The bamboo is a tropical, renewable, perennial culture of fast growth and with several uses. However, its use and research is moistly restricted to Asian countries. In Brazil the demand for bamboo has increased in the last years. From November 2005 to September 2006, experiments were carried out with the objective to evaluate the ability of Guadua angustifolia to produce new plants from cuttings of secondary branches and clump division of two years seedlings. There were evaluated the sprouting and rooting capacity of cuttings with 1, 2 or 3 nodes that had been collected from secondary branches of the apical, middle or basal parts of the bamboo plants. It was also evaluated the effect of 0,500,1000 and 1500 mg. Kg -1 de AIB applied on the cuttings planted in sand, coconut fiber or a compost formed by sand + coconut fiber + soil (1:1:1). The multiplication rate of the shoots was not influenced by the cuttings planting position, the presence of leaves or cuttings density on the planting trays. The horizontal position of the planting cuttings increased the shoot and root length. Cuttings of 2 and 3 nodes collected from the basal and middle parts of the bamboo presented greater capacity of shooting and rooting growth. The concentrations of AIB and planting bed material did not influenced the development of roots and shoots in the cuttings. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / O bambu é uma cultura predominantemente tropical, renovável, perene, de rápido crescimento e com vários usos. Porém, a sua utilização e pesquisa ainda são restritas aos países orientais. No Brasil tem aumentado a demanda por matéria prima e por pesquisas sobre bambus. No período de novembro de 2005 a setembro de 2006, foram instalados experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a capacidade de formação de mudas de bambu Guadua angustifolia pelos métodos de estaquia de ramos secundários e de desmembramento de mudas de dois anos. Nestes experimentos foram avaliadas a capacidade de multiplicação de estacas enraizadas das mudas desmembradas e a capacidade de enraizamento e formação de brotos em estacas de 1, 2 e 3 nós, retiradas de ramos secundários das partes basal, mediana e apical das plantas de bambu. Na estaquia também foi analisado o efeito das concentrações 0,500, 1000 e 1500 mg.Kg-1 de AIB e dos substratos areia lavada, fibra de coco e a mistura de areia lavada + fibra de coco + terra (na proporção de 1:1:1). A multiplicação de brotos pelo desmembramento de mudas não foi influenciada pela posição do plantio, presença de folhas e densidade de hastes; o plantio de hastes na posição horizontal aumentou o comprimento dos brotos e de suas raízes. Estacas de 2 e 3 nós retiradas das partes basal e mediana da planta presentaram maior capacidade de formação e crescimento de brotos e raízes. As concentrações de AIB e os substratos não influenciaram o desenvolvimento de raízes e brotações nas estacas.

In this dissertation we study the Lyapunov diagonal stability and its extensions through partitions of the index set {1,...,n}. This type of matrix stability plays an important role in various applied areas such as population dynamics, systems theory and complex networks. We first examine a result of Redheffer that reduces Lyapunov diagonal stability of a matrix to common diagonal Lyapunov solutions on two matrices of order one less. An enhanced statement of this result based on the Schur complement formulation is presented here along with a shorter and purely matrix-theoretic proof. We develop a number of extensions to this result, and formulate the range of feasible common diagonal Lyapunov solutions. In particular, we derive explicit algebraic conditions for a set of 2 x 2 matrices to share a common diagonal Lyapunov solution. In addition, we provide an affirmative answer to an open problem concerning two different necessary and sufficient conditions, due to Oleng, Narendra, and Shorten, for a pair of 2 x 2 matrices to share a common diagonal Lyapunov solution. Furthermore, the connection between Lyapunov diagonal stability and the P-matrix property under certain Hadamard multiplication is extended. Accordingly, we present a new characterization involving Hadamard multiplications for simultaneous Lyapunov diagonal stability on a set of matrices. In particular, the common diagonal Lyapunov solution problem is reduced to a more convenient determinantal condition. This development is based upon a new concept called P-sets and a recent result regarding simultaneous Lyapunov diagonal stability by Berman, Goldberg, and Shorten. Next, we consider various types of matrix stability involving a partition alpha of {1,..., n}. We introduce the notions of additive H(alpha)-stability and P_0(alpha)-matrices, extending those of additive D-stability and nonsingular P_0-matrices. Several new results are developed, connecting additive H(alpha)-stability and the P_0(alpha)-matrix property to the existing results on matrix stability involving alpha. We also point out some differences between these types of matrix stability and the conventional matrix stability. Besides, the extensions of results related to Lyapunov diagonal stability, D-stability, and additive D-stability are discussed. Finally, we introduce the notion of common alpha-scalar diagonal Lyapunov solutions over a set of matrices, which is a generalization of common diagonal Lyapunov solutions. We present two different characterizations of this new concept based on the well-known results for Lyapunov alpha-scalar stability [34]. The first one hinges on a general version of the theorem of the alternative, and the second one using Hadamard multiplications stems from an extension of the P-set property. Several illustrative examples and an application concerning a set of block upper triangular matrices are provided.

Seed production is an important sector in crop production with high added value. Quality seed enables to exhibit the characteristics of the grown variety and to utilize its revenue potential. The diploma thesis features an analysis of the current market situation with organic certified seed in the Czech Republic in terms of the structure of seed multiplication areas, the quantity of recognized certified seed and permitted conventional untreated seed. Further assessment deals with the need for organic certified seed compared to current production in organic farming, evaluation of the structure of currently used seed in organic farming and possible causes of the lack of organic seed are also determined, including the proposed action. The literature review focuses on environmental seed production legislation, propagation, quality and seed control. The results of this thesis suggest that organic seed is propagated in the CR in an insufficient extent, for example, in comparison with neighbouring Austria. The quantity of organic certified seed in the CR is currently insufficient and does not cover the organic farming needs for growing major crops. Farm saved seed and permitted conventional untreated seed are predominantly used to establish vegetation. Organic seed was used in the minimum quantities.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:54:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dias_jpt_me_botfca.pdf: 2425163 bytes, checksum: 11fa8bbe7cf0003639b0ab466f25c25d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Objetivou-se estudar os efeitos de citocinina e bioestimulante (citocinina/giberelina) para promover brotações em estacas de raízes e de auxina para promover a formação de raízes nessas brotações, com isso, propondo uma alternativa para a produção de mudas da amoreira-preta. O primeiro experimento constou de cinco concentrações de 6-benziloaminopurina (BAP), na forma de solução: T1= 0 mg L-1; T2= 100 mg L-1, T3= 200 mg L-1, T4= 400 mg L-1 e T5= 800 mg L-1, aplicadas em toda a estaca de raiz por imersão durante 18 horas, distribuídas em quatro repetições, sendo a parcela de 15 estacas radiciais. No segundo experimento adotou-se cinco concentrações do bioestimulante Promalin® na forma de solução: T1= 0 mg L-1; T2 = 10 mg L-1, T3= 20 mg L-1, T4= 40 mg L 1 e T5= 80 mg L-1. Posteriormente, as estacas radiciais foram mergulhadas nessas soluções durante 12 horas. Utilizaram-se sete repetições, com a parcela constituída por uma bandeja com 10 estacas radiciais, durante 70 dias. A aplicação dos reguladores vegetais, BAP e PromalinÒ, em concentrações altas inibiram o desenvolvimento de brotações em estacas radiciais de amoreira-preta e as características de desenvolvimento dessas brotações, sendo os melhores resultados alcançados sem a aplicação dos reguladores vegetais. Posteriormente, as estacas de raízes de amoreira-preta (sem aplicação de regulador vegetal) foram coletadas de plantas matrizes e colocadas em câmara de nebulização, sendo dispostas em bandejas de polietileno brancas, com casca de arroz carbonizada, conforme o melhor tratamento. Após 60 dias, procedeu-se a retirada das brotações das estacas radiciais, com o corte rente à estaca. Foi feita a seleção e padronização das estacas de brotações, sendo deixadas com altura de dez centímetros e três a quatro folhas por broto, utilizadas para a instalação do terceiro experimento... / The objective was to study the effects of cytokinin and plant growth regulators (cytokinin/gibberellin) to promote shoot growth on root cuttings and auxin to promote root formation in these shoots with that proposing an alternative for the production of seedlings of blackberry. The first experiment consisted of five concentrations of 6- benzylaminopurine (BAP): T1= 0 mg L-1, T2= 100 mg L-1, T3= 200 mg L-1, T4= 400 mg L- 1 and T5= 800 mg L-1, applied across the cutting immersed for 18 hours, divided into four replicates of plot share of 15 root cuttings. The second experiment has five Promalin ®concentrations: T1= 0 mg L-1, T2= 10 mg L-1, T3= 20 mg L-1, T4= 40 mg L-1 and T5= 80 mg L-1, then the root cuttings were dipped in these solutions for 12 hours. Seven replicates were used with the plot had a tray with 10 root cuttings during 70 days. The application of BAP and PromalinÒ in high concentrations inhibited the shoots development in root cuttings of blackberry and the best results was without the application of plant growth regulators. The root cuttings of blackberry (without aplicacation of plant growth regulator) were colleted from stock plants and placed in a mist chamber, being arranged in white polyethylene trays with carbonized rice hull, as the best treatment. After 60 days, we proceeded to the removal of the shoots, cut flush with the close root cutting. It was made the selection and standardization of shoot cuttings, being left with a height of ten inches and three to four leaves per shoot, used for the installation of the third experiment. The treatments consisted of six concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA): T1= 0 mg L-1, T2= 250 mg L-1, T3= 500 mg L-1, T4= 1000 mg L- 1, T5= 2000 mg L-1 and T6= 4000 mg L-1 applied on the basis of shoot cuttings for ten seconds, in six replication of 12 shoots, for 60 days. The highest concentrations of IBA inhibited root development... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

O fator de Dancoff, em sua formulação clássica, corrige a corrente de nêutrons incidente na superfície de uma vareta combustível devido à presença das demais varetas da célula. Alternativamente, esse fator pode ser interpretado como a probabilidade de um nêutron oriundo de uma vareta de combustível entrar em outra vareta sem colidir no moderador ou no revestimento. Para combustíveis perfeitamente absorvedores essas definições são equivalentes. Entretanto, quando se assume a hipótese de absorção parcial no combustível, essa equivalência não se verifica. Então, os fatores de Dancoff devem ser determinados em termos de probabilidades de colisão. Ao longo dos últimos anos, vários trabalhos, usando ambas as definições, vêm relatando melhorias no cálculo dos fatores Dancoff. Neste trabalho, esses fatores são determinados através do método de probabilidades de colisão para células em geometria cluster com contorno externo quadrado, assumindo-se absorção total (Black Dancoff Factors) e parcial (Grey Dancoff Factors) no combustível. A validação dos resultados é feita através de comparações com a célula cilíndrica equivalente. O cálculo é realizado considerando-se reflexão especular, para a célula quadrada, e condição de contorno difusa (white) para a célula cilíndrica equivalente. Os resultados obtidos, com o aumento do tamanho das células, evidenciam o comportamento assintótico da solução. Além disso, são computados fatores de Dancoff para as células canadenses CANDU-37 e CANFLEX por ambas as metodologias de cálculo, direta e probabilística. Finalmente, os fatores de multiplicação efetivo, keff, para as células com contorno externo quadrado e a cilíndrica equivalente, são determinados e as diferenças registradas para os casos onde se assumem as hipóteses de absorção total e parcial. / In its classical formulation, the Dancoff factor for a perfectly absorbing fuel rod is defined as the relative reduction in the incurrent of resonance neutrons into the rod in the presence of neighboring rods, as compared to the incurrent into a single fuel rod immersed in an infinite moderator. Alternatively, this factor can be viewed as the probability that a neutron emerging from the surface of a fuel rod will enter another fuel rod without any collision in the moderator or cladding. For perfectly absorbing fuel these definitions are equivalent. In the last years, several works appeared in literature reporting improvements in the calculation of Dancoff factors, using both the classical and the collision probability definitions. In this work, we step further reporting Dancoff factors for perfectly absorbing (Black) and partially absorbing (Grey) fuel rods calculated by the collision probability method, in cluster cells with square outer boundaries. In order to validate the results, comparisons are made with the equivalent cylindricalized cell in hypothetical test cases. The calculation is performed considering specularly reflecting boundary conditions, for the square lattice, and diffusive reflecting boundary conditions, for the cylindrical geometry. The results show the expected asymptotic behavior of the solution with increasing cell sizes. In addition, Dancoff factors are computed for the Canadian cells CANDU-37 and CANFLEX by the Monte Carlo and Direct methods. Finally, the effective multiplication factors, keff, for these cells (cluster cell with square outer boundaries and the equivalent cylindricalized cell) are also computed, and the differences reported for the cases using the perfect and partial absorption assumptions.

This study examines how illustrations are used to introduce the concept of multiplication in Swedish mathematics textbooks intended for use with 2nd grade students. The aim is to find out how instructions and tasks are supported by illustrations by using a sociocultural perspective on learning with focus of mediating artifacts. The findings are compared to research in the field of mathematics didactics, where the importance of teaching multiplicative structures to primary school students is emphasized. With a method that categorize illustrations, insight is gained into how well they connect to the subject content, and in addition if they show additive or multiplicative multiplication. This study also looks into the extent that students are being instructed and encouraged to illustrate their answers to the textbook assignments. Results from the analyses of four 2nd grade mathematics textbook series, show that illustrations are used to a large extent to support text and numbers in introducing multiplication, but that all books contain pictures that contradict the subject content. The results also show that the majority of the illustrations demonstrate multiplication as repeated addition. Furthermore, this study suggests that when students are encouraged to draw pictures themselves, they are in most cases not given support and instructions to draw multiplicative multiplication. Based on earlier research within this field, as well as the findings of this study, it is argued that the dominant focus on repeated addition in illustrations can trap students in patterns of additive reasoning. This can interfere with their perception and comprehension of multiplication structure, and lead to limitations of students’ further development and understanding of mathematic concepts.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T15:09:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2071363 bytes, checksum: 8dafdb2a10c4fa2a49298b57e6d7e138 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The multiplication strategy within the range of inclusion public policies from the Education Ministry - MEC, object of the present study, has been widely used in Brazil as a way of reaching all boroughs in this country of continental dimensions. According to the international guidelines, through different programs, the Education Ministry has adopted this strategy, in order to organize the multipliers formation, from boroughs that are situated in the five regions of the country. The research field of this study is specifically the Program Inclusive Education: the right to diversity - PEI: DD, established in Brazil by The Special Education Secretary Seesp-since 2003. Although this strategy has been current practice in the political actions of the federal government, the studies that hold the genesis, monitoring and knowledge of the multiplication process results in Brazil are still unknown. This investigation, conducted in the field of Cultural Studies and Inclusive Education, adopted the methodology Case Study and Grounded Theory for the theoretical construction based on data collected in the research field. Five boroughs, chosen as pole, were investigated : Salvador, Feira de Santana, Juazeiro, Vitoria da Conquista and Barreiras, from 2003 to 2008. The work was grounded on the qualitative research through the case study methodology. A total of 15 municipal representatives, one representative from the state and five, from the federal level participated in the research. The focus was a wide variety of evidences, as research techniques, besides the semi-structured interview, a survey of official documents and the change timeline were used by the participants who judged that there had been significant changes in their practice that could be associated to the Program, Media and the Research Diary- PDS, in which sensations and information were recorded under the researcher view in her research itinerary. The data were analyzed through similarities, contrasts and barriers among the boroughs that are field of the research. Considering the territorial dimension of our country, the findings indicate that there are similarities in the actions realized by the PEI boroughs: DD and the innumerable barriers inherent to the own administrative policy from the federal government that ties the multiplication agents. It also illuminates the urgency of the implementation of evaluative and comparative studies from the results of the multiplication strategy application to the public policies of inclusion, aiming to analyze its effectiveness at the national level and reset it to the local and regional reality, in addition to helping ensure the optimization of investment in improving the quality of education for all, including those with disabilities. The study also is expected to contribute to the advancement of the debate and knowledge on the area of public policies and, more specifically, the strategies of dissemination of inclusion educational policies in Brazil. / A estratégia de multiplicação no âmbito de políticas públicas de inclusão do Ministério da Educação MEC, objeto do presente estudo, vem sendo amplamente utilizada no Brasil como forma de alcançar todos os municípios de um país de dimensão continental. Em consonância com diretrizes internacionais, por meio de diferentes programas, o MEC adota essa estratégia, a partir da qual organiza a formação de multiplicadores de municípios localizados nas cinco regiões do país. O presente estudo tem como campo de pesquisa especificamente o Programa Educação Inclusiva: direito à diversidade PEI: DD, implantado no Brasil desde o ano de 2003 pela Secretaria de Educação Especial Seesp. Muito embora tal estratégia constitua prática corrente nas ações políticas do governo federal, ainda são desconhecidos os estudos que se detenham à gênese, acompanhamento e conhecimento dos resultados do processo de multiplicação no Brasil. Esta investigação, realizada no campo dos Estudos Culturais e Educação Inclusiva, adotou a metodologia Estudo de Caso e a Teoria Fundamentada para a construção teórica a partir dos dados colhidos no campo de pesquisa. Foram investigados cinco municípios-polo, a saber: Salvador, Feira de Santana, Juazeiro, Vitória da Conquista e Barreiras, no período de 2003-2008. O trabalho alicerçou-se na pesquisa qualitativa através da metodologia de estudo de caso. Participaram da pesquisa um total de 15 representantes da esfera municipal, um representante da esfera estadual e cinco representantes da esfera federal. Primando pela ampla variedade de evidências, como técnicas de pesquisa, além da entrevista semiestruturada, foram utilizados levantamento de documentos oficiais, a linha de tempo da mudança preenchida apenas pelos participantes que julgaram ter havido mudanças significativas em sua prática que pudessem estar associadas ao Programa, meios de comunicação e o Diário de Pesquisa DPq, no qual foram registradas sensações e informações colhidas sob o olhar da pesquisadora em seu itinerário de pesquisa. Os dados foram analisados através de semelhanças, contrastes e barreiras entre os municípios campo da pesquisa. Dada a dimensão territorial do país, os achados indicam que há similaridades nas ações realizadas pelos municípios do PEI: DD e inúmeras barreiras, inclusive, inerentes à própria política administrativa do governo federal, que engessam os agentes de multiplicação. Também ilumina a urgência da implementação de estudos avaliativos e comparativos dos resultados da aplicação da estratégia de multiplicação de políticas públicas de inclusão visando a analisar sua efetividade no âmbito nacional e reajustá-lo à realidade local e regional, além de contribuir para assegurar a otimização do investimento na melhoria da qualidade da educação para todos, incluindo aqueles com deficiência. Com o estudo, espera-se contribuir para o avanço do debate e conhecimento na área de políticas públicas e, mais especificamente, das estratégias de disseminação de políticas educacionais de inclusão no Brasil.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar se uma estratégia de ensino baseada em situações-problema contribui para a aprendizagem da Análise Combinatória pelos alunos da Educação de Jovens e Adultos. A sequência de ensino elaborada e implementada procurou abordar atividades que evocassem o cotidiano dos alunos e não dependessem de fórmulas previamente estudadas. A ordem em que as atividades foram propostas visou a formalização do princípio multiplicativo, como recurso a ser utilizado na resolução de problemas de contagem. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida sob a ótica de um estudo de caso, junto a uma turma de alunos dos cursos PROEJA Agroindústria e PROEJA Informática do Instituto Federal Farroupilha – Campus Alegrete, e teve como aportes teóricos a teoria do desenvolvimento cognitivo de Piaget e a teoria dos campos conceituais de Vergnaud, os quais nos forneceram subsídios para a compreensão do desenvolvimento do raciocínio combinatório e, das dificuldades apresentadas pelos alunos. O trabalho mostrou que é possível a aprendizagem de conteúdos de Análise Combinatória pelos alunos do PROEJA, através da implementação de uma sequência de ensino baseada na resolução de problemas, frente aos quais os alunos construíram diferentes estratégias de resolução que favoreceram o desenvolvimento do seu raciocínio combinatório. / The present research aimed at analyzing to what extent a teaching strategy based on contextualized problems contributes to the learning of the Combinatorial Analysis by students from Education for Young Adults and Adults (Educação de Jovens e Adultos – EJA). The teaching sequence developed and implemented comprehended activities which evoked students’ everyday life and were not dependent on previously studied formulas. The order in which the activities were proposed aimed the formalization of the multiplication principle as a resource to be used in the resolution of counting problems. The research was developed based on a case study, in a class of the National Program for integrating the Professional Education with Basic Education in the Education for Young Adults and Adults (Programa Nacional de Integração da Educação Profissional com a Educação Básica na modalidade de Educação de Jovens e Adultos – PROEJA) from the Food Technology course and the Information technology course of the Farroupilha Federal Institute in the Campus Alegrete and had as theoretical basis the theory of cognitive development by Piaget and the theory of conceptual fields by Vergnaud, which offer groundings for understanding the development of combinatorial thinking and the difficulties presented by the students. This analysis showed that learning of Combinatorial Analysis is possible for the PROEJA students, through the implementation of a teaching sequence based on the resolution of problems, against which the students built different resolution strategies favoring the development of their combinatorial thinking.

Annotation This diploma work is focused on multiplication and production of the grass seed and clovers. There is a sum of factors influencing succesful production of the seed. Main objective of my diploma work is focuse on just one of those factors which is appearance of the weed in multiplication area, problems of its cleaning and influence on quality of the seed. Nowadays is seed production very important. After the entry to EU there was a massive decline of dairy herds whereas beef cattle becoming more and more important and influencing pasture programs. Subsidy which is going into program for this kind of usage of agricultural land are very interesting. Essential for succesful use of this subsidy is always usage of certified seed of grass mixtures or its componets.