In der soziologischen Theoriebildung besteht ein weitgehender Konsens darüber, dass die theoriebildende Leitdifferenz von Handlung und Struktur nicht mehr dichotom konzeptualisiert werden kann, sondern analytisch überwunden werden muss. Die vorliegende Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die Arbeiten von Anthony Giddens und prüft, inwiefern der hierin entwickelte Ansatz eines strukturierungstheoretischen Theoriemodells die bestehenden Defizite der soziologischen Theorie überwinden kann. Hierfür werden Kategorien für einen Theorievergleich entwickelt, auf Grundlage derer die Kernannahmen der Strukturierungstheorie in sozialtheoretischer, soziologischer und analytischer Hinsicht systematisch rekonstruiert werden. Angesichts der zentralen Thesen von Giddens, wonach das bislang dualistisch bestimmte Verhältnis von Handeln und Struktur in eine wechselseitige Dualität überführt werden müsse, die soziologische Ordnungsproblematik von ihrer Norm- und Wertzentriertheit auf eine Formzentriertheit, die die Kategorien von Raum und Zeit in die Analyse mit auf nimmt, umgestellt wird und sich damit auch die Bestimmung der Grunddimensionen der Moderne grundlegend ändern, lässt sich die Theorie der Strukturierung als eine Theorie mit Allgemeinheitsanspruch charakterisieren. Zwar finden sich in Giddens Arbeiten theoretisch weitreichende Vorschläge, die soziologischen Grundprobleme neu zu bestimmen, gleichzeitig zeigt sich aber auch, dass er es versäumt hat, die Relationen zwischen den einzelnen Problemebenen ausreichend zu reflektieren. Es wird aber auch deutlich, dass auf der Grundlage der bisher vorliegenden strukturierungstheoretischen Begriffe und Methoden ein analytisches Modell entwickelt werden kann, auf dessen Basis sich konkrete soziale Prozesse und Felder aufklären lassen. Strukturierung stellt somit kein neues Paradigma im Sinne einer Metatheorie dar, sondern umfasst eine Vielzahl von grundlegenden Einsichten und analytischen Möglichkeiten für ein soziologisches Forschungsprogramm, das es noch deutlicher auszuarbeiten gilt. / In the sociological theory formation, there is a far-reaching agreement that a theory forming difference between action and structure cannot be conceptualised bipartitely but has to be overcome analytically. This paper is concentrating on the works of Anthony Giddens and examines to what extent the developed approach of a theoretical concept may overcome the existing deficits of the sociological theory. For a theory comparison, categories have been developed which systematically reconstruct the central acceptances of the theory of structuration in theoretical, sociological, and analytical regard. In view of Giddens’s major theses, according to which the relationship of action and structure determined till now dualistically must be convicted into a mutual duality, the questions of sociological order must change from a concentration on standards and values to a category which includes in its analysis both scope and time and thus fundamentally change the basic dimensions of the modern age, the theory of structuration can be characterized as a theory of general validity. However, in Giddens’s work we find far-reaching theoretical suggestions for a determination of the sociological basic problems, however, it turns out that he failed to reflect the relation between the individual problem levels sufficiently. On the other side, it is evident that on the basis of the theoretical concepts and methods existing till now an analytical model can be developed which contributes to the solution of concrete social processes and fields. Therefore, the theory of structuration doesn’t represent a new paradigm in the sense of a metatheory but contains a variety of basic insights and analytical possibilities for a sociological research program which has to be worked out still more considerably.

Among the many active materials in use today, piezoelectric composite patches have enabled notable advances in emerging technologies such as disturbance sensing, control of flexible structures, and energy harvesting. The macro fiber composite (MFC), in particular, is well known for its outstanding performance. Multiscale models are typically required for smart-structure design with MFCs. This is due to the need for predicting the macroscopic response (such as tip deflection under a transverse load or applied voltage) while accounting for the fact that the MFC has microscale details. Current multiscale models of the MFC exclusively focus on predicting the macroscopic response with homogenized material properties. There are a limited number of homogenized properties available from physical experiments and various aspects of existing homogenization techniques for the MFC are shown here to be inadequate. Thus, new homogenized models of the MFC are proposed to improve smart-structure predictions and therefore improve device design. It is notable that current multiscale modeling efforts for MFCs are incomplete since, after homogenization, the local fields such as stresses and electric fields have not been recovered. Existing methods for obtaining local fields are not applicable since the electrodes of the MFC are embedded among passive layers. Therefore, another objective of this work was to find the local fields of the MFC without having the computational burden of fully modeling the microscopic features of the MFC over a macroscale area. This should enable smart-structure designs with improved reliability because failure studies of MFCs will be enabled. Large-scale 3D finite element (FE) models that included microscale features were constructed throughout this work to verify the multiscale methodologies. Note that after creating a free account on cdmhub.org, many files used to create the results in this work can be downloaded from https://cdmhub.org/projects/ernestocamarena.<br><br>First, the Mechanics of Structure Genome (MSG) was extended to provide a rigorous analytical homogenization method. The MFC was idealized to consist of a stack of homogeneous layers where some of the layers were homogenized with existing rules of mixtures. For the analytical model, the electrical behavior caused by the interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) was approximated with uniform poling and uniform electrodes. All other assumptions on the field variables were avoided; thus an exact solution for a stack of homogeneous layers was found with MSG. In doing so, it was proved that in any such multi-layered composite, the in-plane strains and the transverse stresses are equal in each layer and the in-plane electric fields and transverse electric displacement are constant between the electrodes. Using this knowledge, a hybrid rule of mixtures was developed to homogenize the entire MFC layup so as to obtain the complete set of effective device properties. Since various assumptions were avoided and since the property set is now complete, it is expected that greater energy equivalence between reality and the homogenized model has been made possible. The derivation clarified what the electrical behavior of a homogenized solid with internal electrodes should be—an issue that has not been well understood. The behavior was verified by large-scale FE models of an isolated MFC patch.<br> <br>Increased geometrical fidelity for homogenization was achieved with an FE-based RVE analysis that accounted for finite-thickness effects. The presented theory also rectifies numerous issues in the literature with the use of the periodic boundary conditions. The procedure was first developed without regard to the internal electrodes (ie a homogenization of the active layer). At this level, the boundary conditions were shown to satisfy a piezoelectric macrohomogeneity condition. The methodology was then applied to the full MFC layup, and modifications were implemented so that both types of MFC electrodes would be accounted for. The IDE case considered nonuniform poling and electric fields, but fully poled material was assumed. The inherent challenges associated with these nonuniformities are explored, and a solution is proposed. Based on the homogenization boundary conditions, a dehomogenization procedure was proposed that enables the recovery of local fields. The RVE analysis results for the effective properties revealed that the homogenization procedure yields an unsymmetric constitutive relation; which suggests that the MFC cannot be homogenized as rigorously as expected. Nonetheless, the obtained properties were verified to yield favorable results when compared to a large-scale 3D FE model.<br> <br>As a final test of the obtained effective properties, large-scale 3D FE models of MFCs acting in a static unimorph configuration were considered. The most critical case to test was the smallest MFC available. Since none of the homogenized models account for the passive MFC regions that surround the piezoelectric fiber array, some of the test models were constructed with and without the passive regions. Studying the deflection of the host substrate revealed that ignoring the passive area in smaller MFCs can overpredict the response by up to 20%. Satisfactory agreement between the homogenized models and a direct numerical simulation were obtained with a larger MFC (about a 5% difference for the tip deflection). Furthermore, the uniform polarization assumption (in the analytical model) for the IDE case was found to be inadequate. Lastly, the recovery of the local fields was found to need improvement.<br><br><br>

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-11-22T12:39:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Marcio Ricardo Ferla.pdf: 2009946 bytes, checksum: b026389c6df4ffa638dd07213c6a1b64 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-22T12:39:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Marcio Ricardo Ferla.pdf: 2009946 bytes, checksum: b026389c6df4ffa638dd07213c6a1b64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-28 / Esta dissertação problematiza como o campo da Educação Ambiental (EA) compõe práticas territoriais (territorialidades da EA) nas unidades federais de conservação da natureza (UCs). Para tanto, foi tecida uma trama conceitual considerando o campo como um espaço social composto por agentes e configurações normativas de diversas ordens e a territorialidade como uma expressão de poder que media relações entre a sociedade e o Estado por meio do controle do espaço geográfico; as macrotendências políticas pedagógicas da EA (corrente conservacionista, pragmática ou crítica) foram concebidas como propensões a distinguirem concepções de territórios de conservação da natureza. Elegeu-se o Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) como o agente indicador das tensões e disputas inerentes à produção dos territórios das UCs. Em termos operacionais realizou-se um diagnóstico quali-quantitativo com 254 UCs, contemplando questões sobre o desenvolvimento de ações de EA, suas formas e conteúdo. Os dados foram sistematizados por meio de diversas técnicas de informação visual (gráficos, tabelas, cartogramas e nuvens de palavras). Em uma singela genealogia das políticas públicas brasileiras de EA foi percebida a existência de concepções político-pedagógicas distintas disputando a hegemonia do campo, com uma tendência de dominação de um viés pragmático, isto é, adequação do uso dos recursos naturais conforme as exigências do mercado capitalista. Contudo, na análise das práticas territoriais das UCs (enfoque multi-escalar dos territórios e do campo) os resultados são distintos do cenário nacional, por exemplo, no conjunto das UCs não há uma posição política pedagógica hegemônica. Já considerando os grupos de manejo e as distintas categorias de UCs normatizadas pelo Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC) (BRASIL, LEI 9.985/2000), ou seja, as formas de gestão do território pré-concebidas, constatou-se a predominância de ações com características relacionadas à corrente conservacionista da EA no grupo de Proteção Integral dos recursos naturais, com destaque para as categorias: Estação Ecológica e Reserva Biológica. No grupo de Uso Sustentável dos recursos naturais predominou as práticas de EA balizadas por uma concepção pedagógica crítica, pois é indicada uma ampla gama de agentes decidindo sobre os usos dos territórios e nuances de processos educacionais dialógicos entre servidores do ICMBio e as comunidades que constituem as UCs; são protagonistas da EA crítica as Reservas Extrativistas (RESEXS) e uma Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (RDS). Dessa forma, compreende-se que o campo da EA compõe as práticas territoriais nas UCs analisadas com distintas formas de regulação dos recursos naturais, a depender dos tipos de UCs. Quanto ao agente ICMBio, independente do grupo ou categoria de UCs, verificou-se uma diretriz institucional para a promoção de uma EA Crítica. Na espacialização do campo da EA demostrouse que diferentes formas de territorialização do Estado representadas em categorias de manejo, resultam em diferentes concepções político-pedagógicas no desenvolvimento de ações de EA enquanto constitutivas das territorialidades praticadas nas UCs. / This dissertation problematizes how the field of Environmental Education (EA) composes territorial practices (territorialities of EA) in federal units of nature conservation (UCs). For this, a conceptual framework was developed considering the field as a social space composed of agents and normative configurations of several orders and the territoriality as an expression of power that mediates the relationship between society and the State through the control of the geographic space; the pedagogical political macro trends of EA (conservationist, pragmatic or critical) were conceived as propensities to distinguish conceptions of conservation of nature territories. The Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) was elected as the indicator agent of the tensions and disputes inherent in the formation of the territories of the UCs. In operational terms, a qualitative and quantitative diagnosis was performed with 254 UCs, contemplating questions about the development of EA actions, their means and content. The data were systematized through various visual techniques (graphs, tables, cartograms and tag clouds). In a simple genealogy of the Brazilian public policies of EA was perceived the existence of distinct political-pedagogical concepts disputing the supremacy of the field, with a tendency of domination of a pragmatic bias, adequacy of the use of the natural resources according to the demands of the capitalist market. However, in the analysis of territorial practices of UCs (multi-scalar approach of the field and territories) the results are different from the national scene, for example, in the UCs there is no hegemonic pedagogical political position. Already considering the management groups and the different categories of UCs regulated by the Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC) (BRASIL, LEI 9.985 / 2000), that is, the preconceived means of land management, it was verified the predominance of actions with conservationism characteristics related to EA in the Integral Protection group of natural resources, with emphasis on the categories: Ecological Station and Biological Reserve. In the group of Sustainable Use of Natural Resources, EA practices prevailed by a critical pedagogical conception, since a wide range of agents are indicated, deciding on the uses of the territories and nuances of dialogical educational processes between ICMBio staff and the communities that constitute the UCs; are critical protagonists of EA the Reservas Extrativistas (RESEXS) and a Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (RDS). Thus, it is understood that the EA’s field composes the territorial practices in the analyzed UCs with different forms of regulation of natural resources, depending on the types of UCs. Regarding the ICMBio’s agent, regardless of the group or category of UCs, an institutional guideline for the promotion of a critic EA was validated. In the specialization of the EA’s field, it has been shown that different forms of territorialities of the State represented in management categories, resulting in different political-pedagogical conceptions in the development of EA actions as constitutive of territorialities practiced in UCs.

[pt] Políticas monetárias alternativas realmente funcionam? Depois da crise financeira e, especialmente, a partir de 2010, a Turquia enfrentou uma conjuntura de alta volatilidade nos fluxos de capital internacional e de deterioração na conta corrente. O Banco Cenral da Turquia decidiu, então, inovar sua maneira de executar a política monetária, introduzindo um novo conjunto de instrumentos e focando nos canais de crédito e câmbio. Este trabalho é um estudo de caso comparativo que avalia a eficácia e o impacto da nova estrutura de política da Turquia sobre suas principais variáveis monetárias. Nós aplicamos dois métodos de controle sintético. Nossas estimações sugerem que inflação e taxa de câmbio não foram consideravelmente afetadas. Apesar de um desvio inicial nas direções desejadas, os efeitos de dissiparam no prazo de um ano. Por outro lado, crédito doméstico parece ter entrado em uma trajetória de estabilização. / [en] Do alternative monetary policy frameworks actually work? After the financial crisis and especially in late 2010, Turkey faced a conjecture of high volatility in international capital flows and deteriorating current account. The Central Bank of Turkey decided, then, to innovate the way it executes monetary policy, by introducing a new set of instruments and focusing on credit and exchange rate channels. This paper is a comparative case study that evaluates the effectiveness and impact of Turkey s change in policy framework on its main monetary variables. We apply two different synthetic control methods. Our estimates suggest inflation and exchange rate were not considerably affected. Although there was an initial deviation towards desirable directions, the effects dissipated after one year. On the other hand, domestic credit seem to have presented a stabilization path.

Marine and coastal ecosystems are subject to diverse and increasingly intensive anthropogenic activities, making understanding cumulative effects critically important. However, accurately accounting for the cumulative effects of human impacts can be difficult, with the possibility of multiple stressors interacting and having greater impacts than expected, compounding direct and indirect effects on individuals, populations, communities and ecosystems. Assessment of multiple stressors therefore requires extensive scientific research that directly tests how single or multiple ecological components are affected by stressors, both singly and when combined, and as a consequence, cumulative effects assessments are now increasingly included in environmental assessments. Currently, there is a need to assess these at larger spatial scales, with additional research also urgently needed on the responses of ecological components, processes and functions to single and cumulative stressors. As cumulative environmental impacts could be better addressed by regional stressor effects assessments that combine methods for predicting multiple pressures on ecosystem recovery alongside degradation, this study used several separate approaches that can be used in parallel to give support for local management measures. I tested four completely different methods - a range of multi-metric indices, a food web model (Ecopath), a predictive model (Ecosim) and a Bayesian Belief Network model. Each approach was tested and compared in two shallow water estuarine systems, in Scotland and England, initially concerning the impact of nutrient enrichment and subsequent recovery and was followed by an investigation of how the addition of multiple stressors (nutrient levels, temperature and river-flow rates) would impact the future state of each system. The response to stressors was highly context dependent, varying between and within geographic locations. Overall, each of the four different approaches complemented each other and gave strong support for the need to make big reductions in the pressures and to consider trade-offs between impacting pressures. The models and tools also indicate that in order to reach an improved overall environmental state of each ecosystem, a focus on nutrient reductions are likely to be the most effective of the controls on stressors explored and that cumulative effects of the management of nutrient inputs and increased water temperatures and river-flow are likely to exist.

Les aquifères fissurés de type karst contiennent d'importantes ressources en eau. Ces aquifères sont complexes et hétérogènes sur une gamme d'échelles importantes. Leur gestion nécessite l'utilisation d'outils et de méthodologies adaptés. Dans le cadre de cette étude, différents outils et méthodologies numériques d'étude ont été développés pour la modélisation des aquifères karstiques, et plus généralement, des milieux poreux très fissurés 2D et 3D - en mettant l'accent sur la morphologie et sur le comportement hydrodynamique du milieu à travers la notion de changement d'échelle ("second changement d'échelle", reposant sur un modèle d'écoulement local de type Darcy et/ou Poiseuille avec quelques généralisations). Plusieurs axes sont explorés concernant la morphologie du milieu poreux fissuré (milieux aléatoires, milieux booléens avec réseaux statistiques de fissures, mais aussi, modèles morphogénétiques). L'étude du changement d'échelle hydrodynamique tourne autour du concept de macro perméabilité. Dans un premier temps, l'étude porte sur un modèle de perte de charge linéaire darcien. Les perméabilités effectives sont calculées numériquement en termes des fractions volumiques de fissures et du contraste de perméabilité matrice/fissures. Elles sont analysées et comparées à des modèles théoriques (analytiques). Une étude particulière des effets de quasi-percolation pour les grands contrastes aboutit à la définition de trois fractions critiques liées à des seuils de percolation. Pour tenir compte des effets inertiels dans les fissures, l'étude est étendue au cas d'une loi locale comprenant un terme quadratique en vitesse (Darcy/Ward-Forchheimer). Une perméabilité macroscopique équivalente non linéaire est définie et analysée à l'aide d'un modèle inertiel généralisé (linéaire/puissance). Enfin, l'anisotropie hydraulique à grande échelle du milieu fissuré est étudiée, en termes de perméabilités directionnelles, à l'aide d'une méthode numérique d'immersion. / Karstic aquifers contain large subsurface water resources. These aquifers are complex and heterogeneous on a large range of scales. Their management requires appropriate numerical tools and approaches. Various tools and numerical methodologies have been developed to characterize andmodel the geometry and hydraulic properties of karstic aquifers, more generally, of highly fissured 2D and 3D porous media. In this study, we emphasize morphological characterization, and we analyze hydrodynamic behavior through the concept of upscaling ("second upscaling"). Concerning the morphology of fissured porous media, several axes are explored : random media, composite random Boolean media with statistical properties, and morphogenetic models. Hydrodynamic upscaling is developed using the macro-permeability concept. This upscaling method is based on either Darcy's linear law, or on a linear/quadratic combination of Darcy's and Ward-Forchheimer's quadratic law (inertial effects). First, the study focuses on Darcy's linear head loss law, and Darcian effective permeabilities are calculated numerically in terms of volume fractions of fissures and "fissure/matrix" permeability contrasts. The results are analysed and compared with analytical results and bounds. A special study of percolation and quasi-percolation effects, for high contrasts, leads to defined three critical fractions. These critical fractions are "connected" to percolation thresholds. Secondly, in order to consider inertial effect in fissures, the study is extended to a local law with a quadratic velocity term (Darcy/Ward-Forchheimer). Then, an equivalent nonlinear macroscopic permeability is defined and analysed using a generalized inertial model (linear/power). Finally, the large scale hydraulic anisotropy of fissured medium is studied, in terms of directional permeabilities, using an "immersion" numerical method.

Les travaux présentés visent à améliorer les modèles de physique nucléaireutilisés dans l’évaluation des sections efficaces neutroniques de fission. Le résultat deces travaux donne les clefs pour une percée significative dans ce domaine et a permisd’étendre fortement les capacités du code d’évaluation CONRAD. Les sections partiellesétant naturellement corrélées entre-elles pour respecter la valeur de la section totale, cesaméliorations bénéficient à l’ensemble des sections partielles. Un cadre solide pour lamodélisation des processus concurrent à la fission a dû être établi sur le modèle du codede référence TALYS. Après s’être assuré de la fiabilité et de la cohérence du cadre, lesinvestigations spécifiques concernant la fission ont pu être réalisées. Les perspectivesd’applications offertes par les modèles macro-microscopiques FRDM et FRLDM ont étéanalysées. Ces modèles ont été implémentés et validés sur des données expérimentaleset des benchmarks. Afin d’obtenir des temps de calcul compatibles avec les besoins del’évaluation, des méthodes numériques sophistiquées ont été sélectionnées et une partiedes calculs a été portée sur GPU. Ces modèles macro-microscopiques peuvent être utiliséspour construire des surfaces d’énergie potentielle qui sont à leur tour traitées afin d’obtenirdes barrières de fission à une dimension, puis des coefficients de transmission fission. Cesderniers sont alors utilisés dans le cadre de modélisation des sections efficaces moyennesdu domaine statistique sur la base d’un modèle Hauser-Feshbach. Les résultats de cetteapproche seront présentés sur le cas du 239Pu(n,f). / The work presented here aims to improve models used in the fission crosssectionevaluation. The results give insights for a significant breakthrough in this fieldand yielded large extensions of the evaluation code CONRAD. Partial cross sections areinherently strongly correlated together as of the competition of the related reactions mustyield the total cross section. Therefore improving fission cross section benefits to all partialcross sections. A sound framework for the simulation of competitive reactions hadto be settled in order to further investigate on the fission reaction; this was implementedusing the TALYS reference code as guideline. After ensuring consistency and consistencyof the framework, focus was made on fission. Perspective resulting from the useof macroscopic-microscopic models such as the FRDM and FRLDM were analyzed; thesemodels have been implemented and validated on experimental data and benchmarks. Tocomply with evaluation requirements in terms of computation time, several specific numericalmethods have been used and parts of the program were written to run on GPU.These macroscopic-microscopic models yield potential energy surfaces that can be used toextract a one-dimensional fission barrier. This latter can then be used to obtained fissiontransmission coefficients that can be used in a Hauser-Feshbach model. This method hasbeen finally tested for the calculation of the average fission cross section for 239Pu(n,f).

Kina har genom olika   statliga initiativ startat ett kvalitetsrace med ambitionen är att ta   kinesisk produktkvalitet till helt nya nivåer till år 2025. Lyckas man kommer   svenska bolag som handlar/ konkurrerar med kinesiska bolag, eller bedriver   verksamhet inom Kina, sannolikt att påverkas. Frågan är hur? Syftet med denna   studie har varit att känna svenska bolag på pulsen; hur upplever de den   kinesiska kvalitetsutvecklingen och hur tror de att deras bolag kommer att   påverkas? Ett underliggande syfte har varit att undersöka hur de kulturella   aspekterna inverkar på den kinesiska kvalitetsutveckling. För att svara på   detta genomfördes en kvantitativ enkät riktad till svenska kvalitetschefer   samt en kvalitativ fallstudie riktad till svenska bolag med närvaro i Kina. Resultatet visar att   nivån på kinesisk produktkvalitet förväntas stiga inom många branscher samt   att konkurrens och handelsutbytet kommer att påverkas genom att kinesiska   marknadsandelar ökar på den globala marknaden. Inom vissa områden är kinesisk   produktkvalitet redan idag likvärdig med västerländsk men den är inte stabil   utan kräver kontroller från mottagarledet, tillika kunden. En trolig   bidragande orsak till den ojämna kvaliteten finner vi i den kinesiska   makrokulturen där man av tradition sätter stolthet i att utför   arbetsuppgifter enligt order och inte ifrågasätter överordnade. Detta får en   negativ effekt på kvalitetskulturen, vilket i sin tur riskerar att försvåra   kvalitetsutvecklingen och är en utmaning för Kina att hantera. Utmaningen   till trots så visar denna studie att det är möjligt att den kinesiska statens   initiativ kan lyckas, åtminstone till stora delar och såväl svenska företag   som den globala marknaden bör hålla ett vakande öga på utvecklingen. / China has through various government initiatives started a quality   race with the ambition to take Chinese product quality to higher levels until   2025. If they succeed, Swedish companies that trade/ compete with Chinese   companies, or conduct business within China, are likely to be affected. The   question is how? The purpose of this study has been to check the pulse of   Swedish companies; how do they perceive the Chinese quality development and   how do they think their company will be affected? An underlying purpose has   been to investigate how cultural aspects affect the Chinese quality   development. To answer this, a quantitative survey was conducted aimed at   Swedish quality managers and a qualitative case study aimed at Swedish   companies with a presence in China. The result shows that the level of   Chinese product quality is expected to rise in many industries, and that   competition and trade exchange will be affected by increasing Chinese market   shares in the global market. In some areas, Chinese product quality is   already equivalent to Western, but it is not stable but requires controls   from the recipient, namely the customer. A likely contributing factor to the   uneven quality is found in the Chinese macro culture where traditionally one   prides itself on performing tasks according to orders and not questioning   superiors. This has a negative effect on the quality culture, which in turn   risks making quality development more difficult and is a challenge for China   to handle. Despite this challenge, this study shows that it is possible that the   Chinese state's initiative may succeed, at least in large part, and both   Swedish companies and the global market should keep a watchful eye on   developments. / <p>2019-06-27</p>

La thèse entend découvrir et critiquer, au plan épistémologique, les caractéristiques fondamentales du concept macro-analytique d'"emploi" dans les théories juridiques actuelles. La discipline dominante est la science du droit du travail française, mais la recherche repose sur une comparaison avec les conceptualisations sociologiques et, surtout, économiques. Elle montre que les théories juridiques (et la sociologie du travail) adoptent, généralement, le concept d'emploi construit en terme de marche par l'économie néo-classique, ce qui nuit a leur pertinence et a leur logique en ce qui concerne le fondement de politiques, publiques ou privées, de plein-emploi effectives. La thèse invite la doctrine juridique à s'intéresser aux récents courants de pensée socio-économiques, inspirés par le "néo-institutionnalisme", qui conçoivent plutôt l'emploi comme un système de règles, ce qui relève du domaine de la science du droit. La richesse de cette démarche est démontrée, dans la thèse, par une réflexion sur la dimension juridique du "rapport salarial", concept élaboré par la récente "théorie de la régulation" due a des économistes français (le concept désigne, abstraitement et globalement, l'ensemble des aspects, institutionnalisés du rapport de soumission du travail au capital). En particulier, au moyen d'un renouvellement de la théorie de la jurisprudence, la recherche met en évidence le rôle moteur de cette source centrale de droit dans le processus d'institutionnalisation des rapports de travail et d'emploi. Ainsi, l'emploi cesse d'être considère comme un marche que le droit doit éviter de perturber, mais, au contraire, comme le produit d'un système de règles, dont les plus importantes sont juridiques (jurisprudentielles). Dès lors, la théorie juridique devient capable de donner véritablement un sens au "droit d'obtenir un emploi" pose par la constitution française de 1946.

Cette recherche étudie l'enseignement des premiers éléments de l'Analyse réelle à la transition lycée/université à travers un modèle de variables macro-didactiques (VMD) relatives aux niveaux de formalisation et de familiarité des savoirs mathématiques proposés aux élèves. Lorsque l'on passe du lycée à l'université, les valeurs de ces variables sont dichotomiques et témoignent d'une profonde mutation dans le travail mathématique demandé. Nous nous posons la question des moyens que peut se donner l'enseignement des mathématiques, à l'entrée à l'université, pour gérer des variations aussi importantes et permettre aux étudiants d'accéder aux objets de l'Analyse réelle. <br />Une ingénierie a porté sur la construction et l'expérimentation, dans le cadre de la TSD (Théorie des Situations Didactiques), de deux situations sur les limites, que nous avons expérimentées à un niveau du cursus où seule l'existence formelle des objets de l'Analyse réelle a été établie par les professeurs. Nous avons ciblé le travail des étudiants sur les méthodes d'approximation, afin de favoriser des allers/retours entre les "preuves pragmatiques" géométriques ou numériques et l'utilisation des théorèmes d'Analyse. Les situations prennent en compte la dialectique sémantique/ syntaxique dans un processus de preuve, et permettent un retour efficace sur les savoirs visés. L'entrée dans un processus de preuves mixtes – pragmatiques vs formelles – a ainsi été rendu obligatoire dans le travail des étudiants, à travers l'émergence du problème général de l'existence et de l'accessibilité des nombres, des limites et des suites. <br />En conclusion, nous proposons de poursuivre l'étude du milieu théorique des situations de l'Analyse réelle, d'introduire d'autres situations expérimentales et d'étudier plus en profondeur les connaissances des étudiants dans le contrat didactique instauré par de telles situations.