Samhället står inför stora utmaningar relaterade till klimatförändringar såsom förlust av biologisk mångfald och ekosystemtjänster, urbanisering och försämrad och ojämlik folkhälsa. För att motarbeta dessa utmaningar kan grönområden användas som en strategi för att uppnå hållbar utveckling.   Grönområden ger positiva effekter på den fysiska samt den psykiska hälsan och den har även en viktig betydelse för samhället. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur Gävle kommun arbetar med grönstrukturplanering och hur grönområden kan användas som en strategi för att uppnå en hållbar stadsdel. Såväl var målet med studien att ta fram utvecklingsstrategier inom grönstrukturplanering i Gävle kommun för att skapa mer underlag till de befintliga riktlinjerna och vägledningarna för grönplanering. Studieområdet i studien är Näringen som är ett industriområde i Gävle, som i dagsläget har stora miljöutmaningar och brist på grönytor. Gävle kommun satsar på att Näringen ska bli en av Europas mest hållbara stadsdelar 2040 utifrån de 19 hållbarhetsmålen som kommunen arbetar efter i projektet. Studien har även analyserat Norrtälje och Göteborgs grönstrukturplanering för att undersöka hur andra kommuner arbetar med grönstrukturplanering och relevanta riktlinjer. Metoderna som har använts för studien inkluderar en SWOT-analys, intervju och en dokumentanalys. I SWOT-analysen studerades styrkor, svagheter, möjligheter och hot för den nya stadsdelen Näringen. Dokumentanalysen studerade relevanta styrdokument som behandlade kommunernas riktlinjer för grönstrukturplanering och nyttan med en grönplan. Intervjun utfördes med en planarkitekt och kommunekolog från Gävle kommun som gav underlag till stora delar av arbetet. Grönplanen uppfattas som ett viktigt dokument för kommunernas arbete med grönstrukturplanering.  I resultatet kan det konstateras att Gävle kommun har bristfälligt med styrdokument som innefattar konkreta åtgärder. Detta kan vara för att processen inte än har kommit i gång. Norrtäljes och Göteborgs riktlinjer kan bidra till god grund för framtida arbete med framtagande av en grönplan i Gävle kommun. De olika styrdokumenten skiljde i synnerhet lite i jämförelse med varandra och inkluderade konkreta åtgärder. Det finns i stor omfattning mycket Gävle kommun måste arbeta med för att Näringen ska bli en av Europas mest hållbara stadsdelar 2040. / Society faces major challenges related to climate change, such as the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, urbanization and deteriorating and unequal public health. To counter these challenges, green areas can be used as a strategy to achieve sustainable development. Green areas have positive effects on physical and mental health, and it also has an important significance for society. The purpose of the study is to investigate how Gävle municipality works with green structure planning and how green areas can be used as a strategy to achieve a sustainable district. The goal of the study was to develop development strategies in green structure planning in Gävle municipality to create more basis for existing guidelines and guidelines for green planning. The focus area in the study is Näringen, which is an industrial area in Gävle, which currently has major environmental challenges and a lack of green spaces. The municipality of Gävle is investing in Näringen becoming one of Europe's most sustainable districts in 2040 based on the 19 sustainability goals that the municipality is working towards in the project. The study has also analyzed Norrtälje and Gothenburg's green structure planning to investigate how other municipalities work with green structure planning and relevant guidelines. The methods used for the study include a SWOT analysis, interview, and a document analysis. The SWOT analysis studied strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for the new district of Näringen. The document analysis studied relevant governing documents that dealt with the municipality’s guidelines for green structure planning the benefits of a green plan. The interview was conducted with a planning architect and municipal ecologist from Gävle municipality who provided a basis for large parts of the work. The green plan is perceived as an important document for the municipalities' work with green structure planning.  In the results, it can be stated that Gävle municipality has a significant lack of green structure planning that includes concrete measures. Norrtälje and Gothenburg's guidelines can contribute to a good basis for future work with the development of a green plan in Gävle municipality. In particular, the various governing documents differed slightly in comparison with each other and included concrete measures. There is to a significant extent a lot Gävle municipality must work with for Näringen to become one of Europe's most sustainable districts by 2040.

<p>The prevailing urban planning strategy in the 21st century in many European cities is urbanisa-tion by densification. The strategy, which has obvious consequences for green and open space, has commonly been described as “Compact city” or “Smart growth”. Densification has mainly been initiated by large building companies, often in conflict with local lobby groups with strong social capital. This has frequently led to deadlocks in planning, especially concerning green space exploitation. This paper suggests new tools for understanding and measuring how urban structuring affects open space accessibility, not only because urban structure distributes open space to people, it also creates users and stakeholders.</p><p>Since the 1950:s Swedish urban planning has been led by normative open space guidelines developed by research and national ministries, guidelines that are still present but has lost in power. Generally these guidelines are based on either density, i.e. sqm green space/person within a defined area, or range, i.e. maximum metric distance to a minimum park size. Planning practice has essentially dealt with size and qualities, often confusing, in micro economic terms, use value and non-use value (e.g. the “ecological”). This paper introduces new ways of integrating use value (sociotop) and orientation (axial lines) into new measures of open space accessibility. A new GIS-application “The Place Syntax Tool” (PST), developed within the research project, makes it possible to calculate the ‘topological’ open space accessibility from every place (address or plot) in an urban area, current or planned. ‘Topological’ accessibility analyses handles the “modified area unit problem” (MAUP) discussed in geography.</p><p>A questionnaire from 2001 (TEMO) states that, citizens in some dense inner-city-districts experience higher park and nature accessibility than in some low-density “green” sub-urbs in Stockholm. This peculiar result was the starting point of testing old and new measures in ten different city districts, using PST. The conclusion is that a new measure, which take range, orientation, green space size and number of use values into account, correlates consid-erably better to the questionnaire (R2=0,75 p<0,001), than any conventional measures. It shows that the 19th century “deformed” inner city grid with defined urban parks connected by green boulevards more effectively distributes open space to many citizens compared with the “interrupted” grid and segregated green structure of the post war “modernist” suburbs.</p><p>Another finding is that axial lines seem to capture movement to and within open space better than any metric measure. Correlation was found when comparing observed pedes-trian flow and calculated population accessibility (Södermalm dij=3, R2=0,682, p<0,001; Hög-dalen dij=6, R2=0,442, p<0,001). Correlation was also found when comparing a questionnaire asking “How often do you go to your favourite green area?” (USK 2002) and axial line distance between all addresses in the study areas and the closest green area (R2=0,77, p=0,018). These results can also be explained by the Space syntax integration analysis which shows that the green spaces in the inner city grid is much more integrated than in the post war suburbs. This means that orientation plays a big part in determining if, and how often people visit open spaces.</p><p>Consequently, better measures could promote understanding of open space planning as an asset to city development, help overcome the deadlock in densification planning and change the common opinion of open space and “green” from a static to a dynamic urban entity.</p>

Urban densification is the current planning ideal today with arguments of social, economic and ecological sustainability. However, this way of exploiting the urban area seem to result in a decrease of the amount of open space and green area available for children. By examining the accessible open space in primary schools in Malmö, this study has tried to determine whether one can find geographic or socioeconomic patterns connected to this asset. The study has been carried out with the help of GIS after a literature review of necessary theory and legislation had been done. The outcome shows that schools in some districts, primarily the area surrounding the city center, are not as good as the others to provide for the child’s need for open space. Six of the schools don’t even manage to meet the required square meter (m2) of open space stipulated by the municipality of Malmö, Malmö Stad. This result describes an uneven distribution of open space depending on the child's geography. An unfair development from the child’s perspective, which in turn brings numerous negative effects both physical and psychological for their childhood.

Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på kopplingen mellan grönstruktur i staden och ungdomars upplevda hälsa. Det har inkluderat vilken sorts grönstruktur som ungdomar värdesätter, vilka känslor och kontakter som ungdomar upplever med grönstruktur samt på vilket sätt grönstrukturen kan påverka ungdomar upplevda hälsa. Resultatet på dessa frågor bildade själva kopplingen mellan grönstruktur i staden och ungdomars upplevda hälsa. För att kunna besvara undersökningens frågeställning har kvalitativa gruppintervjuer och kvantitativa enkäter gjorts med ungdomar som är mellan 15 och 18 år. Resultatet analyserades med en riktad innehållsanalys och en jämförelse mellan enkäten och gruppintervjuerna. Undersökningen visade på att ungdomarna upplever minskad stress och bättre humör kring grönstruktur. Den visade också att ungdomar värdesätter blommor, träd och tillgång till aktiviteter i grönstrukturen. Resultatet har till sist diskuterats där erfarenheten av natur kan ha en påverkan på ungdomarnas svar. Förslag till vidare planering för grönstruktur i staden diskuteras också. / The purpose of this study was to find out the link between green structure in the city and young people's perceived health. This has included the kind of green structure that young people value, what feelings and contacts young people experience with the green structure, and how the green structure can affect young people's perceived health. The result of these issues forms the link between the green structure of the city and young people's perceived health. To answer the survey's question, qualitative group interviews and quantitative questionnaires were conducted with young people aged between 15 and 18 years old. The result was analyzed with a targeted content analysis and a comparison between the questionnaire and the group interviews. The study shows that young people experience reduced stress and a better mood around urban nature. It also shows that young people value flowers, trees and access to activities in the green structure. The results have been presented through charts and quotes. The results have finally been discussed where the experience of nature could have an impact on young people’s answers. Proposals for further planning for green structure in the city are also being discussed.

The prevailing urban planning strategy in the 21st century in many European cities is urbanisa-tion by densification. The strategy, which has obvious consequences for green and open space, has commonly been described as “Compact city” or “Smart growth”. Densification has mainly been initiated by large building companies, often in conflict with local lobby groups with strong social capital. This has frequently led to deadlocks in planning, especially concerning green space exploitation. This paper suggests new tools for understanding and measuring how urban structuring affects open space accessibility, not only because urban structure distributes open space to people, it also creates users and stakeholders. Since the 1950:s Swedish urban planning has been led by normative open space guidelines developed by research and national ministries, guidelines that are still present but has lost in power. Generally these guidelines are based on either density, i.e. sqm green space/person within a defined area, or range, i.e. maximum metric distance to a minimum park size. Planning practice has essentially dealt with size and qualities, often confusing, in micro economic terms, use value and non-use value (e.g. the “ecological”). This paper introduces new ways of integrating use value (sociotop) and orientation (axial lines) into new measures of open space accessibility. A new GIS-application “The Place Syntax Tool” (PST), developed within the research project, makes it possible to calculate the ‘topological’ open space accessibility from every place (address or plot) in an urban area, current or planned. ‘Topological’ accessibility analyses handles the “modified area unit problem” (MAUP) discussed in geography. A questionnaire from 2001 (TEMO) states that, citizens in some dense inner-city-districts experience higher park and nature accessibility than in some low-density “green” sub-urbs in Stockholm. This peculiar result was the starting point of testing old and new measures in ten different city districts, using PST. The conclusion is that a new measure, which take range, orientation, green space size and number of use values into account, correlates consid-erably better to the questionnaire (R2=0,75 p&lt;0,001), than any conventional measures. It shows that the 19th century “deformed” inner city grid with defined urban parks connected by green boulevards more effectively distributes open space to many citizens compared with the “interrupted” grid and segregated green structure of the post war “modernist” suburbs. Another finding is that axial lines seem to capture movement to and within open space better than any metric measure. Correlation was found when comparing observed pedes-trian flow and calculated population accessibility (Södermalm dij=3, R2=0,682, p&lt;0,001; Hög-dalen dij=6, R2=0,442, p&lt;0,001). Correlation was also found when comparing a questionnaire asking “How often do you go to your favourite green area?” (USK 2002) and axial line distance between all addresses in the study areas and the closest green area (R2=0,77, p=0,018). These results can also be explained by the Space syntax integration analysis which shows that the green spaces in the inner city grid is much more integrated than in the post war suburbs. This means that orientation plays a big part in determining if, and how often people visit open spaces. Consequently, better measures could promote understanding of open space planning as an asset to city development, help overcome the deadlock in densification planning and change the common opinion of open space and “green” from a static to a dynamic urban entity. / QC 20101221

<p>The study is about how green spaces and structures of Dar es Salaam city, quantitatively and qualitatively, are browning out. It also tries to explore the different reasons behind the browning tendency, and what it means to the function of the city and to the daily form of life of the inhabitants. Finally there is a discussion about how to counteract the tendency by involving the inhabitants in planning procedures following the communicative approach to planning. The main investigations have been a) time series mapping of the browning process at city, settlement, block and plot levels; and b) interviews with inhabitants individually and as groups in two settlements. </p><p>The result is that the quantity of green spaces and structures is decreasing fast in all levels. It is also found that, concerning the browning tendency, the development in formal and informal areas is the same. The quality of the remaining green spaces and structures is also decaying. Among other things, imported plant species, in all levels, replace the indigenous ones. They often cause disturbance and extinctions to local flora and fauna. All in all, the browning tendency is a threat to the ecological functioning of the green as a system, infrastructural and health aspects on the city. It is also a threat to typical daily lifestyles in the city. Throughout, low-density with low-rise detached houses characterize the city, which expands continuously both outward and inward. So it is a sprawled city. In most of the remaining green spaces of this sprawled structure vegetables and other food plants are grown for the benefit of the urban poor, now threatened. </p><p>The inhabitants in the studied blocks seem to take responsibility of supplying, using and caring their green plants and spaces. They also often co-operate in solving ad-hoc environmental problems in their living environments. But in their plots and around them they nevertheless keep on building more and more on a limited plot space, mostly for economic reasons. Another room is more worth economically than some vegetables or the shade of a tree. Finally it seems that local community, if well empowered, have potentials in managing their own living environment. </p><p>The study concludes that in a city whose largest proportion of population is poor and unemployed, urban sprawl could offer, at the moment, an appropriate form. This conclusion challenges how the concept of the sustainable city has been elaborated and evolved in western countries.</p>

Det är allmänt känt att det sker en kontinuerlig ökning av världens befolkning och följden av detta är att städer växer kraftigt. Det medför en förtätning i stadskärnan och som en konsekvens sker en konflikt mellan grönstrukturen och nybyggnationer. Varje kommun strävar efter tillväxt och balansen för hållbar tillväxt är subtil och det är här intresset för uppsatsen grundar sig.  Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka hur stor plats grönstrukturen får i planeringen av Karlstads stadskärna. För att besvara syftet studeras förtätningens olika utmaningar, samt hur ekocentrism och antropocentrismens etiska synsätt uttrycks i planeringen. Synsätten skapar en förståelse för hur och för vem stadsrummet planeras för. Det finns en skildring i planeringen där antropocentrismen under en längre tid kritiseras av ekocentrismen. Det har genomförts en kvalitativ metod för att besvara syftet och frågeställningarna. En dokumentanalys har utförts, samt en gruppintervju med representanter från Karlstads kommun. Resultatet om grönstrukturen i centrum visar sig ha många likheter mellan de olika metoderna, vilket ökar uppsatsens trovärdighet. I samband med att staden förtätas minskar gaturummet och det leder till att det skapas en konflikt mellan olika aktörers intressen för platsens användning. Aktörer har ett stort intresse av en hög ekonomisk tillväxt och det innebär att grönskan värderas lägre i planeringen mot en hållbar stadsutveckling till skillnad från bostäder, verksamheter och parkeringsplatser. Grönstrukturen saknar riktlinjer i planeringen, vilket gör att grönskan är svår att motivera när samhällsplaneringen styrs av en antropocentrisk syn. Sammanfattningsvis skapar det svårigheter när grönstrukturens plats ska motiveras i Karlstads växande stad. / It´s commonly known that there is a continuous increase of the world´s population and the consequence of this is that cities are growing rapidly. This means a densification in the center of the city and a consequence of this is a conflict between the green structure and the new construction. Each city seeks for growth and the balance for sustainable development is subtle and this is where the essay found its interest.  The purpose of the essay is to look over how big influence the green structure gets in the planning of Karlstads city. In order to answer the purpose, the various challenges of the densification are studied, as well as how ecocentrism and anthropocentrism ethical approach is expressed in the planning. The approach creates an understanding of how and for whom the urban space is planned. There is a depiction in the planning where anthropocentrism has long been criticized by ecocentrism. A qualitative method has been implemented to answer the purpose and the questions. A document analysis has been performed, as well as a group interview with representatives from Karlstads kommun. The result of the green structure in the city proves to have many similarities between the different methods, which increases the credibility of the essay. In connection with the city being densified, the street space decreases and this leads to a conflict being created between the various developers interests for the use of the space in the city. Developers have an interest in high economic growth and this means that the greenery is valued lower in the planning for sustainable urban development, unlike housing, businesses and parking spaces. The green structure lacks guidelines in the planning, which means that the greenery is difficult to justify when the planning of society is governed by an anthropocentric view. In summary, it creates difficulties when the location of the green structure must be motivated in Karlstad's growing city.

The study is about how green spaces and structures of Dar es Salaam city, quantitatively and qualitatively, are browning out. It also tries to explore the different reasons behind the browning tendency, and what it means to the function of the city and to the daily form of life of the inhabitants. Finally there is a discussion about how to counteract the tendency by involving the inhabitants in planning procedures following the communicative approach to planning. The main investigations have been a) time series mapping of the browning process at city, settlement, block and plot levels; and b) interviews with inhabitants individually and as groups in two settlements. The result is that the quantity of green spaces and structures is decreasing fast in all levels. It is also found that, concerning the browning tendency, the development in formal and informal areas is the same. The quality of the remaining green spaces and structures is also decaying. Among other things, imported plant species, in all levels, replace the indigenous ones. They often cause disturbance and extinctions to local flora and fauna. All in all, the browning tendency is a threat to the ecological functioning of the green as a system, infrastructural and health aspects on the city. It is also a threat to typical daily lifestyles in the city. Throughout, low-density with low-rise detached houses characterize the city, which expands continuously both outward and inward. So it is a sprawled city. In most of the remaining green spaces of this sprawled structure vegetables and other food plants are grown for the benefit of the urban poor, now threatened. The inhabitants in the studied blocks seem to take responsibility of supplying, using and caring their green plants and spaces. They also often co-operate in solving ad-hoc environmental problems in their living environments. But in their plots and around them they nevertheless keep on building more and more on a limited plot space, mostly for economic reasons. Another room is more worth economically than some vegetables or the shade of a tree. Finally it seems that local community, if well empowered, have potentials in managing their own living environment. The study concludes that in a city whose largest proportion of population is poor and unemployed, urban sprawl could offer, at the moment, an appropriate form. This conclusion challenges how the concept of the sustainable city has been elaborated and evolved in western countries. / QC 20101018

The densification of cities in Sweden often result in loss of green space and puts the beneficial values of urban green space under risk. Especially affected are the inhabitants residing in the city core. Through a qualitative case study of Sundbyberg city, this study aims to explore which features of green spaces that becomes important for residents in a city undergoing fast densification. As well as how the needs are answered from a planning perspective. In order to illustrate both perspectives, the study consists of interviews with planners and residents. The results of the study show that the few green spaces in the city core in large have been compensated with small spaces working as multifunctional places. One example of a multifunctional place is a pocket park. This, planners and residents show both a positive and negative view on. The benefits are simply about that it is needed. The disadvantages raised are mainly about the feelings of those places as private and closed space for some people, although these places origins as open space. The study shows that many similarities prevail between the planners and residents views on the different importance’s of the city’s green spaces. It also shows that there is a discrepancy between the residents experienced needs of green spaces and the planner’s vision of the citys future development. While the residents seem to want more quiet places and places for spontaneous activities, especially to meet the needs of elderly and young. The planner’s visions of the citys development seem to go more towards creating small, to some extent green, safe places which connects different parts of the city.

Under de senaste decennierna har världen upplevt en kraftig urbanisering. Denna utveckling innebär ianspråktagande av grönområden vilket för med sig negativa effekter på grönstrukturen. För en god förvaltning av grönstruktur på lokal nivå krävs god vägledning från regional nivå. Denna studie skrivs i samverkan med Region Jönköpings län där syftet är att undersöka och jämföra grönstrukturarbetet i tre svenska regioner med skilda förutsättningar. Vidare undersöks vilka möjligheter och utmaningar de tre regionerna kan möta i grönstrukturarbetet. Regionerna i fråga är Region Jönköpings län, Region Skåne och Region Stockholm. Materialet samlas in genom kvalitativa intervjuer med tjänstepersoner från respektive region samt Boverket, vidare genomförs även dokumentanalys av regionernas strategidokument. Studiens resultat visar att regionernas arbetssätt till viss del skiljer sig åt utifrån organisatoriska samt geografiska förutsättningar. Vidare uppmärksammas att dessa arbetssätt medför flertalet möjligheter och utmaningar gällande bland annat ansvarsfördelning, kompetens, samverkan och hållbar utveckling. / In recent decades, the world has experienced intensive urbanization. The utilization of greenareas brings negative effects for the green structure. To reach a sufficient management of green structure at the local level guidance from the regional level is required. This study is produced in collaboration with Region Jönköpings län and aims to investigate and compare green structure planning in three Swedish regions. The regions included are Region Jönköpings län, Region Skåne and Region Stockholm. The empirical data is gathered through qualitative interviews with representatives from each region and Boverket, additionally studies of the regional strategic planning documents. The results show that regions methods in management differ to some extent based on organizational and geographical conditions. Furthermore, attention is drawn to the fact that these methods entail several opportunities and challenges regarding for instance responsibility, comptetens, cooperation and sustainable development.