Bakgrund: Världens befolkning blir allt äldre. Idag är 1 av 11 över 65 år men år 2050 kommer 1 av 6 vara över 65 år. Antalet äldre som är över 80 år och kräver insatser i form av hemtjänst, särskilt boende, dagverksamhet eller korttidsboende ökar. Här ser vi ett av samhällsstödets, vårdens och omsorgens största framtida prövningar. Syfte: Beskriva hur äldre personer upplever att det är att bo på ett särskilt boende. Metod: En beskrivande litteraturstudie som baseras på 12 vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats. Sökningarna efter artiklar har skett i databasen PubMed. Huvudresultat: Flytten till ett särskilt boende påverkade den äldres känsla av frihet. Leva på boendet sågs som en lång väntan på döden och många kände sig ensamma och övergivna. De äldre kände sig begränsade och upplevde att ingen lyssnade på deras åsikter. Låsta dörrar på boendet uppfattades som begränsande och de äldre hade känslan av ett fängelse. Aktiviteter var viktigt för välmåendet, både ensam och tillsammans med andra. Kunna röra sig fritt och ha närhet till natur, friluftsliv och kunna gå ut på promenader var viktigt. Närståendes delaktighet i äldres liv var viktigt för välmåendet. Bemötandet av sjuksköterskan hade stor betydelse för trivseln. Slutsats: De äldre upplevde att aktiviteter eller träning tillsammans med andra äldre eller ensamma var en positiv upplevelse. Närståendes delaktighet var av stor betydelse för de äldre. De äldre personerna upplevde att de kände sig instängda när dörrarna var låsta och hade en önskan att kunna gå utomhus oftare. Många kände sig ensamma på det särskilda boendet och att det var en lång väntan på döden. Detta trots att många människor fanns runt dem. Det är av betydelse för de äldre att sjuksköterskan tar sin ledarroll och vägleder vårdpersonalen att ha ett gott bemötande i alla situationer. För att sjuksköterskan ska få en bättre bild av vad som påverkar de äldres upplevelse krävs mer forskning. / Background: The World population is getting older. Today is 1 of 11 persons over the age 65 but in 2050 it will be 1 of 6 persons aged over 65. The number of people over 80 years old requires efforts in the form of home service, housing for elderly, day care or short-term housing are increasing. This will be one of the biggest challenges for social support, health care and welfare in the future. Aim: To describe how older persons experience what it is like living in housing for elderly.Method: A descriptive literature study based on 12 scientific articles with a qualitative approach. The searches for articles have been done in the database PubMed. Main results: The move to housing for elderly had an impact on their feelings for freedom. Living in the housing for elderly felt like a long wait for death and many felt lonely and abandoned. The elderly felt like they were limited and experienced that no one listened to their opinions. Locked doors in the environment perceived as a limitation and the elderly felt like they were in prison. Activities seemed like important for the wellbeing, both together with others and alone. To be able to move freely, being close to nature, outdoor life and being able to take a walk outside was important. Relatives being a part of the elderly´s life was important for their wellbeing. The way the nurse treated them had a big impact on how they enjoyed living in the housing for elderly. Conclusion: The elderly experienced the activities or training sessions together with others or on their own was a positive experience. Relatives being a part of the elderly´s life was highly important. The experience of closed doors made the elderly feel like they were locked, and they had a wish of be able to be outside more often. Many had a feeling of loneliness in the housing for elderly and that it was just a long wait for death. Even If they had a lot of people around them in the housing for elderly. It is important for the elderly that the nurse takes her leadership role and guides the staff to have a good attendance in all situations. For the nurse to get a better sight of what is affecting the elderly´s experience of living in nursing homes, more research is needed.

Aspects of the living environment can affect health and wellbeing of children and adolescents. Whereas most previous studies assessed the more distant residential urban environment, less is known on possible effects of the close environment. The present study investigated associations of the proportion of streets and green spaces in the immediate urban living environment (50, 100 and 400 m around the home) with media use, outdoor activity, overweight/obesity and emotional problems in two samples of younger (age 3–10, n = 395) and older children (age 10–19, n = 405). Independently of socioeconomic parameters, a higher proportion of streets was associated with overweight/obesity (in younger and older children), higher media use (in younger children), less outdoor activity and more emotional problems (in older children). Older children’s outdoor activity in winter increased with increasing proportions of green spaces. The observations suggest that the immediate urban living environment is a factor that can affect leisure behavior and health in children.

<p>The study is about how green spaces and structures of Dar es Salaam city, quantitatively and qualitatively, are browning out. It also tries to explore the different reasons behind the browning tendency, and what it means to the function of the city and to the daily form of life of the inhabitants. Finally there is a discussion about how to counteract the tendency by involving the inhabitants in planning procedures following the communicative approach to planning. The main investigations have been a) time series mapping of the browning process at city, settlement, block and plot levels; and b) interviews with inhabitants individually and as groups in two settlements. </p><p>The result is that the quantity of green spaces and structures is decreasing fast in all levels. It is also found that, concerning the browning tendency, the development in formal and informal areas is the same. The quality of the remaining green spaces and structures is also decaying. Among other things, imported plant species, in all levels, replace the indigenous ones. They often cause disturbance and extinctions to local flora and fauna. All in all, the browning tendency is a threat to the ecological functioning of the green as a system, infrastructural and health aspects on the city. It is also a threat to typical daily lifestyles in the city. Throughout, low-density with low-rise detached houses characterize the city, which expands continuously both outward and inward. So it is a sprawled city. In most of the remaining green spaces of this sprawled structure vegetables and other food plants are grown for the benefit of the urban poor, now threatened. </p><p>The inhabitants in the studied blocks seem to take responsibility of supplying, using and caring their green plants and spaces. They also often co-operate in solving ad-hoc environmental problems in their living environments. But in their plots and around them they nevertheless keep on building more and more on a limited plot space, mostly for economic reasons. Another room is more worth economically than some vegetables or the shade of a tree. Finally it seems that local community, if well empowered, have potentials in managing their own living environment. </p><p>The study concludes that in a city whose largest proportion of population is poor and unemployed, urban sprawl could offer, at the moment, an appropriate form. This conclusion challenges how the concept of the sustainable city has been elaborated and evolved in western countries.</p>

Le périurbain est régulièrement stigmatisé au titre de la surmobilité (notamment automobile) qu'il entraîne. Dans ce travail de doctorat, nous avons pris au sérieux cette critique et l'avons mise à l'épreuve en explorant les liens entre le cadre de vie et la mobilité de loisir. De fait, si certains travaux ont porté exclusivement sur l'influence des variables socioéconomiques des ménages pour expliquer leur mobilité, d'autres ont mis en évidence l'influence du contexte urbain. Nous nous appuyons sur ces travaux, mais en opérant un double déplacement. D'une part, nous ne prenons pas seulement en compte le contexte urbain commun à un ensemble de ménages, mais aussi le cadre de vie propre à chaque ménage. D'autre part, nous faisons l'hypothèse que les pratiques spatiales des ménages (tant au sein de leur cadre de vie qu'en dehors) reposent également sur leur « rapport à leur cadre de vie ». Notre travail a consisté à tester empiriquement les hypothèses de l'influence du contexte urbain et du rapport au cadre de vie sur la mobilité de loisir. Les agglomérations francilienne et romaine, qui présentent des structures urbaines et des modèles de périurbanisations contrastés, constituent nos terrains d'étude. Pour notre échantillon nous avons retenu des familles et avons mené des enquêtes dans 9 quartiers, se distinguant par leur situation géographiques et leur niveau de desserte en transport collectif. Notre travail empirique combine trois approches complémentaires : une approche contextuelle dans laquelle nous décrivons les caractéristiques fonctionnelles, sensibles et sociales des terrains d'étude, une approche qualitative comprenant 81 entretiens semi-directifs et une approche quantitative reposant sur 2250 entretiens téléphoniques. Une grille d'analyse a permis de traiter les entretiens et de classer les ménages selon 5 profils de « rapport au cadre de vie » à partir de leurs représentations et de leurs pratiques dans les registres fonctionnel, sensible et social. Nos résultats statistiques confirment la forte influence du revenu et de la position socioéconomique sur la mobilité de loisirs mais relèvent également l'influence non négligeable de deux autres variables qui agissent séparément et en interaction : le rapport au cadre de vie et le contexte urbain. Par ailleurs en neutralisant l'effet revenu et l'effet de la position socioéconomique, les résultats confirment bien une influence statistiquement significative de la localisation géographique. Les résidents du centre parcourent toujours davantage de kilomètres pour la mobilité de loisir que les péricentraux et les périurbains et leur mobilité globale (travail + loisir) est quasi équivalente à celle des périurbains et des péricentraux. L'analyse à l'échelle du quartier permet de vérifier l'hypothèse d'une mobilité de compensation et de préciser quels sont concrètement les éléments contextuels décisifs dans le choix des motifs de loisir. L'analyse du contexte à différentes échelles confirme l'influence d'éléments importants qui expliquent une part importante de mobilité de loisir en termes kilométriques tels que le manque de calme, d'espaces verts et d'intensité des tissus associatifs et sociaux et la localisation de l'offre de loisir dans l'agglomération. On observe ensuite l'influence de l'offre de transports ferroviaires, de la densité et du statut d'occupation du logement. Le type de logement (maison individuelle ou immeuble) n'a, en revanche, pas d'influence sur la mobilité de loisir. Les résultats obtenus montrent le rôle du rapport au cadre de vie dans la construction d'un mode de vie sur lequel se fonde la mobilité de loisir. L'attention portée à la relation entre le ménage et son cadre de vie permet de montrer que la mobilité de loisir dépend notamment de la représentation que le ménage se construit de son cadre de vie / The suburban is regularly stigmatized for its excessive mobility. In this Ph.D., starting from this commentary, we explored the links between living environment and leisure mobility. In fact, while some studies have focused exclusively on the influence of household socioeconomic data (education level, PCS) to explain their mobility, others have highlighted the influence of urban context. Based on these existing studies, we will adopt a different approach on two main points. On the one hand, we do not take solely into consideration the common urban context of all households but also the living environment for each of these households (understood as the urban space usually practiced by said household in their urban context), on the other hand, we assume that the spatial practices of households (both inside and outside their living environment) are also based on their "relation to their living environment". The "relation to their living environment" does not only comes from socio-economic household characteristics, but also refers to their own history, their residential record, their appreciation of the functional dimensions, social and sensitive (in other words, their representation) of their living environment. Our work therefore consisted in testing in an empirical manner the influence of urban context and relation to the living environment and leisure mobility. The Rome and Paris urban conglomeration, which are different in terms of urban structure and urban sprawl model, are our fields of study. We selected a sample of households of adults between 30 and 45 year old with children and have investigated in 9 districts, chosen for their location (central, pericentral, suburban) and level of public transport services. Our empirical work combines three complementary approaches: a contextual approach in which we describe the functional, sensitive and social characteristics of the studied fields, a qualitative approach including 81 semi-direct interviews and a quantitative approach based on 2250 telephone interviews (closed questions) of households living in the studied district. An analytical analytical framework was used to analyze and classify households according to five ‘relative to living environment' profiles based on their representations and practices in functional, sensitive and social registers. Our statistical results confirm the strong influence of income and socioeconomic position on leisure mobility but also the non-negligible influence of two other variables that act separately and in an interactive manner: the relationship with the living environment and the urban context. Moreover, ignoring the influence of income and socioeconomic position, the results confirm a statistically significant influence of geographical location. People living in a central area travel more kilometers for their leisure mobility than the inhabitants of suburbs and their global mobility (job + hobby) is almost equivalent. An analysis on the neighborhood scale confirms the hypothesis of compensation mobility and specific contextual elements constituting leisure motivation. Contextual analysis at different scales (agglomeration, geographic location, area and housing) confirms the influence of important factors that explain a significant part of leisure mobility in terms of mileage: for example, a lack of quiet ambience, green spaces, social life intensity and distance to leisure offered. The influence of public transport proximity, density and status of tenure (owner or renter) can then be observed. The type of housing (house or building) has no influence. The results show the role of the household interaction with the living environment based on lifestyle, which is itself founded on leisure mobility. The attention paid to the relation between the household and its living environment shows that leisure mobility depends especially on the household's representation of its surroundings

The study is about how green spaces and structures of Dar es Salaam city, quantitatively and qualitatively, are browning out. It also tries to explore the different reasons behind the browning tendency, and what it means to the function of the city and to the daily form of life of the inhabitants. Finally there is a discussion about how to counteract the tendency by involving the inhabitants in planning procedures following the communicative approach to planning. The main investigations have been a) time series mapping of the browning process at city, settlement, block and plot levels; and b) interviews with inhabitants individually and as groups in two settlements. The result is that the quantity of green spaces and structures is decreasing fast in all levels. It is also found that, concerning the browning tendency, the development in formal and informal areas is the same. The quality of the remaining green spaces and structures is also decaying. Among other things, imported plant species, in all levels, replace the indigenous ones. They often cause disturbance and extinctions to local flora and fauna. All in all, the browning tendency is a threat to the ecological functioning of the green as a system, infrastructural and health aspects on the city. It is also a threat to typical daily lifestyles in the city. Throughout, low-density with low-rise detached houses characterize the city, which expands continuously both outward and inward. So it is a sprawled city. In most of the remaining green spaces of this sprawled structure vegetables and other food plants are grown for the benefit of the urban poor, now threatened. The inhabitants in the studied blocks seem to take responsibility of supplying, using and caring their green plants and spaces. They also often co-operate in solving ad-hoc environmental problems in their living environments. But in their plots and around them they nevertheless keep on building more and more on a limited plot space, mostly for economic reasons. Another room is more worth economically than some vegetables or the shade of a tree. Finally it seems that local community, if well empowered, have potentials in managing their own living environment. The study concludes that in a city whose largest proportion of population is poor and unemployed, urban sprawl could offer, at the moment, an appropriate form. This conclusion challenges how the concept of the sustainable city has been elaborated and evolved in western countries. / QC 20101018

Im Erscheinungsbild der Thüringer Großsiedlungen vollzog sich zwischen 1990 und 2000 ein deutlicher Wandel. Wohnumfeldverbesserungen trugen maßgeblich dazu bei. Diese Maßnahmen ordneten sich in die durch Förderprogramme gesteckten Ziele der Stadt- und Sozialplanung ein. In allen Wohngebieten wurden die Wohn- und Lebensbedingungen im Vergleich zu 1990 verbessert. Umfangreiche Aufwertungen im Wohnumfeld folgten i. d. R. umfassenden Gebäudesanierungen. Die Vorteile der Verkehrskonzepte und Versorgungsinfrastruktur wurden erhalten und ausgebaut. Die soziale Segregation vollzog sich deutlich langsamer als noch zu Beginn der 1990er Jahre befürchtet. Entsprechend blieb die gemischte Sozialstruktur teilweise erhalten. Die Bewohner sind mit ihrer Siedlung heute mindestens genauso zufrieden wie zu Beginn der Aufwertungsmaßnahmen. Das Eigenimage der Großsiedlungen konnte ebenfalls stabilisiert werden. Damit wurde das erklärte sozialplanerische Ziel, die Identifikation der Bewohner mit ihrem Wohngebiet zu stärken, erreicht. Diesen gelungenen Aspekten steht eine Reihe von Aufgaben gegenüber, die nicht umgesetzt wurden. So besteht die strukturelle, funktionale und bauliche Uniformität fort. Trotz Neu- und Umbau vieler Stadtteilzentren entwickelte sich nicht die angestrebte urbane Vielfalt. Die unzureichende funktionale und gestalterische Differenzierung des Raumes nach dem Öffentlichkeitscharakter verstärkt diese weiterhin vorhandene Monotonie der Siedlungen. Die Chancen, die Großsiedlungen besser an die Gesamtstadt und die landschaftliche Umgebung anzubinden, wurden nur selten genutzt. Trotz aller Bemühungen verzeichneten alle Großsiedlungen in den 1990er Jahren erhebliche Einwohnerverluste. Das Fremdimage der „Platte“ ist weiterhin schlecht. Die Wohnumfeldverbesserungen weisen in den Großsiedlungen deutliche Unterschiede hinsichtlich Umfang und Intensität auf. Allen Wohngebieten gemein ist ein Nebeneinander von aufwendig aufgewerteten Bereichen und von Quartieren, in denen nur wenig Veränderungen stattgefunden haben. In keinem Wohngebiet erfolgte eine komplette Gebietsaufwertung. An den Aufwertungsmaßnahmen waren viele verschiedene Akteure beteiligt, mit teilweise gegensätzlichen Interessen. Landschaftsarchitekten sind eine dieser Interessensgruppe. Ihre Arbeit bestimmt das Erscheinungsbild der Großsiedlungen erheblich mit. Allerdings bestehen nur geringe Handlungsspielräume zur Konfliktlösung zwischen den Beteiligten. Im Laufe der 1990er Jahre wandelten sich die wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Bedingungen. Nachfolgend fand ein Paradigmenwechsel im Umgang mit der Weiterentwicklung der Großsiedlungen und ihrer Freiräume statt. Aus den zu erwartenden Konditionen wurden hier Handlungsempfehlungen zur künftigen Wohngebietsentwicklung formuliert: in dauerhaft zu erhaltenden Quartieren sollten differenzierte Aufwertungen durchgeführt, in Rückbaubereiche neben der Stabilisierung des Wohnungsmarktes auch die Wohnungsvielfalt durch Umbauten erhöht werden. Die Freiräume in den Bestandsquartieren sind zu sichern, zu vernetzen und zu verbessern. Bei Interimsfreiräumen besteht ein erhebliches funktionales und gestalterisches Potential. Dazu gehören sowohl temporäre Aufwertungen für Erholungssuchende als auch extensive Freiraumentwicklungen verschiedener Vegetationstypen zur Erhöhung der ökologischen Vielfalt sowie wirtschaftliche Zwischennutzungen. / An enormous change in the appearance of the large suburban housing estates in Thuringia took place between 1990 and 2000. Improvements of the living environment contributed significantly to it. These measurements integrated into the aims of the city- and social planning that had been defined by support programmes. In all residential areas the housing- and living conditions have been improved in comparison to 1990. Extensive upgrading in the living environment generally followed substantial building restorations. The advantages of the traffic concepts and the provisioning infrastructure were conserved and extended. The social segregation transformed clearly slowlier than suspected at the beginning of the 1990ies. Correspondingly, the mixed social structure has been partly conserved. Today, the residents are at least as satisfied with their housing estates as at the beginning of the upgrading procedures. The image of the large suburban housing estates themselves could also be stabilised. Thus, the definded aim in social planning, to enforce the residents’ identification with their housing area, has been reached. These successful aspects are confronted with a row of tasks that have not been realised. So, the structural, functional and constructional uniformity still exists. Despite the new and re- construction of many community centres the intended diversity has not been developed. The insufficient functional and creative differentiation of the space according to the public character enforces this still existent monotony of the areas. The chances of linking the large suburban housing estates better to the whole town and the surroundings / landscape have only rarely been used. Despite all efforts all large suburban housing estates recorded immense losses of residents in the 1990ies. The external image of the “Platte” is still bad. Concerning their extent and their intensity the improvements in the living environments show significant differences in the large suburban housing estates. In all areas there is a coexistence of expensively upgraded parts and of accomodation with only few changes. There was no complete upgrading in any of the areas. Many protagonists contributed to the upgrading measurements, partly with opposed interests – landscape architects are one of these interest groups. Their work considerably defines the appearance of the large suburban housing estates. As a fact, there is only little room for manoeuvre concerning conflict resolution among the involved. In the course of the 1990ies the economic and social conditions changed. Afterwards a paradigm change in the handling of the advancement of the large suburban housing estates and their spaces took place. The expected conditions were formulated into recommended actions to the future development of the residential areas: in accomodation to be permanently preserved, differentiated upgrading should be made as well as the residential market should be stabilised in reconstruction areas while the diversity of flats should be increased through rebuilding at the same time. The open spaces in the accomodation need to be secured, to be linked and to be improved. There is an enormous functional and creative potential with interim spaces. Temporary upgrading for recreation searchers belongs to it, also extensive space developments of different vegetation types to increase the ecological diversity as well as temporary uses in the field of economy.

Refugee camps in Lebanon are harsh, continuously and rapidly deteriorating environments. In addition to poverty, numerous wars and the restrictions of civil rights, refugee camps that were not designed as a long-term settlement were made to accommodate their residents in addition to their descendents for a period that has lasted over 59 years. Since the establishment of the camps in 1948 the Palestinian refugees in Lebanon have fallen victim to multiple wars and as a result most camps have witnessed major destruction of homes and infrastructure, and a few were entirely destroyed. Today, the planning and development of the camps are highly restricted by the local government, building material is banned from entering the camps and horizontal as well as vertical expansion is prohibited by Lebanese law. According to the United Nations Relief and Work Agency (UNRWA) the hundreds of thousands of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon have the highest rate of people living in "abject poverty" in the Middle East. Meanwhile, the refugee community and the international aid agencies working in the camps are caught in the dilemma of investing in the development of a sustainable environment in a settlement with a temporary purpose and an uncertain future. This thesis explores the problems facing the built-environment in the camps within the political and socio-economic context, and takes the camp of Burj El Barajneh as a case study for deeper investigation. It then suggests three possible solution approaches that address the environmental problems within different future scenarios. The thesis also looks at the feasibility and requirements of an energy generation plant to provide part of the energy needs of the camp of Burj El Barjneh. Finally, a set of conclusions and recommendations are derived that address the refugee community, the international aid agencies and the host country. The significance of this study is to mitigate a possible humanitarian and environmental crisis in the most dire of refugee situations in the Middle East, with the hope that conclusions drawn from this study can be applied to refugee communities elsewhere in the region.

At present, light pollution is one of the fastest growing types of environmental pollution, mainly due to increased use of artificial light during the dark hours of the day. There are especially four factors that contribute to light pollution; glare,skyglow, light trespass and clutter. Digital billboards are becoming more common in urban environments and cause all these types of light pollution. The newest type of digital billboard shows a series of very bright images that change every few seconds. Although digital billboards become more common in the urban environment, there is very little research on how it affects people living adjacent to digital billboards. The majority of the research available is about how traffic safety is affected. It is important to study how traffic safety is affected, but it is an environment where people stay for shorter periods of time. Light, and light pollution, can affect people both physically and mentally, and therefore the lack of research on how the housing environment is affected must be addressed. The purpose of the study is to investigate how the living environment is affected by a digital sign, and if it is affected, how do residents relate to it? The results from the study can be used to discuss guidelines for how digital signs should be planned for urban environments to minimize discomfort. Prevention is important in order to avoid a negative impact on human health. To investigate whether light from digital billboard affects people's living environment, a case study with a quantitative approach was performed. The study was conducted in a residential area adjacent to a digital sign. The residents were contacted and asked to fill in a questionnaire with questions about their living environment and their attitude towards the digital sign. The results show that the resident living closest to the digital sign is affected the most. How the living environment is affected depends to a large extent on the placement of the sign in relation to the residence. Conclusions that can be drawn based on the results are that the respondents most affected live within a 30-degree angle seen from the sign. Many of the problems that arise due to digital billboards are due to lack of knowledge and shortcomings in planning. Lack of research and deficiencies in the signage programs make it difficult to plan suitable installations. To cause minimal discomfort, no digital signs should be placed directly in front of a residential building. / I dagsläget är ljusföroreningar en av de snabbast växande typerna av miljöföroreningar främst på grund av ökad användning av artificiellt ljus under dygnets mörka timmar. Det är framförallt fyra faktorer som bidrar till ljusföroreningar; bländning, himmelssken, ljusintrång och ljusansamlingar. Digitala skyltar blir allt vanligare i urbana miljöer och orsakar alla dessa typer av ljusföroreningar. Den nyaste typen av digitala skyltar visar en serie av väldigt ljusa bilder som byts med några sekunders mellanrum. Trots att digitala skyltar blir ett vanligare inslag i stadsmiljön finns det väldigt lite forskning om hur det påverkar människor som bor i anslutning till digitala skyltar. Majoriteten av forskningen som finns handlar om hur trafiksäkerheten påverkas. Det är viktigt att studera hur trafiksäkerheten påverkas men det är en miljö där människor vistas under kortare perioder. Ljus, och ljusföroreningar, kan påverka människor både fysiskt och psykiskt och därför måste bristen på forskning om hur boendemiljön påverkas åtgärdas. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur boendemiljön påverkas av en digital skylt, och om den påverkas, hur förhåller de boende sig till det. Resultaten från studien kan användas för att diskutera riktlinjer för hur digitala skyltar ska planeras in i stadsmiljön för att minimera obehag. Att arbeta förebyggande är viktigt för att undvika en negativ påverkan på människors hälsa. För att undersöka om ljus från digitala skyltar påverkar människors boendemiljö utfördes en fallstudie med kvantitativ ansats. Studien utfördes i ett bostadsområde som låg i anslutning till en digital skylt. De boende kontaktades och ombads fylla i ett enkätformulär med frågor om sin boendemiljö samt attityd till den digitala skylten. Resultatet visar att de som bor närmast den digitala skylten påverkas mest. Hur boendemiljön påverkas beror till väldigt stor del på skyltens placering i förhållande till bostaden. Slutsatser som kan dras baserat på resultatet är att de respondenter som påverkas mest bor inom en 30-gradig vinkel sett från skylten. Många av de problem som uppstår på grund av digitala skyltar beror på okunskap och brister vid planeringen. Avsaknad av forskning och brister i de skyltprogram som finns gör det svårt att planera lämpliga installationer. För att orsaka minimalt obehag bör inga digitala skyltar placeras direkt framför ett bostadshus.

Sleep is very important for health and academic performance. The amount of sleep is variable and depends among other things, on the age of the individual. Today there are many varieties of motion sensors that can be used in healthcare and clinical research for sleep registration, such as Actigraph GT9X Link and Actiwatch 2. The purpose of this study was to compare these two sensors, Actigraph and Actiwatch, for sleep registration by analyzing different sleep variables. The more precise sensor of the two will be used in the Energymetabolic laboratory in the case of survey or research. The method involved participants wearing both sensors for two nights and one day and trying to live as normal as possible. A sleep diary was used to complete the registrations, with related questions about sleep. There were 17 healthy participants between the ages 21 and 31. The results showed that the registrations from both sensors have varying spread and deviations. Overall the results were similar between the sensors and the sleep diary, and it was shown that there is no significant difference between the sensors. However, Actigraph deviated on most occasions from the diary. The Energymetabolic laboratory have access to many Actigraph GT9X Link sensors. This means that an evaluation has to be made to decide whether the cost of replacing the Actigraph GT9X Link sensors with Actiwatch 2 is worth it for the small improvement in precision.

A partir des années 2000, la participation publique fait en France l’objet d’une attention grandissante, tant dans les sphères sociale et politique que dans le monde de la recherche. La fabrication de la ville en est le terreau privilégié, support de revendications et d'initiatives citoyennes d’un côté, de procédures et d'expériences institutionnelles de l’autre. Vectrice de régulation sociale, de développement durable et de vitalité de la démocratie, l'implication du public aux projets et décisions gagne en ampleur dans un contexte marqué par la complexification du fait urbain et de ses modalités de gouvernance. Promue par les intercommunalités, elle répondrait à un double enjeu de légitimation politique et de modernisation des modes de faire dans une visée métropolitaine. Le cas de la Communauté urbaine de Bordeaux illustre particulièrement bien cela.Par le déploiement d'exercices participatifs novateurs touchant à des politiques et à des stratégies d'agglomération, elle chercherait à s'affirmer comme chef de file de la gouvernance métropolitaine autant qu'à impliquer directement les habitants et usagers du territoire dans le cadre d'une « citadinité » renouvelée. Cette ambition se traduit dans les orientations politiques récentes, qui transforment le positionnement stratégique, l'organisation et les pratiques de la Communauté urbaine de Bordeaux. S'ensuit une montée en compétence des acteurs – techniciens, membres du Conseil de développement durable, élus – témoin de la professionnalisation des activités de participation. Ce double mouvement, institutionnel et professionnel, laisse présager d'une évolution profonde et durable de l'action communautaire dans une logique plus transversale et collaborative. Cette analyse est le fruit d'une recherche menée au sein de l'institution par le biais d'un dispositif CIFRE. Elle repose sur une méthode d'observation participante, couplée à des entretiens thématiques et à l'examen d'un corpus de processus participatifs récents. / From the 2000s , public participation in France is the subject of increasing attention in both the social and political spheres in the world of research. The privileged context is the production process of cities as it supports citizens claims and initiatives on the one hand , procedures and institutional experiences on the other hand. Vector of social regulation, sustainable development and vitality of democracy, public involvement in projects and urban decisions gains momentum in a context marked by the complexity of the urban reality and its governance. Promoted by intermunicipalities it meets a dual challenge of political legitimacy and modernization of metropolitan operating methods. The case of the Urban Community of Bordeaux illustrates this particularly well. Through the deployment of innovative participatory exercises related to agglomeration policies and strategies, it seeks to assert itself as a leading method in metropolitan governance as well as to directly involve residents and users of the territory in a context of renewed "citizenship". This ambition is reflected in recent policy orientations, which transform the strategic positioning of the organization and practices of the Urban Community of Bordeaux. What followed is an increase in the technical skills of the stakeholders - technicians, members of the Sustainable Development Council, elected bodies- witness of the professionalization of participation. This double movement, institutional and professional, suggests a profound and lasting change in community action as a part of a more collaborative and cross logic. This analysis is the result of a research conducted within the institution within the framework of a CIFRE contract. It is based on the method of participant observation together with thematic interviews and the analysis of a body of recent participatory processes.