M.Tech. (Architectural Technology) / The City of Johannesburg has no formal recycling strategy and waste is simply dumped as collected in designated landfill sites. Yet these landfill sites, reportedly, will be good for no more than another eight years. Throughout the city there is an informal network of waste collectors commonly known as trolley pushers who, together with the private buy-back and recycle centres, form the only real system of recycling in Johannesburg. There is no infrastructure for the trolley pushers, men and women who perform a vital function. There are no dedicated spaces and very little tolerance from the residents of Johannesburg. The trolley pushers sleep amongst their collection of waste, or travel far to start each day in the very early hours of the morning. They roll their improvised trolleys full of goods in the street among the traffic of commuters, hindering and being hindered. They store their messy waste, when they can in unsafe and public spaces, such as under bridges and on the side of some roads. Storage is such a problem for trolley pushers that often they’re forced to sell their goods as soon as they collect them, when the fluctuating prices may be too low. They are always essentially at the mercy of the privately-owned buyback centres. Their days are long and they have no ablution facilities, no designated space to catch their breath, eat, obtain drinking water, network or socialise. This project is about changing that by facilitating the informal recycling sector, providing the convenient infrastructure without formalising the process. The term ‘convenient’ in this context encompasses spaces close to the buy-back centre, with low tech, low maintenance, mixed-use facilities. These facilities include secure sorting and storage spaces, sleeping, ablution and social spaces. The essence of this project is to encourage, empower and improve work and income potential in the informal waste recycling sector through simple, appropriate architectural interventions that are essentially selfmaintaining.

Groat oil content and composition are important quality traits in oats (Avena sativa L). These traits are controlled by many genes with additive effects. The chromosomal regions containing these genes, known as quantitative trait loci (QTL), can be discovered through their close association with markers. This study investigated total oil content and fatty acid components in an oat breeding population derived from a cross between high oil ('Dal') and low oil ('Exeter') parents. A genetic map consisting of 475 DArT (Diversity Array Technology) markers spanning 1271.8 cM across 40 linkage groups was constructed. QTL analysis for groat oil content and composition was conducted using grain samples grown at Aberdeen, ID in 1997. QTL analysis for multiple agronomic traits was also conducted using data collected from hill plots and field plots in Ottawa, ON in 2010. QTLs for oil content, palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1), linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) were identified. Two of the QTLs associated with oil content were also associated with all of the fatty acids examined in this study, and most oil-related QTL showed similar patterns of effect on the fatty acid profile. These results suggest the presence of pleiotropic effects on oil-related traits through influences at specific nodes of the oil synthesis pathway. In addition, 12 QTL-associated markers (likely representing nine unique regions) were associated with plant height, heading date, lodging, and protein content. The results of this study will provide information for molecular breeding as well as insight into the genetic mechanisms controlling oil biosynthesis in oat.

Este estudo tem por objetivo verificar qual a percepção ambiental dos gestores de meios de hospedagem no município de Caxias do Sul (RS), com relação à qualidade ambiental e sua importância na operacionalização das próprias atividades. A técnica empregada para a coleta de dados foi a entrevista estruturada, embasada num roteiro de 44 questões. Foram feitas entrevistas com 21 sujeitos (gestores de meios de hospedagem). Os resultados demonstram que 76,19% das indicações dos sujeitos revelam estar desinformados sobre o gerenciamento de práticas ambientais em meios de hospedagem e assuntos gerais relacionados às questões ambientais; possibilitam ainda evidenciar a relação direta entre nível geral de informação dos sujeitos entrevistados e o grau de escolaridade. Os resultados permitiram identificar lacunas nos programas de ensino e na gestão ambiental, na área de turismo e hotelaria, quando o assunto é responsabilidade com o meio ambiente, conhecimento e cumprimento da legislação ambiental; bem como a relação existente entre a percepção ambiental e as intenções de conduta dos gestores de meios de hospedagem. Em síntese, para que a percepção ambiental desses gestores seja efetiva, propõe-se a modernização dos cursos de turismo e hotelaria com a inserção da dimensão ambiental, bem como, a intervenção junto a eles, no que diz respeito a atividades de sensibilização para hóspedes e funcionários, informações sobre a legislação ambiental, responsabilidade das atividades hoteleiras em relação ao impacto ambiental das mesmas e, ao planejamento do turismo contemplando a variável ambiental. / The objective of this study is to verify the environmental perception of the managers of lodging establishments in Caxias do Sul (RS), regarding environmental quality and its importance in the operationalization of their own activities. A structured interview based on a script of 44 questions applied to 21 people (lodging establishment managers) was the technique used for data collection. Results show that 76.19% of interviewees revealed to be uninformed about management of environmental practices in lodging establishments and also general matters related to environmental issues. It is also possible to identify a direct relationship between general knowledge and education of the interviewees. Results have lead to the identification of gaps in teaching programs and in environmental management in the areas of Tourism and Hotel Management, regarding environmental responsibility, acknowledgement and complying with environmental laws. It was also possible to identify the relationship between environmental perception and conduct intentions from managers of lodging establishments. In synthesis, in order to these managers have an effective environmental perception, we propose an update on Tourism and Hotel Management courses with the insertion of environmental aspects, as well as interventions concerning sensibilization activities to guests and staff, information regarding environmental legislation, responsibility to hotel activities relating to its environmental impact and tourism planning, taking into consideration the environment variable.

La presente investigación tiene como finalidad evidenciar los cambios originados por la incursión de Airbnb en los servicios de la industria de alojamiento. La metodología usada fue la revisión bibliográfica de libros, tesis, artículos científicos y publicaciones de fuentes académicas. Acerca del tema investigado, la información encontrada evidencia que los hoteles han reaccionado realizando segmentación y especialización en un tipo específico de turista y han añadido valor en los servicios a través de experiencias que buscan quedar grabadas en los recuerdos de los turistas. Respecto a Airbnb, las investigaciones encontradas evidencian que actualmente está creciendo de manera acelerada por el uso de la economía colaborativa, la cual se basa en compartir la creación, producción, distribución y consumo de bienes y servicios entre diferentes personas y empresas haciendo uso de los avances tecnológicos como medio para realizar transacciones. También, a la creciente tendencia por parte de los millennials que son la población que hace mayor uso de Airbnb y esto se relaciona al hecho de la valoración de precios accesible, conocer la cultura local y obtener una mayor información del lugar que se visita. En conclusión, actualmente los hoteles han implementado estrategias que buscan reducir los cambios generados por los nuevos modelos de negocio como Airbnb, usando la segmentación y especialización en un tipo de turista, realizando inversiones en modelos de economía híbrida, paquetes y promociones de servicios que incluyen el hospedaje, alquiler de habitaciones por horas, inversión en mayor tecnología y apertura de hoteles económicos. / The current investigation aims to show the changes caused by Airbnb's incursion into the services of the hospitality industry. The methodology used was the bibliographic review of books, theses, scientific articles and publications from academic sources. Regarding the investigated topic, the found information shows that hotels have reacted by segmentation and specialization in a specific type of tourist and have added value in services through experiences that seek to be recorded in the memories of tourists. Regarding Airbnb, the investigations found show that it is currently growing at an accelerated rate due to the use of the collaborative economy, which is based on sharing the creation, production, distribution and consumption of goods and services between different people and companies making use of the technological advances as a means to carry out transactions. Also, to the growing trend of millennials who are the population that makes the most use of Airbnb and this is related to the fact of accessible price valuation, knowing the local culture and obtaining more information about the place that is visited. In conclusion, hotels have currently implemented strategies that seek to reduce the changes generated by new business models such as Airbnb, using segmentation and specialization in a type of tourist, making investments in hybrid economy models, packages and promotions of services that include lodging, renting rooms by the hour, investing in more technology and opening cheap hotels. / Trabajo de investigación

Most hostels are being redeveloped through the Hostel Redevelopment Programme from single sex accommodation to rental (family) units. The study was conducted on the City Deep and Nobuhle Hostel Redevelopment Projects as implemented in the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality (COJMM). Hostel Redevelopment Projects proved to contribute positively towards addressing the challenges and housing shortages in Johannesburg, Gauteng Province. There is a need for Government to plan other projects concurrently with the Hostel Redevelopment Projects as an attempt to deal with the displacees resulting from the Hostel Redevelopment Projects. Furthermore, there is also a need to redevelop each hostel in its totality as opposed to only a few phases of improvement. There is also a need for Government (COJMM) to design frameworks that will guide any proposed Hostel Redevelopment Project as an attempt to achieve uniformity. These frameworks need to include the management of the final product. Lastly, Government should make funding for the maintenance of public hostels available prior to hostels being redeveloped. / Public Administration / M. Tech. (Public Management)

Lentil (Lens culinaris Med.) is an important component of the human diet in the world, but in the meantime, Europe produces only 26% of the lentils it consumes. This is partly due to strong agronomic weaknesses that reduce yield such as lodging, bruchid beetles and weeds, especially in organic farming. Intercropping, the simultaneous growing of two or more species in the same field is tested here as an option to reduce these drawbacks and develop organic lentil production. The aims of this thesis were to (1) assess the potential of lentil-spring wheat intercrops to produce organic lentil, (2) understand the mechanisms that explain their performances, and (3) evaluate the profitability of such intercrops. A two-year field experiment was carried out in southwestern France in 2015 and 2016 under organic farming rules. Four lentil and two wheat cultivars were grown as sole crops and intercrops in multiple additive and substitutive designs. Our results showed that the total intercrop attainable grain yield was higher than the mean of sole crops. Yet, lentil yield in intercrop was lower than in sole crop as the result of a strong competition for resources from wheat in early lentil growth stages reducing the number of branches per plant of lentil. This led to lower gross margins of intercrops. However, lentil lodging was strongly reduced in intercrops thus its mechanical harvest efficiency increased. This led to similar mechanically harvested yields of lentil in intercrop and sole crop. Consequently, after mechanical harvest and grain cleaning, the marketable gross margin of intercrops was higher than that of sole crops. Our results suggest that (1) intercrop had no effect on bruchids, (2) the most effective intercrop is when lentil is at sole crop density and wheat at 15-20%, (3) intercrop performance is due to complementary use of N pools through legume N2 fixation and (4) the intensity of interspecific interactions depends on year, wheat density and genotypes. Our work indicates that lentil-spring wheat intercrop can develop organic lentil production but a better understanding of Genotype x Environment x Cropping system interactions may be useful to design optimized managements.

Lodging poses a serious limitation to successful economic production of small grain cereals and can lead to extensive yield and quality losses. Plant growth regulators (PGR's) that reduce plant height and lodging have been employed in management systems in Europe and the United States, however, these compounds have not been evaluated on commercial cultivars of wheat, barley and oats in South Africa. Current recommendations to reduce lodging include limiting N inputs, seeding rates and critical irrigations, all of which may also limit yield potential and grain quality. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of two common stem-elongation-inhibiting PGR's (chlormequat chloride and ethephon) on the growth, development, and agronomic characteristics of wheat, barley and oats. The aim of the study was to introduce an additional component of intensive cereal management in the form of PGR's, and to allow producers to implement intensive production practices without incurring losses due to lodging. Field trials were conducted with each of the three cereal crops in the 2003 and 2004 seasons at Vaalharts and Bethlehem. The PGR's were applied separately and in combination with each other to lodging-tolerant and -susceptible cultivars (wheat and oats) at different stages of development (tillering, elongation, flag leaf stage). The PGR's were also tested in combination with different levels of N (barley) applied at the haulm elongation stage, the flag leaf stage, or both. The PGR chlormequat produced negligible effects on plant height, lodging, yield, or quality components in all of the tested cultivars . Ethephon and the PGR combination successfully reduced plant height (by 120 to 150mm) and lodging (by 25 to 94%) when applied to the lodging susceptible cultivars of wheat and oats at the flag leaf stage or as a split application to the barley cultivar "Puma" (plant height and lodging reduced by 180 to 230mm and 83 to 92% respectively). Effects on grain yield were variable, ranging from occasional reductions (by 3 t ha(-1) and improvements (by 1 t ha(-1) with the barley, and no effects with the wheat and oats. Wheat quality parameters such as protein content and hectolitre mass were improved by 2 and 4% respectively. However, the nature of the responses was highly dependent on the times of application with later applications producing the greatest positive effects on quality, yield and lodging reductions. Additionally, ethephon and the PGR combination allowed higher levels of N to be employed without increases in lodging of barley. Generally, ethephon and the PGR combination applied at the flag leaf stage of growth are suitable anti-lodging tools for small grain cereal production and should be employed as an insurance measure against lodging in intensive management systems. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.

Submitted by Cristina Moura (crismoura81@gmail.com) on 2014-03-24T17:36:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DESAFIOS DA GESTÃO SUSTÉNTAVEL EM MEIOS DE HOSPEDAGEM.pdf: 1509317 bytes, checksum: c64f92d91f9791852d99f6f0838b8491 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by PAMELA BELTRAN TONSA (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2014-03-24T17:44:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DESAFIOS DA GESTÃO SUSTÉNTAVEL EM MEIOS DE HOSPEDAGEM.pdf: 1509317 bytes, checksum: c64f92d91f9791852d99f6f0838b8491 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-03-24T18:29:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DESAFIOS DA GESTÃO SUSTÉNTAVEL EM MEIOS DE HOSPEDAGEM.pdf: 1509317 bytes, checksum: c64f92d91f9791852d99f6f0838b8491 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / This research aims to analyze how lodging facilities can contribute to the promotion of sustainable actions in their supply chain. According to previous studies, hotels and others lodgings managed to influence their suppliers to adopt sustainable practices in their processes. Thus were listed the following specific objectives: to verify sustainable actions in the lodging facilities (in social, economic and environmental sphere) and identify which one there are more actions and activities; analyze the reasons that led them to adopt such practices and which benefits they can reach; and also analyze difficulties in performing sustainable actions and, finally, to examine whether this actions influence other parts of the lodging supply chain to adopt sustainable practices. For this purpose, the following concepts will be explained: sustainable development; tourism, passing by mass and sustainable tourism and also how they can relate; tourism supply chain and its possible representations, and finally, lodging facilities and their classifications in Brazil. The research strategy applied was case study, using within-case analysis as a method. This study was conducted at Sao Paulo’s North Coast, which includes Ubatuba, Caraguatatuba, São Sebastião and Ilhabela cities. The study found that the lodging facilities in this region perform some sustainable practices, and most of it falls on the environmental dimension. However, these practices are still very incipient and made without technical support. On the influence of the supply chain, it was found that most managers do not thought about extending this sustainable practices to suppliers. The ones who considered this possibility claim that lack the size needed. In other words, companies researched are small and medium-sized and they cannot put pressure on its stakeholders. Therefore, it can be said that even in a coastal area where the main activity is tourism - and the attractions are natural beauties that need to be preserved - sustainable development is still an issue that needs to be understood, disseminated and encouraged. / Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar de que maneira os meios de hospedagem podem contribuir para o incentivo de ações sustentáveis na sua cadeia de suprimentos. Segundo estudos anteriores, os meios de hospedagem são capazes de influenciar fornecedores a adotarem práticas sustentáveis em seus processos. Deste modo, este estudo busca analisar de que maneira os MHs podem contribuir para o incentivo de ações sustentáveis na sua cadeia de suprimentos. Para isso, os seguintes objetivos específicos foram listados: verificar a existência de ações sustentáveis nos meios de hospedagem nos âmbitos social, econômico e ambiental e identificar em qual dos três existem mais ações e atividades realizadas; analisar os motivos que levaram os mesmos a adotar tais práticas e seus benefícios; analisar as dificuldades dos empreendimentos em realizar ações sustentáveis e, por fim, analisar se tais ações influenciam ou alcançam outras partes da cadeia de suprimentos do meio de hospedagem a adotar práticas sustentáveis. Para alcançar estes objetivos, serão abordados os conceitos de desenvolvimento sustentável e suas principais definições contidas na literatura pertinente; conceito de turismo, abordando o turismo de massa e o sustentável e como eles se relacionam; a cadeia de suprimento do turismo e suas possíveis representações e, finalmente, as principais definições de meios de hospedagem e as classificações existentes no Brasil. A estratégia de pesquisa utilizada foi o estudo de caso, sendo o within-case escolhido como método de análise. O estudo foi realizado no Litoral Norte de São Paulo que inclui as cidades de Ubatuba, Caraguatatuba, São Sebastião e Ilhabela. A região foi propícia para a pesquisa por possui 80% do território coberto por Mata Atlântica e ter o turismo como uma das principais atividades econômicas. Como resultados, o estudo verificou que os meios de hospedagem desta região executam algumas práticas sustentáveis, sendo que a maior parte delas recai sobre a dimensão ambiental. Entretanto, estas práticas ainda são bastante incipientes e feitas sem acompanhamento técnico. Quanto à influência na cadeia de suprimentos, foi verificado que a maioria dos gestores não pensou em estender as ações sustentáveis a seus fornecedores e, os que cogitaram esta ideia, alegam que não possuem o porte necessário. Por serem de pequeno e médio porte não conseguem exercer pressão sobre seus stakeholders. Deste modo, pode-se dizer que, mesmo em uma região litorânea onde a principal atividade é o turismo - e os atrativos são belezas naturais que precisam ser preservadas - a adoção de práticas sustentáveis em meios de hospedagem ainda é um assunto que precisa ser compreendido, divulgado e incentivado.

Most hostels are being redeveloped through the Hostel Redevelopment Programme from single sex accommodation to rental (family) units. The study was conducted on the City Deep and Nobuhle Hostel Redevelopment Projects as implemented in the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality (COJMM). Hostel Redevelopment Projects proved to contribute positively towards addressing the challenges and housing shortages in Johannesburg, Gauteng Province. There is a need for Government to plan other projects concurrently with the Hostel Redevelopment Projects as an attempt to deal with the displacees resulting from the Hostel Redevelopment Projects. Furthermore, there is also a need to redevelop each hostel in its totality as opposed to only a few phases of improvement. There is also a need for Government (COJMM) to design frameworks that will guide any proposed Hostel Redevelopment Project as an attempt to achieve uniformity. These frameworks need to include the management of the final product. Lastly, Government should make funding for the maintenance of public hostels available prior to hostels being redeveloped. / Public Administration and Management / M. Tech. (Public Management)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The common bean is a basic food of Brazilian diet, with great importance in many regions of the country because of economic and/or nutritional reasons. Genetic variability related to the grain yield, morphologic, phenologic and nutritional traits, and others, makes possible the use of genetic improvement and gain genetic can be maximized when adequate methodologies are used to obtain segregant populations and selection of lines. So, the purposes of this study were to evaluate the efficiency of the Genealogic and Single Seed Descent (SSD) methods in the obtained of segregating populations and evaluate direct selection, indirect selection, classical index (SMITH, 1936; HAZEL, 1943), base index (WILLIANS, 1962), parameter and weight free index (ELSTON, 1963), desired gains index (PESEK; BAKER, 1969), multiplicative index (SUBANDI et al., 1973) and rank summation index (MULAMBA; MOCK, 1978) in the identification of common bean families with higher grain yield, morphologic and phenologic desirable traits and higher calcium and iron contents in the seeds. For that, an amount of 272 families from F7 generation 136 families obtained by the Genealogic method with selection in segregant generations for grain yield, 136 families obtained by the SSD method, and 17 registered cultivars to be grown in Rio Grande do Sul state were evaluated in simple lattice model 17 x 17. Through the Genealogic method we obtained a higher number of families with high grain yield, early cycle and a lower general adaptation note (better adaptation). The SSD method was efficient by selection the higher grain yield, higher number of families with the lowest lodging grade (erect type), higher insertion height of first pod and higher calcium and iron contents in seeds. Correlations unfavorable to the interests of improvement were observed between the characters grain yield and height insertion of first pod and calcium and iron content in seeds. The classical index (SMITH, 1936; HAZEL, 1943), the base index (WILLIANS, 1962) and the multiplicative index (SUBANDI et al., 1973) can provide higher genetic progress common bean lines showing high similarity between the selected lines. / O feijão é um alimento básico na dieta dos brasileiros, com importância significativa em diversas regiões do país por razões econômicas e/ou nutricionais. Variabilidade genética com relação à produtividade de grãos, aos caracteres morfológicos, fenológicos e nutricionais possibilita a utilização do melhoramento genético e ganhos podem ser obtidos quando forem utilizadas metodologias adequadas na condução das populações segregantes e na seleção de linhagens. Desta forma, os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a eficiência dos métodos Genealógico e Descendente de uma Única Semente (SSD) na condução das populações segregantes e avaliar a seleção direta, seleção indireta, índice clássico (SMITH, 1936; HAZEL, 1943), índice base (WILLIANS, 1962), índice livre de peso e parâmetros (ELSTON, 1963), índice baseado nos ganhos desejados (PESEK; BAKER, 1969), índice multiplicativo (SUBANDI et al., 1973) e índice baseado em soma de ranks (MULAMBA; MOCK, 1978) na identificação de famílias de feijão com maior produtividade de grãos, com caracteres morfológicos e fenológicos desejáveis e maior teor de cálcio e de ferro nas sementes. Para tanto, um total de 272 famílias em geração F7 - 136 famílias conduzidas pelo método Genealógico com seleção nas gerações segregantes para a produtividade de grãos e 136 famílias conduzidas pelo método SSD, além de 17 cultivares registradas para cultivo no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, foram avaliadas em delineamento látice simples 17 x 17. Pelo método Genealógico se obteve maior número de famílias com alta produtividade de grãos, de ciclo precoce e com menor nota geral de adaptação (melhor adaptação). O método SSD foi eficiente para a seleção de maior número de famílias com as menores notas de acamamento (porte ereto), as maiores alturas de inserção de primeira vagem e os maiores teores de cálcio e de ferro nas sementes. Correlações desfavoráveis ao interesse do melhoramento foram observadas entre os caracteres produtividade de grãos, altura de inserção da primeira vagem e teores de cálcio e de ferro nas sementes. O índice clássico (SMITH, 1936; HAZEL, 1943), o índice base (WILLIANS, 1962) e o índice multiplicativo (SUBANDI et al., 1973) podem propiciar progresso genético superior na seleção de linhagens de feijão apresentando elevada coincidência entre as linhagens selecionadas.