• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 111
  • 40
  • 12
  • 5
  • 5
  • 4
  • 4
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 219
  • 219
  • 41
  • 33
  • 32
  • 29
  • 27
  • 25
  • 25
  • 24
  • 23
  • 21
  • 21
  • 21
  • 20
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
211

Crystallization of Parabens : Thermodynamics, Nucleation and Processing

Huaiyu, Yang January 2013 (has links)
In this work, the solubility of butyl paraben in 7 pure solvents and in 5 different ethanol-water mixtures has been determined from 1 ˚C to 50 ˚C. The solubility of ethyl paraben and propyl paraben in various solvents has been determined at 10 ˚C. The molar solubility of butyl paraben in pure solvents and its thermodynamic properties, measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetry, have been used to estimate the activity of the pure solid phase, and solution activity coefficients. More than 5000 nucleation experiments of ethyl paraben, propyl paraben and butyl paraben in ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, ethanol, propanol and 70%, 90% ethanol aqueous solution have been performed. The induction time of each paraben has been determined at three different supersaturation levels in various solvents. The wide variation in induction time reveals the stochastic nature of nucleation. The solid-liquid interfacial energy, free energy of nucleation, nuclei critical radius and pre-exponential factor of parabens in these solvents have been determined according to the classical nucleation theory, and different methods of evaluation are compared. The interfacial energy of parabens in these solvents tends to increase with decreasing mole fraction solubility but the correlation is not very strong. The influence of solvent on nucleation of each paraben and nucleation behavior of parabens in each solvent is discussed. There is a trend in the data that the higher the boiling point of the solvent and the higher the melting point of the solute, the more difficult is the nucleation. This observation is paralleled by the fact that a metastable polymorph has a lower interfacial energy than the stable form, and that a solid compound with a higher melting point appears to have a higher solid-melt and solid-aqueous solution interfacial energy. It has been found that when a paraben is added to aqueous solutions with a certain proportion of ethanol, the solution separates into two immiscible liquid phases in equilibrium. The top layer is water-rich and the bottom layer is paraben-rich. The area in the ternary phase diagram of the liquid-liquid-phase separation region increases with increasing temperature. The area of the liquid-liquid-phase separation region decreases from butyl paraben, propyl paraben to ethyl paraben at the constant temperature. Cooling crystallization of solutions of different proportions of butyl paraben, water and ethanol have been carried out and recorded using the Focused Beam Reflectance Method, Particle Vision and Measurement, and in-situ Infrared Spectroscopy. The FBRM and IR curves and the PVM photos track the appearance of liquid-liquid phase separation and crystallization. The results suggest that the liquid-liquid phase separation has a negative influence on the crystal size distribution. The work illustrates how Process Analytical Technology (PAT) can be used to increase the understanding of complex crystallizations. By cooling crystallization of butyl paraben under conditions of liquid-liquid-phase separation, crystals consisting of a porous layer in between two solid layers have been produced. The outer layers are transparent and compact while the middle layer is full of pores. The thickness of the porous layer can reach more than half of the whole crystal. These sandwich crystals contain only one polymorph as determined by Confocal Raman Microscopy and single crystal X-Ray Diffraction. However, the middle layer material melts at lower temperature than outer layer material. / <p>QC 20130515</p> / investigate nucleation and crystallization of drug-like organic molecules
212

Hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction in the determination of pharmaceuticals and personal care products

Sagristà i Puig, Ester 23 November 2012 (has links)
Extensive amounts of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (organic emerging pollutants) are introduced into the environment mainly through wastewater treatment plants discharges either effluent wastewater reaching into the aquatic environment or sewage sludge which is spread onto agricultural land. These compounds are not regulated and their negative effects on humans and wildlife are unknown. One of the main challenges of analytical chemistry is to develop selective and sensitive methods for the detection and quantitation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products and their transformation products in complex matrices. The research presented in the thesis is focused on the development of new methods based on the use of hollow fiber liquid- phase microextraction (HF-LPME) technique and liquid chromatography for the determination of some of the most consume pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewaters, environmental waters and sewage sludge. / Tones de substàncies biològicament actives són alliberades contínuament al medi ambient, a través de la descàrrega d’aigües residuals als medis aquàtics o de biosòlids en l’agricultura. La presència d’aquestes substàncies (contaminants emergents) en el medi ambient ha generat una gran preocupació perquè es desconeix com actuen i quins són els mecanismes implicats en la seva transformació i/o transport. Un dels reptes de la química analítica és dissenyar mètodes selectius i sensibles per a la determinació de contaminants emergents en matrius complexes. La recerca presentada en aquesta tesi es centra en el desenvolupament de nous mètodes analítics basats en l’ús de la microextracció enfase líquida amb fibra buida (HF-LPME) i la cromatografia líquida per a la determinació d’alguns fàrmacs i productes d’higiene personal en aigües residuals, medis aquàtics i biosòlids.
213

Keramische Membranen auf Basis LPS-SiC: Schlickerentwicklung und Beschichtungsverfahren

Piwonski, Michael 23 December 2005 (has links) (PDF)
Die Filtration unter aggressiven Einsatzbedingungen, z.B. Einsatz in korrosiven Medien, Abgasfiltration, stellt besondere Anforderungen an das Filtermaterial. Sogenanntes &amp;quot;Liquid Phase Sintered Silicon Carbide&amp;quot; (LPS-SiC) erfüllt die Anforderungen sehr gut. Deshalb bestand das Ziel der Arbeit besteht darin, erstmals aus LPS-SiC asymmetrische keramische Membranen (grobporöses Substrat mit dünner, feinporiger Membran) herzustellen. Als Additivsystem fanden Yttriumoxid und Aluminiumoxid Verwendung. Es wurde Siliciumcarbid der Körnung F1200 auf Substrat der Körnung F500 abgeschieden. Dem Herstellungsverfahren kommt für die Qualität der Membran eine große Bedeutung zu. Daher wurden in dieser Arbeit folgende Beschichtungsmethoden untersucht, um die optimale Methode zu identifizieren: Tauchbeschichtung, elektrophoretische Abscheidung, Druckfiltration und Einsatz von Transfertapes (Transfertapes: Mischung aus Polyacrylatkleber und Pulver). Im Mittelpunkt stand dabei die Druckfiltration. Hierfür wurde eine neue Apparatur konzipiert und aufgebaut. Für die schlickerbasierten Methoden wurde ein wässriges System entwickelt, bei dem auf den Einsatz von organischen Hilfsstoffen verzichtet werden konnte. Die elektrostatische Stabilisierung konnte durch gezieltes Anlösen von Yttriumoxid, Ausfällen von feinskaligem Yttriumhydroxid und Belegung des Siliciumcarbids mit dem Yttriumhydroxid erreicht werden. Die Elektrophorese führte zu keinen befriedigenden Ergebnissen aufgrund des undefinierten spezifischen Widerstandes des Substrats (siehe Dissertation Jan Ihle, Bergakademie Freiberg 2004). Die Druckfiltration erwies sich als das geeignetste Verfahren. Mit ihr konnten ohne Einschränkungen hochwertige Membranen erzeugt werden. Druck und Zeit sind bei gegebenen Feststoffgehalt frei wählbar. Der Druck wurde zwischen 2*10E4 und 1*10E5 Pa variiert. Höherer Druck führte zu feineren Porengrößen (mittlere und maximale Porengröße). Mit der Druckfiltration konnten Membranen ohne makroskopische Defekte erzeugt werden. Sie führte im Vergleich aller Verfahren zu der geringsten Rauhtiefe der Membranen. Die Tauchbeschichtung ließ sich in diesem System nur über den Feststoffgehalt steuern. Membranen aus der Tauchbeschichtung wiesen makroskopische Fehler (große oberflächliche Poren) auf. Die Methode führte hinsichtlich Porengrößen und Rauhtiefe zu den schlechtesten Werten. Die Transfertape-Methode als neuartiger Ansatz erwies sich für das LPS-SiC System als noch nicht ausgereift. Das direkte Bekleben der Substrate war möglich. Hinsichtlich der Membrandicke sind aber Grenzen bei ca. 50 µm gesetzt. Darüber hinaus reißen die Membranen. Es wurden Schwankungen in der Entbinder- und Sinterschwindung verzeichnet. Weiterhin werden große Hohlräume im Substrat nicht von den Transfertapes abgeformt. Beide Effekte erhöhen die Spannungen beim Sintern, so dass bei geringeren Schichtdicken Risse entstehen. / Silicon Carbide (SiC) fulfills many requirements, e.g. a high robustness in terms of corrosion, which makes it a suitable Material for ceramic membranes. The aim of this work was to produce ceramic membranes out of porous liquid phase sintered Silicon Carbide (LPS-SiC). As additives Alumina and Yttria were used. The SiC based on commercial abrasive powders F1200 (Membrane) and F500 (Substrate). Different techniques of membrane formation were applied in order to find the optimum processing procedure: Dip Coating, Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD), Pressure Filtration and the usage of so called Transfer Tapes, a blend of Polyacrylate and ceramic powders). For the slip based methods a water based system was developed without the need of organic additives. A pure electrostatic stabilization was facilitated by solving Yttria with Hydrochloride Acid and precipitation, resulting in the coverage of the SiC particles with finely dispersed Yttria. The EPD was not successful due to a undefined specific resistance of the substrate. The pressure filtration turned out to be the best, most versatile method, leading to defect free membranes with the lowest measured surface roughness. The pressure ranged between 2*10E4 and 1*10E5 Pa. Higher pressure lead to finer pores. The Dip Coating was controlled only by the solids content. Membranes by Dip Coating showed macroscopic defects. As a new concept for ceramic membrane fabrication the Transfer Tapes needed further investigation. The direct gluing on the substrate was possible. The thickness of the membrane was limited to 50 microns in order to keep free of cracks. The Transfer Tapes exhibited pronounced fluctuations in the debinding and sintering shrinkage, leading to increased tension during sintering. Furthermore cavities, (e.g. big pores) were bridged. Both effects lead to increased tension during sintering.
214

New catalytic systems based on carbon nanotubes supported ionic liquid phase / Nouveaux systèmes catalytiques en phase liquide ionique suportée sur nanotubes de carbone

Rodriguez Perez, Laura 14 December 2009 (has links)
Récemment, les liquides ioniques ont attiré l'attention de la communauté scientifique de la catalyse homogène en tant que solvants répondant aux principes de la chimie verte. De par leur nature chargée, ces phases ioniques sont idéales pour des réactions biphasiques avec des substrats organiques et permettent une récupération facile du catalyseur. Leur caractère ionique leur confère une organisation spatiale à l'échelle nanométrique permettant des phénomènes de solvatations particuliers et une réactivité spécifique. Néanmoins, ces solvants continuent à être onéreux et les supporter peut permettre à la fois de réduire de façon significative les quantités utilisées et de récupérer facilement le catalyseur immobilisé dans la phase liquide ionique. Jusqu'à présent, la catalyse supportée sur liquides ioniques a mis en jeu des supports oxydes mésoporeux classiques comme la silice. Au cours de cette thèse, une étude comparative entre ces types de supports et des nanotubes de carbone multiparois a été réalisée pour différentes réactions catalytiques. Les nanotubes de carbone présentent une macrostructure très ouverte avec une mésoporosité importante. Ainsi, la limitation par transfert de masse dans la porosité du support est diminuée et la cinétique de la réaction, augmentée. Une première étape de fonctionnalisation des nanotubes de carbone a permis d'améliorer la compatibilité avec la phase liquide ionique. L'immobilisation stabilise le catalyseur (complexe métallique [Rh(nbd)(PPh3)2][PF6] ou nanoparticules de palladium) dans la phase liquide ionique après formation d'un film autour des nanotubes. Les systèmes catalytiques supportés ont été utilisés pour différentes réactions tests : l'hydrogénation, le couplage C-C de Heck et la réaction séquentielle Heck/hydrogénation. Des composites supports oxydes (SiO2 ou Al2O3)/liquide ionique ont été préparés afin d'étudier les interactions spécifiques liquide ionique-surface et les comparer avec le liquide ionique pur. / As catalytic support, carbon nanotubes present an open macrostructure with large mesoporosity which avoids mass transfer limitations. Ionic Liquids (ILs) have received much attention in the past years due to their importance in a broad range of applications. In catalysis, they are used to immobilize the catalyst in biphasic reactions and enable an easy separation. Their ionic character confers to these media a special organization of several nanometers that induces solvation phenomena and specific reactivity that can be linked either to confinement effects in the organized structure or to molecular interactions. However, these solvents remain expensive and the fact to support them onto carbon nanotubes as a thin film should permit to reduce significantly the volumes used. In this PhD thesis in order to prepare carbon nanotubes-IL hybrid materials, multi-walled carbon nanotubes were covalently modified with imidazolium salt-based moieties. This functionalization allowed specific interactions between the IL thin film and the chemical moieties on the MWCNTs surface. Then, the catalyst (rhodium complex or palladium nanoparticles) was immobilized into the IL thin film. The catalytic performances have been evaluated in bench reactions: hydrogenation of 1-hexene for rhodium, and selective hydrogenation, Heck, and sequential Heck/hydrogentation process for palladium. Finally, a comparative study has been performed between carbon nanotubes and other classical mesoporous oxide supports, including silica. The carbon nanotubes based catalyst present better performances than their counterparts prepared on conventional supports. Additionally, composites based on SiO2/IL or Al2O3/IL were prepared to carry out a structural study with the aim of understanding their specific surface interactions and compare them to pure ionic liquid.
215

Étude de micropoutres sérigraphiées pour des applications capteurs

Lakhmi, Riadh 18 November 2011 (has links)
Dans cette thèse, des structures MEMS de type micropoutre ont été conçues pour des applications capteurs. Un procédé de fabrication alternatif au silicium, associant la technique de sérigraphie à l'utilisation d’une couche sacrificielle (SrCO3), a été utilisé pour la réalisation de micropoutres piezoélectriques (PZT, matériau servant à la fois d’actionneur et de transducteur) dans un premier temps. Des tests de détection en phase gazeuse ont été réalisés avec et sans couche sensible avec succès à l’aide du mode de vibration non conventionnel 31-longitudinal. Le toluène a notamment pu être détecté à des concentrations voisines de 20ppm avec une couche sensible PEUT. D’autres espèces telles que l’eau, l’éthanol ou l’hydrogène ont été détectés sans couches sensibles afin de s’affranchir des contraintes liées à celle-ci (vieillissement notamment). Des tests préliminaires de caractérisation en milieu liquide ont également été réalisés avec dans l’optique la détection d’espèces en phase liquide. Par ailleurs, un capteur de force a été conçu et réalisé avec le même procédé de fabrication. Ce dernier est composé d’une micropoutre en matériau diélectrique sur laquelle est intégrée une piezorésistance servant à la transduction du signal associé à la déformation subie par la micropoutre. Des détections de force en mode statique (sans actionneurs) ont permis de caractériser les capteurs, notamment en termes de sensibilité, de gamme de force et de force minimale détectable ou encore de linéarité. / The project concerns the conception, fabrication and characterization of cantilever-type MEMS structures for sensors applications. An alternative process to silicon related ones, associating the screen-printing technique to a sacrificial layer (SrCO3), was used to realize piezoelectric cantilevers (PZT material utilized as actuator and transducer) in a first time. Detections in gas phase were performed successfully with and without sensitive layer thanks to the unusual 31-longitudinal vibration mode. Namely, we were able to detect toluene at concentrations as low as 20ppm with a PEUT sensitive layer. Other species like water, ethanol or hydrogen could be detected without sensitive layer in order to get rid of the sensitive layer-related issues (ageing for example). Preliminary characterizations were carried out in liquid phase in a view to perform liquid phase detection. Besides, a cantilever-based force sensor, fabricated thanks to the same fabrication process was designed. This last one integrates a piezoresistor allowing the transduction of the mechanical signal linked to the strain overcome by the microcantilever. Force detections in static mode (without any actuator) permitted the sensors’ characterization. Indeed, their sensitivity, force range, minimal detectable force and linearity were carried out.
216

Synthesis and applications of N-modified mesoporous carbons / Synthèse et applications de carbones mésoporeux modifiés par de l'azote

Cai, Jingxuan 22 January 2015 (has links)
Les carbones poreux ont été largement utilisés et étudiés ces dernières années. Ce travail de recherche porte sur la préparation de matériaux carbonés mésoporeux modifiés ou non par de l'azote. Tout d'abord, un carbone mésoporeux pur a été synthétisé. Puis des atomes d'azote ont été introduits dans ce carbone mésoporeux par deux méthodes de dopage ("in situ" et "post-synthèse" respectivement). La comparaison des propriétés acido-basiques dans des conditions différentes pour les trois types de matériaux mésoporeux carbonés, avec ou sans diazote, a été faite grâce à des techniques calorimétriques. Ces carbones mésoporeux ont aussi été utilisés dans l'adsorption de polluants, le stockage de l'hydrogène et en tant que supports pour les métaux précieux et l'oxyde de fer en catalyse. Les différentes performances dans ces applications ont été mises en relation avec les différentes propriétés structurelles et surfaciques causées par le dopage au diazote / Porous carbon materials are widely used and studied in recent years. In this work, three kinds of mesoporous carbon materials were prepared. Firstly, cost-effective pure mesoporous carbon was synthesized. Then nitrogen atoms were introduced into the mesoporous carbon by “in situ” and “post” doping methods respectively. The comparisons of the acid-base properties in different conditions of the three kinds of mesoporous carbon materials with or without nitrogen were studied and revealed by different calorimetric techniques. The three kinds of mesoporous carbons were also applied in pollutants adsorption, hydrogen storage and as supports of precious metals and iron oxide in catalysis. The different performances in applications were related to the different structural and surface properties caused by the N-doping
217

Vícerozměrné separace v kapalné fázi / Multidimensional Liquid Phase Separations

Šesták, Jozef January 2015 (has links)
This dissertation is dedicated to the topic of multidimensional liquid phase separations. This separation techniques are developed for analysis of complex samples containing thermally labile, low volatile or high molecular weight components that can´t be analysed by two-dimensional (2D) gas chromatography. Concepts of peak capacity and orthogonality are explained and various methods of their determination are stated in theoretical part of dissertation. High performance column liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) are suggested as the most suitable methods for automated multidimensional liquid phase separations on-line coupled to mass spectrometry. Configuration of simplified miniaturized liquid chromatograph is described in experimental part of this thesis. Original concept of the system has been extended by simple mobile phase gradient generation technique. Correct function was demonstrated on repeatable separation of alkylphenones, peptides, nitroaromatics, and nitroesters. This system has been utilized as a base for a couple of simple two-dimensional separation platforms for HILIC-MALDI-MS analysis of glycans, for separation of peptides based on off-line coupling of isoelectric focusing and capillary liquid chromatography, and finally for on-line IEC×RPLC, RPLC×RPLC, and HILIC×RPLC two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Correct operation of submitted platforms has been proved.
218

Keramische Membranen auf Basis LPS-SiC: Schlickerentwicklung und Beschichtungsverfahren

Piwonski, Michael 13 December 2005 (has links)
Die Filtration unter aggressiven Einsatzbedingungen, z.B. Einsatz in korrosiven Medien, Abgasfiltration, stellt besondere Anforderungen an das Filtermaterial. Sogenanntes &amp;quot;Liquid Phase Sintered Silicon Carbide&amp;quot; (LPS-SiC) erfüllt die Anforderungen sehr gut. Deshalb bestand das Ziel der Arbeit besteht darin, erstmals aus LPS-SiC asymmetrische keramische Membranen (grobporöses Substrat mit dünner, feinporiger Membran) herzustellen. Als Additivsystem fanden Yttriumoxid und Aluminiumoxid Verwendung. Es wurde Siliciumcarbid der Körnung F1200 auf Substrat der Körnung F500 abgeschieden. Dem Herstellungsverfahren kommt für die Qualität der Membran eine große Bedeutung zu. Daher wurden in dieser Arbeit folgende Beschichtungsmethoden untersucht, um die optimale Methode zu identifizieren: Tauchbeschichtung, elektrophoretische Abscheidung, Druckfiltration und Einsatz von Transfertapes (Transfertapes: Mischung aus Polyacrylatkleber und Pulver). Im Mittelpunkt stand dabei die Druckfiltration. Hierfür wurde eine neue Apparatur konzipiert und aufgebaut. Für die schlickerbasierten Methoden wurde ein wässriges System entwickelt, bei dem auf den Einsatz von organischen Hilfsstoffen verzichtet werden konnte. Die elektrostatische Stabilisierung konnte durch gezieltes Anlösen von Yttriumoxid, Ausfällen von feinskaligem Yttriumhydroxid und Belegung des Siliciumcarbids mit dem Yttriumhydroxid erreicht werden. Die Elektrophorese führte zu keinen befriedigenden Ergebnissen aufgrund des undefinierten spezifischen Widerstandes des Substrats (siehe Dissertation Jan Ihle, Bergakademie Freiberg 2004). Die Druckfiltration erwies sich als das geeignetste Verfahren. Mit ihr konnten ohne Einschränkungen hochwertige Membranen erzeugt werden. Druck und Zeit sind bei gegebenen Feststoffgehalt frei wählbar. Der Druck wurde zwischen 2*10E4 und 1*10E5 Pa variiert. Höherer Druck führte zu feineren Porengrößen (mittlere und maximale Porengröße). Mit der Druckfiltration konnten Membranen ohne makroskopische Defekte erzeugt werden. Sie führte im Vergleich aller Verfahren zu der geringsten Rauhtiefe der Membranen. Die Tauchbeschichtung ließ sich in diesem System nur über den Feststoffgehalt steuern. Membranen aus der Tauchbeschichtung wiesen makroskopische Fehler (große oberflächliche Poren) auf. Die Methode führte hinsichtlich Porengrößen und Rauhtiefe zu den schlechtesten Werten. Die Transfertape-Methode als neuartiger Ansatz erwies sich für das LPS-SiC System als noch nicht ausgereift. Das direkte Bekleben der Substrate war möglich. Hinsichtlich der Membrandicke sind aber Grenzen bei ca. 50 µm gesetzt. Darüber hinaus reißen die Membranen. Es wurden Schwankungen in der Entbinder- und Sinterschwindung verzeichnet. Weiterhin werden große Hohlräume im Substrat nicht von den Transfertapes abgeformt. Beide Effekte erhöhen die Spannungen beim Sintern, so dass bei geringeren Schichtdicken Risse entstehen. / Silicon Carbide (SiC) fulfills many requirements, e.g. a high robustness in terms of corrosion, which makes it a suitable Material for ceramic membranes. The aim of this work was to produce ceramic membranes out of porous liquid phase sintered Silicon Carbide (LPS-SiC). As additives Alumina and Yttria were used. The SiC based on commercial abrasive powders F1200 (Membrane) and F500 (Substrate). Different techniques of membrane formation were applied in order to find the optimum processing procedure: Dip Coating, Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD), Pressure Filtration and the usage of so called Transfer Tapes, a blend of Polyacrylate and ceramic powders). For the slip based methods a water based system was developed without the need of organic additives. A pure electrostatic stabilization was facilitated by solving Yttria with Hydrochloride Acid and precipitation, resulting in the coverage of the SiC particles with finely dispersed Yttria. The EPD was not successful due to a undefined specific resistance of the substrate. The pressure filtration turned out to be the best, most versatile method, leading to defect free membranes with the lowest measured surface roughness. The pressure ranged between 2*10E4 and 1*10E5 Pa. Higher pressure lead to finer pores. The Dip Coating was controlled only by the solids content. Membranes by Dip Coating showed macroscopic defects. As a new concept for ceramic membrane fabrication the Transfer Tapes needed further investigation. The direct gluing on the substrate was possible. The thickness of the membrane was limited to 50 microns in order to keep free of cracks. The Transfer Tapes exhibited pronounced fluctuations in the debinding and sintering shrinkage, leading to increased tension during sintering. Furthermore cavities, (e.g. big pores) were bridged. Both effects lead to increased tension during sintering.
219

Design of cemented carbide with Ni-based superalloy binder strengthened with y’-Ni3Al precipitates

Edholm, Oscar January 2018 (has links)
Replacement of cobalt in cemented carbides has gained in attention recently because threats of regulations due to health issues (cancerogenic effect), increased demand from the electric vehicle industry and the questionable extraction from countries like Democratic Republic of Congo. In this report the use of Ni-based binder as an alternative binder for cemented carbides has been explored. The design is based on producing a Ni-based superalloy binder which contains dispersed Ni3Al Gamma Prime (γ’) -phase precipitates in the binder matrix. The investigation focuses on the design of cemented carbide compositions and processes that ensures the formation of γ’- precipitates, the control of their morphology and distribution as well as the effect of heat treatment. To do this a Ni-Al master alloy has been designed that enables the formation of γ’-precipitates in WC-Ni-Al-X systems, produced by conventional powder metallurgy process including standard free sintering. Furthermore, the addition of usual elements in the cemented carbide industry (such as Ti, Cr, Ta, Nb) and their effect on the stability of γ’-precipitates has been investigated. A method to reveal the precipitates including ion-polishing and electro-etching has been developed. Basic mechanical properties such as hardness and toughness have been investigated, revealing particular crack propagation in Ni-based binder reinforced with γ’-precipitates. It was found that the common variables in cemented carbide manufacturing influence all aspects regarding the stability of γ’-phase. By varying the powder type, binder composition and content, the carbon balance, the WC grain size and the heating/cooling steps; the formation of γ’-precipitates (size, morphology, distribution, etc.) can be controlled to tailor the properties of the cemented carbide. / Att hitta en ersättning av kobolt i hårdmetall har nyligen uppmärksammats bl.a. eftersom regleringar hotar användning av ämnet pga. dess cancerogenitet, en ökande efterfrågan från elfordonsindustrin samt den moraliskt tvivelaktiga utvinningen som sker i länder som Demokratiska Republiken Kongo. I denna rapport har användningen av ett nickel-baserat bindemedel som ett alternativt bindemedel för hårdmetaller undersökts. Designen är baserad på att producera en nickel-baserad superlegering som bindemedel som innehåller dispergerad Ni3Al Gamma Prim (γ’) – fas utfälld i bindemedlet. Utredningen fokuserar på designen av hårdmetallskompositioner och processer som försäkrar formationen av γ’-utfällningar, kontroller av dess morfologi, distributionen samt hur värmebehandlingar påverkar. För att kunna göra detta har en Ni-Al masterlegering skapats som möjliggör γ’-utfällningar i ett WC-Ni-Al-X system, producerat med konventionell pulvermetallurgiprocess inkluderat standard fri sintring. Dessutom har tillsatsen av vanliga ämnen i hårdmetallindustrin (such as TI, Cr, Ta, Nb) samt deras effekt på stabiliteten hos γ’-utfällningarna undersökts. En metod för att upptäcka utfällningarna, som inkluderar jonpolering och elektroetsning har utvecklats. Grundläggande mekaniska egenskaper som hårdhet och seghet har undersökts, vilket har avslöjat en speciell sprickutbredning i den nickelbaserade bindaren förstärkt med γ’-utfällningar. Det visade sig att de vanliga variablerna förenade med tillverkning av hårdmetall påverkar samtliga aspekter gällande stabiliteten hos γ’-utfällningar. Genom att variera pulvertyp, bindemedelkomposition och innehåll, kolbalansen, WC-kornstorlek och uppvärmning samt kylningssteg så påverkas bildningen av γ’-utfällningar (storlek, morfologi, distribution, etc..) som kan kontrolleras för att skräddarsy egenskaperna för hårdmetallen.

Page generated in 0.0482 seconds