Uppsatsen handlar om hur män som arbetar i äldreomsorgens särskilda boendeformer som baspersonal upplever sitt arbete, med fokus på minoritetspositionen. I uppsatsen redovisas en kvalitativ intervju med fyra män i åldrarna 25-42 år. Intervjuerna har utgått från teman som beskriver situationer där genus skapas. Intervjuerna har sedan analyserats ur ett organisationsteoretiskt samt ur ett maskulinitetsperspektiv. Analysen visar på att männen i allmänhet trivdes bra, och att omsorgsyrket upplevdes som meningsfullt. Samtidigt uppmärksammas en komplex situation, då männen åt ena sidan inte ser någon skillnad på sig själva gentemot sina kvinnliga kollegor arbetsplatsen, men samtidigt visar resultaten finns en tydlig skiljelinje mellan männen och kvinnorna. Det framgår av resultaten att såväl kvinnorna som männen själva är delaktiga i och intresserade av att skapa denna gräns. Männen ser sig själva som skapare av kontroll och ordning, men generaliseras lätt till ”lyftkranar”, eller ”tekniska experter”. Studien visar även på att männen kan uppleva utanförskap, men att detta i viss mån är självvalt. Samtidigt tycks männen uppskatta särartspositionen, då de inte önskar fler manliga kollegor. Resultaten visar att relationen och förhållningssättet gentemot manliga kollegor kan vara väl så komplicerat som med kvinnliga kollegor.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka konstruktioner av maskulinitet i förståelsen av och inställningen till jämställdhetsfrågor. Den process där jämställdhetsbegreppet görs förståeligt och relevant för anställda på en teknisk högskola fokuseras sätts i relation till konstruktioner av maskulinitet. Argument för jämställdhetsarbete problematiseras. Studien bygger på sex intervjuer med fyra manliga och två kvinnliga anställda på en teknisk högskola. Maskulinitetskonstruktioner i intervjupersonernas utsagor undersöks och slutligen diskuteras på vilket sätt förståelsen av jämställdhet kan påverka förutsättningarna för att skapa en mer jämställd arbetsplats. I studien förekommer en föreställning av manliga grupper som likriktade, mindre framgångsrika och tråkiga att arbeta i. Den här föreställningen hänger samman med en syn på män och kvinnor som olika. Den utgår ifrån en heterosexuell norm där attraktion mellan kvinnor och män upplevs tillföra något i arbetsmiljön. Det finns tecken på en sexualisering av kvinnors kroppar i arbetsmiljön när mäns relation till sexuella trakasserier berörs. En avsexualisering av relationer mellan män underlättar för nära yrkesrelationer mellan män samtidigt som en sexualisering av yrkesrelationer mellan män och kvinnor försvårar för till exempel kvinnliga doktorander som befinner sig i ett beroendeförhållande till manliga handledare. Uppfattningen om att jämställdhet är bra för kvalitén på arbetet förs fram av flera manliga intervjupersoner men argumentet visar sig oftast bygga på en uppfattning om könens olikhet. Frånvaron av helhetsperspektiv på jämställdhetsfrågan fragmentiserar jämställdhetsanalysen och skapar inkonsekventa förhållningssätt. / The purpose of this paper is to look at how masculinity is constructed in the understanding of and attitudes towards gender equality. The way gender equality is interpreted and made conceivable and relevant to the employees at a university of technology is focused on along with how it is related to constructions of masculinity. Arguments for working with gender equality are explored. This thesis is based on six interviews with four men and two women who are employees at a university of technology. The aim of these interviews has been to examine constructions of masculinity in the narratives of the informants. The consequences of their view on gender equality for the possibility of creating an equal workplace are discussed. One construction of masculinity observable in the study is the idea of male groups being less successful and boring to work with in comparison with mixed groups. The conception of boring men relies on the idea of men and women as different. It is based on a normative heterosexuality where heterosexual attraction is desirable on a workplace. Women’s bodies are to some extent sexualised when men’s relations to sexual harassment are discussed. Relationships between men are understood as nonsexual which makes close working relationships easier among men. Working relationships between men and women are understood as complicated due to heterosexual attraction which may cause difficulties for female doctoral students in their dependent position towards male supervisors. Several of the interviewed men regard increased quality to be an argument for and a result of gender equality, though this idea appears to assume that the sexes are different. A lack of an overall picture results in an inconsistent understanding of gender equality.

Abstract Title: Correlation between the levels of education and conformity to traditional masculine norms Authors: Larsson, M., & Ljungqvist, D. (2008) Objective: This study is an attempt to explain correlations between the levels of education and conformity to traditional masculine norms. It is mainly based on the social construction of gender. Background: A high level of education is associated with a healthy living, and a high conformity to traditional masculine norms associated with harmful health behaviours. The background also presents different views of masculinity, the construction of gender and the construction of norms. It also reflects about the recruitment to higher education. Methods: A questionnaire with three diffrent variables: level of education, number of years working after last graduation and a total score of the 22-item Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory, CMNI, which measures eleven different norms. 51 questionnaires from one particular arena were filled in for this study. The participants were all male and could be divided into three groups, by level of education. Results: The findings indicate that the average CMNI-score tends to decline with a higher level of education. It also indicates that, even if there is a difference in the average CMNI-score between the groups, it tends to correlate over time. Discussion: The present study proposes in the discussion that the social background is linked with the level of education, and goes on with theories of the creation of norms early in life. Furthermore, it focuses on the social environment of the workplace and its influence on the men working there.

This examination project examines how masculinity and class affect upper secondary school guys relations towards school and education. The purpose of my project is to expand the understanding of why there is a relation between class, sex and results in studies. The examination is made according to the focusgroup method where two groupinterviews where made. One of the group consist of four guys from a practical upper secondary education and the other consist of four guys from a theoretical upper secondary education. As it shows in the resultchapter the groups also have a different class background.   The result is best understood as a cycle where class strengthen masculinities in different ways, different masculinities have different conditions in the schoolcontext, masculinities and school are factors that strengthen the class differences. In the result I show that both groups have similar view on what to consider masculine, but the guys from the theoretical group point out masculinitie as something negative in opposite to the guys from the practical group. The idea that schoolwork is something unmasculine is clear in the answers from the theoretical group but the same idea can not be found in the answers from the practical group. The attitude towards school and education separates the groups most clearly in the attitude towards university studies. The answers indicate that teachers are one factor to why the attitude towards schoolwork differed so widely between the groups.   In the ending a discussion is held about how school helps to maintain the patriarchy and class differences and how to counteract it.

Men and women in advertising - a study of the ads in the magazines Café and Elle is an essay in media and communication studies covering 15hp. The author examines what is considered masculinity and femininity in a variety of advertisements, and which products are linked to masculinity and femininity. Besides this, the author also examines the production of happiness, and how this may differ between men and women. Although stereotypes, myths and metaphors are examined. The essay is examined on the basis of gender theory, and theories about stereotypes and myths. This is examined by using both a less extensive quantitative approach and a more detailed qualitative method. Semiotics is the qualitative method used, which include denotation and connotation that is used as some of the tools. The result of the study shows that masculinity and femininity is something that is separate from each other. Different stereotypes, myths and metaphors could also be found in the material. One of the conclusions is that while masculinity seems to be something that is associated with doing something, femininity seems to be something that is associated with being something. Also happiness is something that differs between men and women.

Studien bygger på en analys av RFSL:s informationsmaterial riktat till män som har sex med män (MSM), om hur de ska skydda sig mot hiv. Oftast vid hiv- och aidskampanjer ligger fokus på att avskräcka folk från att ha sex medan materialet i denna studie uppmanar individen till att ha sex. Det beror på att RFSL är medvetna om att det inte går att använda sig av olika skrämseltekniker för att avskräcka folk från att ha sex. Istället är deras budskap att ha säkrare sex och testa sig regelbundet så att individen är medveten om sin status. De metoder som har använts för att analysera materialet är innehållsanalys samt semiotik. De teorietiska perspektiven som är utgångspunkterna i denna studie är; heteronormativitet, hegemonisk maskulinitet och intersektionalitet. Alla tre teorier beskriver och granskar de strukturer som finns i samhället samt i dess institutioner. Dessa perspektiv har valts därför att de kompletterar varandra på ett bra sätt och är relevanta för studiens syfte.

The current paper is a study of the character Christian Grey in the EL James trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey. The main aim is to find out how masculinity, sexuality and gender are constructed in this erotic fantasy. More over terms as femininity, unmanliness and gender have relevance to the study. Several studies have been done on romance novels and Harlequin in particular from a gender perspective, but few of them from a masculine point of view. Hence, no earlier study has been done on Fifty Shades of Grey with masculinity studies as the main tool of masculinity, or with theories of romance. The novels have been read and analysed with studies of the romance literature and masculinity as the main tool of analysis. The result shows that the character Christian Grey is ambivalent towards femininity and has a fear of losing control. And from this point of view the novels problematize patriarchy, male control and superiority.

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Syftet med uppsatsen är att utifrån teorier om hegemonisk maskulinitet och homosocialitet studera hur normer för maskulinitet reproduceras i tre svenska populära podcasts. Uppsatsen innehåller tre frågeställningar som är följande: Hur förhandlas maskulinitetsnormer hos Alex & Sigge, Filip & Fredrik och Luuk & Lokko?, genom vilka rollprestationer upprätthålls eller omförhandlas normer för hegemoniska maskulinitetsideal? och vad innehåller dessa podcasts för specifika strukturer och hur återfinns maskuliniteter i detta innehåll? Mitt teoretiska och analytiska perspektiv grundar sig i forskning om maskulinitetsprocesser och hegemonisk maskulinitet. Vidare utvecklar jag mitt teoretiska ramverk med genreteoretiska anknytningar där den ideologiska funktionen inom dessa blir central. Analysen består av samtalscitat från mitt material där jag transkriberat relevanta delar för att kunna gå nära texten. Ut efter tematiseringar grundade på huvudpersonernas relationer till varandra och till personer utanför texten analyserar jag sedan mitt material i två delar. Maskuliniteten konstrueras i och med olika rollprestationer som huvudpersonerna sätter i spel gentemot varandra och andra. Dessa rollprestationer blir talande i min analys och bidrar till min slutdiskussion. Sammanfattningsvis avslutar jag med en slutdiskussion där jag anknyter till mitt teoretiska ramverk och diskuterar vilka maskulinitetsnormer som är rådande inom min text. Jag lyfter även det teoretiska perspektivet till en större samhällelig kontext i och med att jag anser att maskulinitetsnormer ingår i ideologiska strukturer i samhället. / The purpose of this paper is: based on theories of hegemonic masculinity and homosociality to, study how masculinity is reproduced in three popular Swedish podcasts. The paper contains three research questions: Which values around masculinity exists and is represented in the three podcasts that I have chosen? How is masculinity represented based on defined performances of Alex & Sigge, Filip & Fredrik and Luuk & Lokko? What content does these podcasts have and which specific structures around masculinity is found in this content? My theoretical and analytical perspectives are based on research in masculinity representations and hegemonic masculinity. Furthermore, I develop my theoretical framework with genre theories, where the ideological functions of these become central. The analysis consists of conversation quotes from my material, which I transcribed the relevant parts in order to get close to the text. I have thematically constructed two levels of analysis based on the characters' relationships to each other and to the persons outside the text. Masculinity is constructed with various performances by the main characters put in play against each other and others. These performances will be critical in my analysis and contribute to my final discussion. In the chapter called conclusion I end with a final discussion, in which I relate to my theoretical framework, and discuss which masculinity values that are present in my text. I also broaden my theoretical perspective to a larger social context, in that I believe masculinity norms are included in the ideological structures of society.

The aim of this study has been to examine, describe and analyze how masculinities can be represented and understood among boys in a Swedish primary school context. The study was conducted within a school located in a small community on the country side. Through the use of a qualitative research design we interviewed 13 boys from the fifth grade of this school, who all got to express and reason their perspectives of what it meant to them to be a boy in primary school and how that could impact their social life. For a wider understanding of the different dimensions of masculinity we used R.W. Connell's (2008) theoretical framework, hegemonic masculinity, which implies that there are multiple definitions of masculinities that are constructed in relation to each other in a hierarchical order. Hereby every man is positioned in a hierarchical order depending on to which degree he embodies the ideal conceptions of how a man should be within the specific context. These ideal conceptions are further more constantly changing and therefore alter through both time and space. The results of this study could show that ideals more commonly related to the concept of being a man from a regional perspective in society also could be found in the specific and local school context. In line with previous studies, this research could also indicate that boys who deviate to far from the existing ideal conceptions of how a boy should be, was combined with a much greater risk of being excluded from the fellowship among the boys in the class. This was made identifiably distinctive in cases where boys surpassed the masculine ideals and instead practiced such ideals that were more commonly associated with girls. The study could also show that in order to reach a high level of status as a boy in school seemed to imply that you had to adapt to the norms being set by the dominating group. This concludes that the dominating group of boys in the class also, to a high degree, was in power of controlling and changing the ideals that all the other boys then in some ways had to relate to.