Cette thèse se compose de trois articles qui s’insèrent dans une même problématique sur les interrelations entre les secteurs financier et réel en Corée du sud. Notre analyse empirique a vérifié le bon fonctionnement de certains composants du mécanisme de transmission entre les secteurs financier et réel. Tout d'abord, nous avons constaté que le canal du crédit bancaire a fonctionné comme l'un des canaux de transmission de la politique monétaire (Chapitre1). Ensuite, nous avons vérifié empiriquement que la capitalisation des banques est un facteur important dans la transmission des chocs de politique monétaire (Chapitre2). Enfin, notre analyse sur l’interaction entre le prix de l’immobilier et le crédit bancaire a montré qu’il existait une relation à long terme entre les prix de l'immobilier et les prêts bancaires (Chapitre 3). Comme vérifié empiriquement dans notre analyse, le secteur financier et le secteur réel sont étroitement liés par le choc financier ou réel. Les résultats mettent en valeur les points suivants vis-à-vis des politiques monétaires et de supervision. Premièrement, il est important que la politique monétaire prenne en compte la régulation du capital et son effet sur l’économie. Deuxièmement, en prenant en compte le fait que le prêt hypothécaire est très étroitement lié à la conjoncture économique en Corée, l’instrument de la politique macroprudentielle pour réduire la procyclicité est nécessaire. La banque centrale et l’autorité prudentielle peuvent collaborer à développer ces instruments. / This thesis consists of three Articles that fit into the same issue on the interrelationships between the financial and real sectors in South Korea. Our empirical analysis has verified the correct functioning of certain components of the transmission mechanism between the financial and real sectors. Firstly, we found that the bank lending channel has functioned as one of the transmission channels of monetary policy (Chapter 1). Then, we verified empirically that the capitalization of banks is an important factor in the transmission of monetary policy shocks (Chapter 2). Finally, our analysis of the interaction between property prices and bank lending has shown that there is a long-term relationship between property prices and bank lending (Chapter 3). As empirically verified in our analysis, the financial sector and the real sector are closely linked through shocks, either financial or real. The results highlight the following points vis-à-vis the monetary policy and macroprudential policy. First, it is important that monetary policy takes into account the capital regulation and its effect on the economy. Second, taking into account the fact that the mortgage is very closely linked to the economic situation in Korea, macroprudential policy instruments is required to reduce procyclicality. The central bank and the supervisory authority can collaborate to develop these instruments.

Les pratiques des banques centrales se sont graduellement ajustées, depuis les années 90, aux principes fondamentaux de la Nouvelle synthèse, et ont convergé vers une normalisation qui a fait ses preuves. D'une part, cette normalisation se fonde sur la doctrine de stabilité des prix, déployée sous la forme du système de ciblage d'inflation. D'autre part, elle s'accompagne de pratiques afin de renforcer la crédibilité et la transparence. De plus, la représentation DSGE de l'économie adoptée par la Nouvelle synthèse, et du fait de sa cohérence théorique, s'est aussi imposée comme un cadre analytique central de politique monétaire, particulièrement adapté pour des analyses de scenarii et pour générer des prévisions de variables d'intérêt. En parallèle, les banques centrales ont tenté de favoriser un environnement financier stable, à travers leur rôle de prêteur en dernier ressort. Et grâce au principe d'efficience des marchés, l'utilisation de la politique monétaire face aux bulles spéculatives a été déconseillée. Cependant, la dimension de stabilité financière a souffert d'une absence de définition consensuelle, conduisant à une multiplication des méthodologies pour la quantification des risques, la prévention des crises et l'évaluation du système financier. La crise de 2007 a remis en cause ce consensus naissant. Tout d'abord, l'apparition de perturbations financières dans un environnement de stabilité des prix a semblé invalider les principes théoriques de la politique monétaire. Ensuite, l'adoption d'une série de mesures dites non conventionnelles, suite à l'atteinte du taux plancher zéro, a montré l'insuffisance des instruments usuels de politique monétaire pour contrer la crise et favoriser une reprise durable. Enfin, le traitement résiduel réservé à la sphère financière, dans le modèle canonique NK n'a pas permis d'appréhender les régularités du cycle d'affaires, les vulnérabilités financières, le manque de liquidité ou la procyclicité des systèmes financiers. Les critiques adressées à la Nouvelle synthèse ont principalement porté sur des hypothèses spécifiques, et non pas sur le cadre lui-même. Par conséquent, la pertinence du cadre NK semble toujours de mise, du fait de son caractère unique d'absorption de théories au départ fort variées. Ainsi, l'introduction de la possibilité de défaut et de la monnaie a permis la modélisation d'un secteur bancaire actif, afin de comprendre les altérations du mécanisme de transmission des chocs et de considérer l'existence de taux d'intérêts multiples. De même, le rôle du marché interbancaire a été abordé pour étudier le manque de confiance, l'assèchement des liquidités et l'impact du marché sur le financement de l'économie. Enfin, les multiples dimensions des politiques monétaires non conventionnelles ont été intégrées, en vue d'examiner leur efficacité et d'identifier les mécanismes de transmission. Toutefois, il n'existe pas de représentation microéconomiquement fondée, suffisamment générale pour capter, de manière logique et parcimonieuse, la majorité des spécificités associées à la sphère financière. La crise a également permis de dégager des enseignements concernant le secteur financier, en ce qui concerne son rôle en termes d'accentuation des non-linéarités de la dynamique économique, sur les répercussions négatives du taux plancher zéro et, enfin, sur la remise en cause de l'hypothèse de Schwartz. En mettant en évidence les liens entre la politique monétaire et la politiques macroprudentielle, la crise a donc invalidé le principe de dichotomie adopté jusque-là. Ces nouvelles orientations ne sont cependant pas totalement claires. En effet, la gestion de la sortie de la crise économique, et l'impact des plans d'austérité, laissent apparaitre de nouveaux défis : un risque de stagnation similaire à celui qui a touché le Japon ; le retour aux pratiques de transformation des échéances à fort effet de levier; et le flou entourant les stratégies de sortie des banques centrales. / Central banks practices have gradually adjusted, since the 90s, to the fundamental principles of the New synthesis, and converged towards a normalization that has proved its worth. On one hand, this normalization is based on the doctrine of price stability, under the form of an inflation targeting system. On the other hand, it is supplemented with practices intended to enhance credibility and transparency. In addition, and because of its theoretical coherence, the DSGE representation of the economy adopted by the New Synthesis also emerged as a central analytical framework for monetary policy, particularly suitable for scenario analyzes and for generating forecasts of variables of interest. At the same time, central banks have tried to promote a stable financial environment, through their role as lender of last resort. And thanks to the principle of market efficiency, the use of monetary policy in the face of speculative bubbles has been limited. However, the concept of financial stability has been lacking a consensual definition, leading to a proliferation of methodologies for quantifying risk, preventing crisis and evaluating the financial system. The 2007 crisis has challenged this emerging consensus. First, the onset of the financial turmoil, in an environment of price stability, seemed to invalidate the theoretical principles of monetary policy. Then, the adoption of a series of so-called unconventional monetary policy measures, upon reaching the zero lower bound, exposed the inadequacy of conventional monetary policy instruments, in order to counter the crisis and encourage a sustainable recovery. Finally, the residual treatment of the financial sector in the canonical NK model failed to capture the regularities of the business cycle, the financial vulnerability, the lack of liquidity and the procyclicality of financial systems. Critics of the New synthesis focused on specific assumptions, rather than on the framework itself. Therefore, the relevance of the NK framework still seems appropriate, because of its unique capability of absorbing various theories which may initially seem irreconcilable. Thanks to the introduction of money and the possibility of default, the modeling of an active banking sector helped understand the changes in the shocks transmission mechanism, and enabled the introduction of multiple interest rates. Similarly, the interbank market role has been addressed in order to investigate the erosion of confidence, the drying up of liquidity and the impact on the financing of the economy. Finally, the multiple dimensions of unconventional monetary policies have been incorporated in order to assess their effectiveness, and to identify the transmission mechanisms. However, there is no microeconomically based representation general enough to capture, in a logic and parsimonious way, the majority of the financial characteristics. The crisis has also helped to draw lessons about the financial sector, with regards to its role in terms of increased economic non-linearities, the negative impact of the zero lower bound, and the questioning of the Schwartz hypothesis. By highlighting the links between monetary and macroprudential policies, the crisis has then invalidated the dichotomy principle adopted until now. These new guidelines are, however, not entirely clear. Indeed, the economic recovery management and the impact of austerity measures create new challenges: a stagnation risk similar to the one that hit Japan; a return to highly leveraged maturity transformation practices; and blurry central banks exit strategies.

Este trabalho faz uso de um modelo DSGE com fricções financeiras para analisar as consequências da existência de uma modalidade subsidiada de crédito para a recuperação da economia frente a choques. Os resultados indicam que o crédito subsidiado auxilia a mitigar os efeitos de choques que incidem especificamente sobre o mercado de crédito, como é o caso de choques financeiros ou de política macroprudencial. As respostas das principais variáveis da economia a esses choques se tornam menos intensas e duradouras. Para o caso de choque de política monetária, entretanto, a presença do crédito subsidiado não altera de forma significativa as respostas de variáveis reais, como consumo e investimento. / This paper uses a DSGE model with financial frictions to analyze the consequences of the existence of a subsidized credit line for the recovery of the economy against shocks. The results indicate that the subsidized credit helps to mitigate the effects of shocks that are specifically related to the credit market, as in the case of financial shocks or macroprudential policy shocks. The responses of the main variables of the economy to these shocks become shorter and less intense. In the case of monetary policy shock, however, the presence of subsidized credit does not change significantly the responses of real variables, such as consumption and investment.

Submitted by Mauricio Barbosa Alves (mauricio.alves.b@gmail.com) on 2018-06-14T15:35:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_ABNT.pdf: 680246 bytes, checksum: 3006f82e898ec471fed50308aacb286a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Katia Menezes de Souza (katia.menezes@fgv.br) on 2018-06-14T15:46:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_ABNT.pdf: 680246 bytes, checksum: 3006f82e898ec471fed50308aacb286a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Isabele Garcia (isabele.garcia@fgv.br) on 2018-06-15T18:00:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_ABNT.pdf: 680246 bytes, checksum: 3006f82e898ec471fed50308aacb286a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-15T18:00:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_ABNT.pdf: 680246 bytes, checksum: 3006f82e898ec471fed50308aacb286a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-29 / We study the long-run impact of the adoption of macroprudential tools. We derive a dynamic general equilibrium model featuring endogenous TFP change and allowing banks to choose their balance sheet structure endogenously. Banks choose vulnerable balance sheet structure depending on perceptions about fundamental risk. The design of prudential tools matters because it changes the riskiness of assets in a particular way, possibly increasing banking ability to fund projects. This introduces a novel channel to explain economic growth: risk mitigation.We then use the model to show numerically that there is a non-linear relationship between long-run growth and macroprudential policy intensity for several prudential rules considered in the related literature. We derive a welfare function and show that a welfare-maximizing regulator faces a growth-risk trade-off: welfare is maximized when growth is below its maximum value for each policy design we consider. / Estudamos os impactos de longo prazo da adoção de ferramentas macroprudenciais. Derivamos um modelo de equilíbrio geral dinamico no qual há mudança endógena da PTF e permitindo que os bancos escolham sua estrutura de balanço endogenamente. Os bancos escolhem uma estrutura de balanço vulnerável dependendo das percepções sobre risco fundamental. O desenho de ferramentas prudenciais é importante porque altera o grau de risco dos ativos de uma determinada maneira, possivelmente aumentando a capacidade bancária de financiar projetos. Isso introduz um novo canal para explicar o crescimento econômico: a mitigação de riscos. Em seguida, usamos o modelo para mostrar numericamente que existe uma relação não linear entre o crescimento de longo prazo e a intensidade da política macroprudencial para várias regras prudenciais consideradas na literatura relacionada. Obtemos uma função de bem-estar e mostramos que um regulador que maximiza o bem-estar enfrenta um tradeoff de risco de crescimento: o bem-estar é maximizado quando o crescimento está abaixo de seu valor máximo para cada desenho de política que consideramos.

After the recent world financial crisis, macroprudential policy tools have started to play an important role in maintaining financial stability. In many countries, the tools have been extensively used only in recent years and their effectiveness is often difficult to assess. Using an index as a proxy for policy tools is one of ways to measure their impact. In this thesis, a new index capturing, in contrast with other studies, also an intensity factor, is constructed. Results are mostly in accordance with economic intuition and existing studies and suggest that indices constructed in an equivalent way can help to understand the impact of policies on changes in housing prices and credit volumes. JEL Classification F12, F21, F23, H25, H71, H87 Keywords macroprudential policy, systemic risk, house prices growth, credit growth Author's e-mail Lucie.Wdowyczynova@hotmail.com Supervisor's e-mail Simona.Malovana@gmail.com

This dissertation argues that financial cycles are different for advanced economies and emerging countries. The main underlying reason is the different financial development that makes for instability in emeging markets which is pronounced by more intensive and amplified financial cycle. As such, even the policy implications are different.

Este trabajo de investigación se enfoca en encontrar la relación existente entre la acción de política de desdolarización del Banco Central de Reserva del Perú y el ratio de dolarización de los créditos hipotecarios en el mercado financiero peruano como mecanismo de Política Monetaria. Para ello, se estima mediante metodologías de cointegración empíricas como regresiones lineales y modelos de corrección de errores, con la finalidad de demostrar la existencia de una relación entre la política implementada por el BCRP y el ratio de dolarización de créditos hipotecarios. Los resultados encontrados para el período entre Julio del 2010 a Diciembre del 2019 demuestran que existe una relación negativa de la política frente al ratio de dolarización de los créditos hipotecarios; es decir, el programa de desdolarización del BCRP si tuvo un efecto significativo sobre la dolarización de los créditos hipotecarios en el periodo asignado. Además se evidencia que existe una relación sostenida de equilibrio de largo plazo entre las variables de estudio. / This research focuses on finding the relationship between the de-dollarization policy action of the Central Reserve Bank of Peru and the dollarization of mortgage loans in the Peruvian financial market like mechanism of Monetary politics. For this, it is estimated using empirical cointegration methodologies such as linear regressions and error correction models, in order to demonstrate the existence of a relationship between the policy implemented by the BCRP and the ratio of dollarization of mortgage loans. The results found for the period between July 2010 to December 2019 show that there is a negative relationship between the policy and the dollarization ratio of the mortgage loans; in other words, the BCRP's de-dollarization program did have a significant effect on the dollarization of mortgage loans in the assigned period. Also, it is evident that there is a sustained long-term equilibrium relationship between the used variables. / Trabajo de investigación

La crise financière de 2008-2009 a conduit à reconsidérer la relation entre politique monétaire et stabilité financière, soulignant la nécessité pour les banques centrales d’être plus attentives aux risques financiers. Cette crise a également mis en évidence les limites du cadre de régulation (micro)prudentielle existant, renforçant ainsi l’importance d’une approche macroprudentielle visant à contenir le risque systémique. La présente thèse s’articule autour de ces questions. L’objectif est d’analyser dans quelle mesure un cadre de politique monétaire avec pour objectif principal la stabilité des prix (tel le ciblage d’inflation), pourrait accentuer le risque d’instabilité financière. Il s’agit en outre de souligner et discuter le rôle que peuvent jouer les politiques monétaire et macroprudentielle pour assurer et renforcer la stabilité du secteur financier (Chapitre I). Les résultats de l’analyse suggèrent que les banques centrales cibleuses d’inflation ont été mieux à même de contenir les conséquences de la récente crise financière (Chapitre II). Cependant, il semble que le risque d’instabilité financière soit plus fort au sein des pays émergents cibleurs d’inflation (comparé aux non-cibleurs), malgré les réponses des banques centrales aux déséquilibres financiers (Chapitre III). Ceci remet en cause l’efficacité de la stratégie du leaning against the wind. Nos conclusions montrent que cette stratégie génère un conflit d’objectif entre stabilité macroéconomique et stabilité financière. La mise en place d’un cadre macroprudentiel efficace, associé à une politique monétaire plus sensible aux risques financiers, permettrait de garantir un environnement économique globalement plus stable (Chapitre IV). Par ailleurs, il apparait que les pays émergents cibleurs d’inflation s’appuient sur le contrôle du taux de change pour faire face à la forte vulnérabilité de leur système financier aux chocs externes; ceci en dépit de l’exigence de flexibilité du change que requiert cette stratégie de politique monétaire (Chapitre V). / The 2008/2009 global financial crisis has revived the debate on the concern for financial stability in themonetary policy-making, stressing the need to reconsider the role of central banks in ensuring financialstability. The crisis has also pointed some flaws in the existing (micro) prudential regulation and therelevance to move toward a broader regulatory framework aiming to prevent systemic risk. This thesis isbuilt upon these issues. It investigates the extent to which financial stability may be of particular concernin a context where the main monetary policy objective is inflation stabilization (typically, in an inflationtargeting regime –IT–). It further assesses how the macroprudential framework and monetary policy canbe articulated to ensure the best outcome in terms of macroeconomic and financial stability (Chapter I).The conclusions derived from this work suggest that, faced with the recent global financial turmoil,inflation targeting central banks have been more able to mitigate the shock, certainly thanks to higherpolicy credibility (Chapter II). However, we evidence that IT countries (especially in EMEs) are morefinancially vulnerable than their non-IT counterparts, despite central banks’ response to financial risks(Chapter III). Following the latter conclusion, we investigate more closely the effectiveness of the leaningagainst the wind strategy. We show that such a policy response generates trade-offs between thefinancial and macroeconomic stability objectives of the monetary authorities. The best stabilizationoutcome is achieved when an effective macroprudential framework is implemented, combined withhigher central bank’s concern with financial risks (Chapter IV). Furthermore, we show that in EMEsITers, foreign exchange interventions are used to mitigate their financial vulnerability to external shocks,although the IT regime requires a fully floating exchange rate regime (Chapter V).

[pt] Políticas monetárias alternativas realmente funcionam? Depois da crise financeira e, especialmente, a partir de 2010, a Turquia enfrentou uma conjuntura de alta volatilidade nos fluxos de capital internacional e de deterioração na conta corrente. O Banco Cenral da Turquia decidiu, então, inovar sua maneira de executar a política monetária, introduzindo um novo conjunto de instrumentos e focando nos canais de crédito e câmbio. Este trabalho é um estudo de caso comparativo que avalia a eficácia e o impacto da nova estrutura de política da Turquia sobre suas principais variáveis monetárias. Nós aplicamos dois métodos de controle sintético. Nossas estimações sugerem que inflação e taxa de câmbio não foram consideravelmente afetadas. Apesar de um desvio inicial nas direções desejadas, os efeitos de dissiparam no prazo de um ano. Por outro lado, crédito doméstico parece ter entrado em uma trajetória de estabilização. / [en] Do alternative monetary policy frameworks actually work? After the financial crisis and especially in late 2010, Turkey faced a conjecture of high volatility in international capital flows and deteriorating current account. The Central Bank of Turkey decided, then, to innovate the way it executes monetary policy, by introducing a new set of instruments and focusing on credit and exchange rate channels. This paper is a comparative case study that evaluates the effectiveness and impact of Turkey s change in policy framework on its main monetary variables. We apply two different synthetic control methods. Our estimates suggest inflation and exchange rate were not considerably affected. Although there was an initial deviation towards desirable directions, the effects dissipated after one year. On the other hand, domestic credit seem to have presented a stabilization path.

A key lesson learnt from the 2007-2009 global financial crisis was that central banks focused too much on price stability and monetary policy. Financial stability and macroprudential policy were the missing pillars to ensure proper supervision of the financial system. This study examines the challenges faced by central banks in implementing macroprudential policies, while having limited experience as to the effect on their economies. The countercyclical capital buffer is generally considered to be one of the main macroprudential policy instruments. Using South African data, the study furthermore calculates the credit gap which serves as early warning indicator of excessive credit growth and is used to determine the point at which a countercyclical capital buffer should be activated for banks. The calculation of the countercyclical buffer indicates that the credit gap remains below the lower threshold of the buffer add-on. Hence, there is no reason to consider a capital add-on for South African banks as yet. Despite the overall reliability of the credit gap, concerns remain on its reliability under certain circumstances. / Economics / M. Com. (Economics)