes, checksum: 790a25ac6ab2190ae465756e8ccf48c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a multifuncionalidade dos itens lingüísticos assim, já e aí no Português brasileiro, sob a perspectiva teórica da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (HENGEVELD & MACKENZIE, 2008) e da Gramaticalização (HOPPER & TRAUGOTT, 1993; TRAUGOTT, 1995; etc), levando em consideração suas funções dêiticas, textuais, interacionais. Nesse contexto, a gramaticalização é entendida aqui como um processo de mudança lingüística que leva um item lexical (ou gramatical) a assumir funções mais gramaticais, em direção ao componente pragmático da língua (TRAUGOTT, 1982; TRAUGOTT, 1995, 1999; TRAUGOTT & KÖNIG, 1991). Em outras palavras, trata-se de um processo de mudança que envolve, segundo os autores, tanto o aumento gradual da pragmatização do significado (inferência) quanto o aumento de abstratização do item lingüístico (estratégias metafóricas), que parte do uso mais concreto para o uso mais abstrato/expressivo. Assim, com base nos postulados teóricos da Gramaticalização e da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional, meu propósito é mostrar que os itens assim, já e aí podem ser analisados conforme os níveis (Representacional e Interpessoal) e as camadas (semânticas e pragmáticas) de organização da GDF, de modo que a expansão funcional desses elementos nos níveis e nas camadas da GDF pode ser elencada como uma evidência lingüística de que esses elementos estão se gramaticalizando na língua, assumindo outras funções gramaticais e discursivas ao longo do seu percurso de mudança lingüística, em direção às dimensões textual e interacional da língua. De posse das categorias semânticas e pragmáticas propostas pela GDF, mostro que os usos mais concretos de assim, já e aí, tais como os de advérbio de modo, advérbio de tempo e advérbio de lugar, respectivamente, estão situados na camada do evento, do Nível Representacional, e à medida que esses itens vão assumindo outras funções na língua, tais como funções textuais (advérbio anafórico, advérbio catafórico, introdutor de episódios, advérbio relacional e conjunção coordenativa e subordinativa) e funções discursivas (introdutor de Conteúdo comunicado, operador aproximativo de subatos referencial e adscritivo, marcador discursivo e organizador de tópico), esses elementos passam também a operar em outras camadas do Nível Representacional e do Nível Interpessoal, percorrendo uma trajetória unidirecional de mudança, que vai do Nível Representacional para o Nível Interpessoal. Essa trajetória de GR dos dados atuais de assim, já e aí é parcialmente confirmada pela análise diacrônica desses elementos adverbiais em documentos históricos dos séculos XIII-XX. Aanálise diacrônica, além de atestar o caráter gradual da mudança, consegue capturar vários estágios de GR dos itens assim, já e aí, em especial os usos textuais, que se mantêm até os dias atuais. A análise dos dados é composta por 2914 ocorrências extraídas dos 38 inquéritos do Banco de dados IBORUNA. Desse total, o item aí responde por 45% (1298/2914) dos dados e o item assim por 41% (1199/2914). O item já é o menos freqüente nos inquéritos analisados, somando apenas 417 ocorrências (14% dos dados). Em linhas gerais, a análise dos dados mostra que, em termos de GR, o item lingüístico assim é o elemento mais gramaticalizado nos dados catalogados do Português, que, além de operar nas camadas semânticas do Nível Representacional, opera também na camada mais elevada do Nível Interpessoal, que é a do movimento, definida como a mais gramatical/expressiva. Em seguida, tem-se o item aí, que exerce funções interacionais somente até a camada do ato discursivo, que é escopada pela camada do movimento. Nesse sentido, comparado aos demais itens em análise, o item já mostrou ser o menos gramaticalizado, pelo fato de seus usos se concentrarem mais nas camadas semânticas do Nível Representacional, com apenas alguns usos interpessoais. Essa configuração funcional é ratificada pelos critérios de GR de Hopper (1991), que mostram que os itens lingüísticos assim, já e aí estão ainda em processo de mudança, fato que é confirmado pelos parâmetros de GR de Lehmann (1995), que apontam que esses itens ainda gozam de uma certa autonomia no Português brasileiro, justamente por atuarem também como advérbios de modo, tempo e lugar. / Abstract: This study aims at analyzing the multifunctionality of the items assim 'thus', já 'already' and aí 'there' in Brazilian Portuguese, according to the theoretical approaches of Functional Discourse Grammar (HENGEVELD & MACKENZIE, 2008) and Grammaticalization (HOPPER & TRAUGOTT, 1993; TRAUGOTT, 1995; etc.), taking into account their deictic, textual and interactional functions. Grammaticalization is considered here as a process of linguistic change in which a lexical (or grammatical) item fulfills more grammatical functions, in the direction of the pragmatic component of the language (TRAUGOTT, 1982; TRAUGOTT, 1995, 1999; TRAUGOTT & KÖNIG, 1991). In other words, it is a process of change which includes, according to the authors, both the gradual increase of meaning pragmatization (inference) and the increase of the linguistic item abstratization (metaphorical strategies), which develops from the more concrete use to the more abstract/expressive use. Thus, based on the theoretical postulates of Grammaticalization and the ones of Functional Discourse Grammar, I aim at showing that the linguistic items assim, já and aí can be analyzed according to the levels (Representational and Interpersonal) and the layers (semantic and pragmatic) of organization of FDG, in such a way that the functional expansion of these elements in the levels and layers of FDG can be considered as a linguistic evidence that these elements are grammaticalizing in the language, fulfilling other grammatical and discursive functions through their path of change, in direction to the textual and interactional dimensions of the language. Considering the FDG semantic and pragmatic categories, I show that the more concrete uses of assim, já and aí, such as the ones of manner, time and place adverbs, respectively, are placed in the event layer, in the Representational Level, and as soon as these items fulfill other functions in the language, such as textual functions (anaphoric and cataphoric adverbs, episode introducer, relational adverb and coordinative and subordinative conjunctions) and discursive functions (Communicated content introducer, approximative operator of Referential and Ascriptive subacts, discourse marker and topic organizer), these elements start to operate in other layers in the Representational Level and in the Interpersonal Level, going through an unidirectional path of change, which goes from the Representational Level to the Interpersonal Level. This GR path of the current data of assim, já and aí is partially confirmed by the diachronic analysis of these adverbial elements in historical documents of the XII-XX centuries. The diachronic analysis, besides attesting the gradual feature of the change, shows several GR stages of the items assim, já and aí, specially the textual uses, which are maintained up until now. The analysis of the data is composed by 2914 occurrences from 38 interviews from IBORUNA database. From this total number, the item aí corresponds to 45% (1298/2914) and the item assim comprises 41% (1199/2914). The item já is the least frequent in the analyzed interviews, with only 417 occurrences (14% of the data). Generally speaking, the data analysis shows that, in terms of GR, the linguistic item assim is the most grammaticalized element in the collected data of Brazilian Portuguese, it, besides functioning in the semantic layers at the Representational Level, also functions in the higher layer of the Interpersonal Level, which is the one of the movement, defined as the most grammatical/expressive one. The linguistic item aí has interactional functions only until the layer of the discourse act, which is under the scope of the movement layer. Thus, compared to the other items under analysis, the item já is the least grammaticalized one, since its uses are more concentrated in the semantic layers of the Representational Level, with only some interpersonal uses. This functional configuration is confirmed by the GR criteria proposed by Hopper (1991), which shows that the linguistic items assim, já and aí are still in the process of change. This is confirmed by the GR parameters proposed by Lehmann (1995), which show that these items have still some autonomy in Brazilian Portuguese, since they also function as adverbs of manner, time and place. / Doutorado / Doutor em Linguística

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-05-19T17:46:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Israel Elias Trindade - 2015.pdf: 3349159 bytes, checksum: aba7db789a76ea58212e47b6c0557ed7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-05-19T17:47:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Israel Elias Trindade - 2015.pdf: 3349159 bytes, checksum: aba7db789a76ea58212e47b6c0557ed7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-19T17:47:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Israel Elias Trindade - 2015.pdf: 3349159 bytes, checksum: aba7db789a76ea58212e47b6c0557ed7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-04 / Studying the contributions of the Mass to the Latin survival into the Portuguese Language, it was investigated the use of words and Latin expressions in the ritual of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Mass, which resisted the changing process when it was translated from Latin into Portuguese, in order to check whether the religion would be a social element capable of assuring the Latin survival into the Portuguese Language. In this regard, I initially aimed at identifying such Latin expressions in the ritual of Mass; describing the context of their use and point out the main factors which contribute their maintenance. It is understood that maintaining archaic words is an attitude, even unconsciously, of being opposed to the processes of linguistic changes. They are, therefore, conservation marks and when investigating them it is possible to find information about the processes of linguistic changes, in particular, and about the linguistic itinerary, in a broad way. This research was accomplished through written and speaking data. In the first case, it was analyzed one of the materials that subside the Mass ritual, the Missal, in three Latin editions (1744, 1915 and 1944) and one Portuguese (1992), based on a philological study. Afterwards, using the historical comparative method, some excerpts of the Mass in Latin and in Portuguese were compared, trying to identify Latin marks that resisted this changing process. In the end, factors that contribute to the process of conservation of archaic forms were analyzed and, through a field research it was attempted to identify how these Latin marks manifest in the everyday life of a community that practises such ritual. The thesis defended in this paper is that the Latin - although it is not a living language, since it does not have native speakers - it cannot be conceived as a dead language as well, for many words and expressions, including morphological Latin characteristics, are used in Portuguese, in several, as written as spoken, due to the Mass influence. These data give to the Latin the title of survivor into the Portuguese Language, and the Mass, by maintaining Latin excerpts in its ritual, become one of the agencies that guarantee such survival, mainly for being a millenar ritual wide spread, root of Christian religion and a strong element in the Brazilian culture, which enabled a voluntary adhesion of the participants in the ritual of incorporating these words in their lexical repertoire. In a dialogue between philological and field research, it was discovered that the classical forms of ecclesiastic Latin are widely productive in its interjections, in the noun class, adjectives, and in its following phrases. In general, this study reveals that the Catholic Mass, besides guaranteeing survival to the Latin into the Portuguese Language, is part of the popular imaginary, guides uses and disuse of words and expressions, controls habits and social behavior. It is, thus, an element of the linguistic historical and cultural patrimony, mainly of rural community of Catholic origin. The theoretical framework of this research is mainly Historical Linguistic assumptions, in dialogism between History and Theology. / Com o estudo das contribuições da Missa para a sobrevivência do Latim no Português, investigou-se o uso de palavras e expressões latinas utilizadas no ritual da Missa Católica Apostólica Romana, que resistiram aos processos de mudanças da passagem desse ritual do Latim ao Português, a fim de checar se a religião seria um elemento social capaz de garantir a sobrevivência do Latim no Português. Para isso, procurou-se, inicialmente, identificar essas expressões latinas no ritual da Missa, descrever o contexto de suas realizações e apontar os principais fatores que contribuem para sua conservação. Entende-se que a conservação de formas arcaicas numa língua é uma atitude, mesmo que inconsciente, de oposição aos processos de mudanças linguísticas. São, portanto, marcas de conservação e, ao investigá-las, encontram-se informações acerca dos processos de mudança linguística, em particular, e do itinerário linguístico, de forma ampla. A pesquisa foi realizada com dados escritos e de fala. No primeiro caso, analisou-se um dos materiais que subsidiam o ritual da Missa, o Missal, em três edições latinas (1744, 1915 e 1944) e uma portuguesa (1992), por meio de estudo filológico. Em seguida, utilizando o método histórico-comparativo, tendo sido comparados trechos da Missa em Latim e em Português, buscando identificar que marcas latinas sobreviveram a esta passagem. Por fim, foram analisados os fatores que contribuem para o processo de conservação de formas arcaicas e, por meio de uma pesquisa de campo, buscou-se identificar como essas marcas latinas se manifestam no cotidiano popular de uma comunidade praticante do ritual. A tese defendida neste trabalho é de que o Latim, embora não seja mais uma língua viva, pois não há falantes nativos, também não pode ser concebido como uma língua morta, porque diversas palavras e expressões, incluindo características morfológicas latinas, são utilizadas no Português, em contextos diversificados, tanto na escrita como na fala, por influência da Missa. Esses dados dão ao Latim o caráter de língua sobrevivente no português, e a Missa, por conservar trechos latinos em seu ritual, torna-se uma das agências que garantem essa sobrevivência, principalmente por ser um ritual milenar, bastante difundido, essência da religiosidade cristã e um elemento forte da cultura popular brasileira, o que possibilitou a adesão voluntária dos participantes do ritual na incorporação dessas formas em seu repertório lexical. Em um diálogo entre pesquisa filológica e de campo, constatou-se que formas mais eruditas do Latim eclesiástico se fazem bastantes produtivas nas interjeições, na classe dos substantivos, dos adjetivos e em suas respectivas locuções. Em linhas gerais, a pesquisa revela que a Missa Católica, além de garantir sobrevivência ao Latim no Português, faz parte do imaginário popular, orienta usos e desusos de palavras e expressões, além de controlar hábitos e comportamentos sociais. É, portanto, um elemento do patrimônio linguístico, histórico e cultural popular, principalmente de comunidade rurais de origens católicas. A base teórica deste estudo são, principalmente, os pressupostos da Linguística Histórica, em um dialogismo com a História e a Teologia.

La considération de la langue et de l’écriture comme codes sémiotiques en contact devrait logiquement découler de l’affirmation saussurienne : « Langue et écriture sont deux systèmes de signes distincts ». Au même titre que les langues en contact, le contact entre la langue et l’écriture est propice au transfert sémiotique réciproque. L’acquisition de l’écrit induit un changement cognitif radical et l’apparition de l’écrit dans une communauté linguistique modifie son organisation. L’empeinte plus forte du stimulus visuel par rapport à celle du stimulus auditif et le prestige qu’accorde la maîtrise de l’écrit sont les facteurs cognitif et social privilégiant le transfert sémiotique de l’écriture vers la langue. Sur le plan lexical, une tradition scripturale accompagnée d’une orthoépie [règles de lecture à haute voix] fournit à la langue des mots venus d’autrefois et d’ailleurs, comme les emprunts savants aux langues classiques et les emprunts graphiques entre des langues sans contact communautaire. Des mots graphémiques sans origine linguistique sont également vernacularisés, comme la lexicalisation d’abréviations. La vernacularisation d’éléments scripturaux enrichit la langue. Un cas particulièremnt extrême est celui de la naissance de l’hébreu moderne parlé – l’hébreu littéraire non vernaculaire du début du 20e siècle en est la source principale. Sur le plan phonologique, l’orthoépie peur modifier la phonologie comme le montre l’apparition de groupes consonantiques en français. Sur le plan sémantique l’écrit peut être à l’origine d’une réorganisation des signifiés en fonction de l’orthographe ; de nombreuses figures de style sont inspirées par les propriétés de l’écriture. / The study of writing and language as semiotic codes in contact should have logically followed from the Saussurian statement: “Language and writing are two distinct systems of signs”. On the same theoretical basis as that of contact linguistics, the contact between language and writing might be conducive to mutual semiotic transfer. The acquisition of writing induces a radical cognitive change and the emergence of writing within a linguistic community modifies its organisation. The greater physical force of the visual stimulus as against aural stimulus and the high prestige gained by the mastery of writing are the cognitive and social factors that favour semiotic transfer from writing to language. With regard to lexicon, a writing tradition accompanied by an orthoepy [rules of reading aloud] provides the language with words from afar in place and in time, like learned words from classical tongues and graphic loanwords between languages whose linguistic communities are not in direct contact. Graphemic words with no linguistic provenance are also vernacularised, like the lexicalisation of abbreviations. The vernacularisation of written elements enriches language. A particularly extreme case of vernacularised written sources is that of the emergence of spoken Modern Hebrew – literary non vernacular Hebrew of early 20th century being its main source. On the phonological level, orthoepy may modify phonology, as can be shown by the emergence of consonantal clusters in French and of - et #952;- in author in English. On the semantic level, writing may be the source of the reorganisation of the signifiés based on spelling; numerous figures of speech are inspired by the attributes of writing.

S’inscrivant dans le cadre des recherches portant sur les changements linguistiques, cette thèse a une double visée : d’une part, élaborer une description de tous les emplois du mot si en français préclassique et, d’autre part, signaler les formes en usages à l’époque préclassique qui ont disparu au bénéfice de nouvelles formes devenues en usage en français moderne. La première partie constitue un état des connaissances sur le terme si depuis les remarqueurs de la langue préclassique jusqu’aux recherches contemporaines. Les deuxième et troisième parties sont consacrées à l’étude des emplois adverbiaux et conjonctionnels du mot si tel qu’ils se manifestaient dans la langue préclassique. Cette étude, s’appuyant sur des exemples empruntés à des œuvres littéraires du début, du milieu et de la fin de la période allant de 1550 jusqu’à 1650, se situe dans la lignée des théoriciens des approches de l’analyse du discours dont les postulats permettent de rendre compte des différents types d’analyse syntaxiques, sémantiques, énonciatives et pragmatiques. Ainsi, le si préclassique, s’il partage des propriétés communes avec ses emplois modernes, s’en singularise toutefois sur quelques points dans la mesure où aucun emploi de la langue préclassique ne correspond parfaitement à son vis-à-vis de la langue actuelle. Malgré cette divergence, les emplois préclassiques du mot si tendent à s’écarter de ses usages de l’époque médiévale et à se rapprocher progressivement du système de la langue d’aujourd’hui. / This thesis is a part of researches that deals with linguistic change has two main objectives. Firstly, to elaborate a full description of all the usages of the French word “si” (if) in pre-classical French. Secondly, to indicate the forms its uses in the pre-classical era, which is no longer used where they give way to other forms and other usages in French modern language. The first part deals with the history of the term “si” (if), dating from the pre-classic era to our contemporary age, however the second and the third examines the adverbial and conjunctional uses of this word as it appears in the pre-classical language. This study, which relies on examples taken from old literary works written during the beginning, the middle and the end of this era from 1550 to 1650, is on line with the theorists of Discourse analysis approaches whose postulates make it possible to account for the different types of syntactic, semantic, enunciative and pragmatic analysis. Then, the pre-classic “si” (if), if he shares common properties with its modern usage, there it is worth noting that no use of the pre-classical language corresponds perfectly to its current language. Furthermore, the modern “si” (if) is closer in its usage to modern than the medieval one. Despite this divergence, the pre-classical uses of the word “si” (if) tend to deviate from its uses of the medieval period and move progressively towards the system of the language of today.

Language change is constant due to varied linguistic and sociolinguistic factors. Specifically, prolonged situations of language in contact have been observed to have a direct influence on language change and variation. Previous studies have documented several changes that may occur within bilingual speech communities in sustained circumstances of language in contact. This study examines the possibility of attrition of the simple present form of Spanish in bilingual speakers of Spanish and English due to prolonged interaction between the two languages. Specifically, it attempts to determine whether the value of the Spanish simple present tense diminishes, and the present progressive form gains prominence as a result of language transfer occurring where there is intensive contact between Spanish and English. In order to determine that this linguistic phenomenon has occurred in bilingual speech communities, data were collected and analyzed from bilingual Spanish and English speakers living in the United States. To demonstrate bilingual speakers' use of the simple and progressive present forms, participants were instructed to complete two tasks: 1) a background questionnaire designed to gather information regarding each participants' relationship with the Spanish language, and 2) a picture-narration task designed to reveal each bilingual's preference for the simple present or progressive form. The study intended to show that in prolonged situations of language in contact between Spanish and English the bilingual speaker without little or no formal education in Spanish would transfer features from the dominant language (English) to the minority language (Spanish) in an attempt to cope with the task of working in two different linguistic systems. The results of the written-narrative task show that bilingual participants did demonstrate support for the use of the progressive rather than the simple-present form of the present tense when referring to actions perceived as ongoing or continuous among all three groups of participants. Therefore, the results of the study seem to support the hypothesis that the selection for one present-tense form over the other is a result of language change due to intensive, long-term language contact between Spanish and English.

H εργασία πραγματεύεται την γλωσσική αλλαγή, η οποία τροφοδοτείται από την επαφή γλωσσικών συστημάτων στη μορφολογία των ονομάτων των Επτανησιακών διαλέκτων, οι οποίες έχουν επηρεαστεί από δύο Ρωμανικές διαλέκτους, την Ιταλική και τα Βενετσιάνικα. Θα δούμε ότι τα δομικά χαρακτηριστικά της γλώσσας αποδέκτη που είναι η Ελληνική, διαδραματίζουν πρωτεύοντα ρόλο για το τελικό αποτέλεσμα της διαδικασίας του δανεισμού. Επίσης, θα γίνει σαφές ότι η επίγνωση από την πλευρά των ομιλητών της δομής της γλώσσας πηγής (Ρωμανική) είναι εξέχουσας σημασίας για την επιλογή της εκάστοτε στρατηγικής δανεισμού. Το πεδίο της ονοματικής κλίσης είναι ιδιαιτέρως προσοδοφόρο, όπως θα αποδειχθεί, για την εξέταση και τον έλεγχο των μορφολογικών θεωριών που έχουν διαμορφωθεί μέχρι ώρας, καθώς θα διευκολύνουν το έλεγχο και το βαθμό εφαρμογής συγκεκριμένων προσεγγίσεων που έχουν διατυπωθεί μέσα στο θεωρητικό πλαίσιο της γλωσσικής επαφής. / --

This study reports on the hypothesized raising of the low, front vowel /æ/, which is characteristic of a regional dialect vowel shift found in cities of the Midwest and Eastern North of the United States. The raising of this vowel is the primary change in a series of vowel shifts that have traditionally been attributed to this region of the U.S. The purpose of this study is to document the production of this vowel by residents of Portland, Oregon, in order to see what light it can shed on dialect research of the Pacific Northwest, especially across age groups to see if it can be implicated in language change. Data were collected by interviewing a convenience sample of twenty-four Portland speakers. Twelve females and twelve males from three different age groupings were interviewed. The interviews were tape recorded and portions of the tapes were analyzed. There was a two-part analysis of the data: 1) Formant measurements (in Hz) were measured with PCQuirer speech analysis software, 2) These measurements were plotted on a graph with Plotnik graphing software. The study found that /æ/ produced by Portland speakers is not following Labov's theory of language change and is therefore not raising. However, some initial speculations of the lowering and fronting of this vowel can be made by the data. The study found that the working class subjects produced a more fronted vowel, and that the younger subjects produced a more fronted and lowered variant of the vowel when compared to the other subjects. The study concludes that the patterns found do not clearly support Labov's paradigm of language change and are therefore only initial speculations.

La relativa sistematización de la actuación de la metonimia, siendo un procedimiento creativo para la renovación semántica del léxico, es el punto de partida de esta Tesis, que propone un modelo de seguimiento de la repercusión de la metonimia sobre el léxico del español actual. La Tesis se estructura en cuatro partes, a las que se suman las conclusiones. En primer lugar, se introducen los objetivos y metodología del trabajo, así como la perspectiva adoptada con relación al cambio lingüístico: nos planteamos un estudio sincrónico, según los patrones sistemáticos de actuación del procedimiento. En la segunda parte, desarrollamos una lingüística de la metonimia, superando las restricciones que imponía su caracterización en los tratados retóricos como figura de significación aplicada ad hoc sobre el léxico. Para esta lingüística es medular la condición de contigüidad semántico-referencial en el marco de actuación del procedimiento, que está constituido por un entorno sintagmático infra-discursivo en el que se tiene una categorización lingüística del continuum del mundo. La actuación sistemática de la metonimia tiene que ver con la previsibilidad de las relaciones de contigüidad que perturba en este sintagma virtual. La proyección en el nivel sintáctico discursivo de estos desórdenes relacionales ocasiona incompatibilidades semánticas como resultado de una sustitución paradigmática que otorga a la metonimia su dimensión de tropo. Otros tropos y figuras retóricos, como la sinécdoque, la metalepsis y la hipálage, son caracterizados asimismo en esta parte como procedimientos metonímicos, en tanto que implican una transferencia denotativa, si bien se señalan las condiciones específicas que los diferencian de la metonimia, ya sean relativas al tipo relacional perturbado, o a las características de los polos denotativos relacionados. Especial atención hemos otorgado a la elipsis, por su convergencia con la metonimia cuando genera léxico autónomo y, por tanto, adquiere una dimensión trópica. En la tercera parte, y como resultado de la descripción del procedimiento, delimitamos los parámetros de observación de la metonimia en un diccionario, según su manifestación en los distintos niveles lingüísticos, y los aplicamos también a la relación entre acepciones, estudiando la que se ha llamado metonimia polisémica. A continuación, presentamos los índices lexicográficos para su identificación en el Diccionario del español actual (1999) de Manuel Seco, Olimpia Andrés y Gabino Ramos, que constituye nuestro corpus de estudio. Estos índices nos han proporcionado un patrón de seguimiento de la metonimia en el estado de lengua que recoge este diccionario, lo que ha hecho posible la creación de una base de datos informatizada que constituye la cuarta parte de la Tesis: LexAMET, donde se tiene una recopilación de más de 2.000 palabras del español con una o varias acepciones metonímicas, extraídas de una muestra de 21.000 palabras de nuestro corpus. En esta base de datos clasificamos los cambios semánticos atendiendo al procedimiento metonímico que ha actuado: metonimia, sinécdoque, elipsis metonímica, símbolo metonímico, metalepsis, hipálage, metalogía. Con LexAMET se tiene un recurso lingüístico para la identificación de la intervención de la metonimia en un estado de lengua del español. / This thesis deals with the sistematization process of metonymy as a creative process for the semantic renewal of lexicon. The project proposes a monitoring model to assess the impact of metonymy in contemporary Spanish lexicon.The thesis is structured in four parts plus the final conclusions. In the fist part, our aims and methodology are detailed, together with our view on the linguistic change. We develop a synchronic study, according to the systematic patterns by which the metonymy process acts.In the second part, we develop a metonymy linguistic, going beyond the classic limitations that appeared in theoretical works which considerer metonymy as a meaning figure applied ad hoc to the lexicon.The key for this linguistic is the semantic-referential continuity condition in the acting framework of the process. This process is built by an under-discursive syntagmatic setting where a linguistic categorization of the world's continuum is established. The systematic acting of metonymy is closely linked with the foreseeable continuity relationships that this virtual syntagm disturbs. The projection of these relationship disturbances in the syntactic discursive level produces semantic incompatibilities as the result of a paradigmatic substitution that makes metonymy acquire its trope dimension. Other tropes and rhetorical figures, such as synecdoche, metalepsis and hypallage, are considered as metonymic processes as they imply a denotative transference. We highlight, however, the specific conditions that differentiate them from metonymy, whether the conditions regard the relational type under disturbance or the characteristics of the denotative poles under relation. Ellipsis has been paid special attention, as it overlaps with metonymy when generating autonomous lexicon, thus acquiring a trope dimension. In the third part, and as a result of the process description, we establish the descriptive parameters of metonymy in a dictionary, according to its manifestation in various linguistic levels, and we apply them to the relationship between meanings, studying what has been called polysemic metonymy. Following this study, we show the lexicographic rates for the identification of metonymy in the Diccionario del español actual (1999), by Manuel Seco, Olimpia Andrés y Gabino Ramos. This dictionary makes up our corpus in the study.These rates have provided us with a monitoring pattern of metonymy in the Spanish language recorded in this dictionary, what has allowed us to create an electronic database to which we have devoted the fourth part of our study: LexAMET. This database compiles more than 2000 Spanish words with one or more metonymic sense, taken from our 21000 words corpus.In this database we classify the semantic changes according to the metonymic process in action: metonymy, synecdoche, metonymic ellipsis, metonymic symbol, metalepsis, hypallage, metalogy. LexAMET can be thus defined as a linguistic resource for the identification of metonymy in the Spanish language.