Analysis and verification of security protocols are typically carried out in two different models of cryptography: formal cryptography and computational cryptography. Formal cryptography, originally inspired by the work of Dolev and Yao [14], takes an abstract and idealized view of security, and develops its proof techniques based on methods and ideas from logic and theory of programming languages. It makes strong assumptions about cryptographic operations by treating them as perfectly-secure symbolic operations. Computational cryptography, on the other hand, has developed its foundations based on complexity theory. Messages are viewed as bit-strings, and cryptographic operations are treated as actual transformations on bit-strings with certain asymptotic properties.In this thesis, we explore the relation between the Dolev-Yao model and the computational model of public-key cryptography in two contexts: indistinguishability and non-malleability of expressions. This problem in the absence of key-cycles is partially addressed in [20, 21] by Herzog. We adapt our approach to use the co-inductive definition of symbolic security, whose private-key treatment was considered in coinduction, and establish our main results as follow: Using a co-inductive approach, we extend the indistinguishability and non-malleability results of Herzog in the presence of key-cycles. By providing a counter-example, we show that the indistinguishability property in this setting is strictly stronger than the non-malleability property, which gives a negative answer to Herzog's conjecture that they are equivalent. we prove that despite the fact that IND-CCA2 security provides non-malleability in our setting, the same result does not hold for IND-CCA1 security. We prove that, under certain hypothesis, our co-inductive formal indistinguishability is computationally-complete in the absence of key-cycles and with respect to any \emph{length-revealing} encryption scheme. In the presence of key-cycles, we prove that the completeness does not hold even with respect to IND-CPA security. / Graduate

Le Cloud, avec son modèle économique, offre la possibilité d’un gestion élastique des ressources; les utilisateurs peuvent louer des ressources selon leurs besoins. Cette élasticité permet de réduire les coûts énergétiques et financiers, et aide les applications à s’adapter aux charges de travail variables.Les applications manipulant de grandes quantités de données exécutées dans le Cloud ou sur des supercalculateurs sont souvent colocalisées avec un système de stockage distribué pour garantir un accès rapide aux données. Bien que de nombreux travaux aient été proposés pour redimensionner dynamiquement les capacités de calcul pour s’ajuster à la charge de travail, le stockage n’est pas considéré comme malléable (capable d’être redimensionné dynamiquement) puisque les transferts de grandes quantités de données nécessaires sont considérés trop lents. Cependant, le matériel et les techniques de stockage ont évolué et cette hypothèse doit être réévaluée.Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une étude sous différents angles des opérations de redimensionnement des systèmes de stockage distribués.Nous commençons par modéliser la durée minimale de ces opérations pour évaluer leur vitesse potentielle. Puis, nous développons un benchmark conçu pour mesurer la viabilité de la malléabilité d’un système de stockage sur une plateforme donnée. Finalement, nous implémentons un gestionnaire d’opérations de redimensionnement pour systèmes de stockage distribués qui décide et organise les transferts de données requis par ces opérations. / The Cloud, with its pay-as-you-go model, gives the possibility of elastic resource management; users can claim and release resources as needed. This elasticity leads to financial and energetical cost reductions, and helps applications to cope with varying workloads.Distributed cloud and HPC applications processing large amounts of data are often co-located with a distributed storage system in order to ensure fast data accesses. Although many works have been proposed to dynamically rescale the processing part of such systems to match their workload, the storage is never considered as malleable (able to be dynamically rescaled) since moving massive amounts of data around is assumed to be too slow in practice. However, in recent years hardware and storage techniques have evolved and this assumption needs to be revisited.In this thesis, we present a study of the rescaling operations in distributed storage systems approached from different angles. We start by modeling the minimal duration of rescaling operations to estimate their potential speed. Then, we develop a benchmark to measure the viability of distributed storage system malleability on a given platform. Last, we implement a rescaling manager for distributed storage systems that decides and organizes the data transfers required during a rescaling operation.

A principal perda no sistema musculoesquéletico com o envelhecimento é a diminuição da flexibilidade e da força muscular, levando ao desequilíbrio e podendo ser a causa de quedas e incapacidades funcionais. Os exercícios físicos podem reverter parcial ou totalmente este quadro. A hidroterapia é um bom meio para realização de fisioterapia preventiva, pois elimina o risco de quedas e sobrecarga nas articulações e estudos deste tipo são raros na literatura. Este estudo avaliou o efeito de um programa de hidroterapia na flexibilidade e força muscular de 16 idosas, com idade entre 65 e 70 anos, saudáveis, sedentárias, moradoras da cidade de São Paulo. Os testes foram realizados antes e após o treinamento e os dados foram analisados por meio de teste paramétrico (T-student). O treinamento constou de 32 sessões, realizadas duas vezes por semana em duplas, com uma hora de duração com controle dos sinais vitais. Encontrou-se melhora na flexibilidade e força muscular nas idosas, mostrando que a população idosa pode se beneficiar com as vantagens da hidroterapia. / The main loss in the muscleskeletical system in consequence of the aging is the decrease of the flexibility and of the muscular force, affecting the balance. It could be the cause of fall and functional inability. The physical exercises can revert partially or totally this effects. The hydrotherapy is a good choice to prevent disabilities because it eliminates the risk of fall and overloaded articulations. Studies focusing this type of treatment are rare. This study evaluated the effect of a hydrotherapy preventive program in the flexibility and muscular force of 16 senior, with age between 65 and 70 years, healthy, sedentary, residents at São Paulo City. The tests were accomplished before and after the training and the data were analyzed through parametric test (T-student paired). The training consisted of 32 sessions, twice a week, with one hour of duration (with control of the vital signs). We found increase in the flexibility and muscular force in the seniors, showing that this population can to obtain benefits with the advantages of the hydrotherapy.

A principal perda no sistema musculoesquéletico com o envelhecimento é a diminuição da flexibilidade e da força muscular, levando ao desequilíbrio e podendo ser a causa de quedas e incapacidades funcionais. Os exercícios físicos podem reverter parcial ou totalmente este quadro. A hidroterapia é um bom meio para realização de fisioterapia preventiva, pois elimina o risco de quedas e sobrecarga nas articulações e estudos deste tipo são raros na literatura. Este estudo avaliou o efeito de um programa de hidroterapia na flexibilidade e força muscular de 16 idosas, com idade entre 65 e 70 anos, saudáveis, sedentárias, moradoras da cidade de São Paulo. Os testes foram realizados antes e após o treinamento e os dados foram analisados por meio de teste paramétrico (T-student). O treinamento constou de 32 sessões, realizadas duas vezes por semana em duplas, com uma hora de duração com controle dos sinais vitais. Encontrou-se melhora na flexibilidade e força muscular nas idosas, mostrando que a população idosa pode se beneficiar com as vantagens da hidroterapia. / The main loss in the muscleskeletical system in consequence of the aging is the decrease of the flexibility and of the muscular force, affecting the balance. It could be the cause of fall and functional inability. The physical exercises can revert partially or totally this effects. The hydrotherapy is a good choice to prevent disabilities because it eliminates the risk of fall and overloaded articulations. Studies focusing this type of treatment are rare. This study evaluated the effect of a hydrotherapy preventive program in the flexibility and muscular force of 16 senior, with age between 65 and 70 years, healthy, sedentary, residents at São Paulo City. The tests were accomplished before and after the training and the data were analyzed through parametric test (T-student paired). The training consisted of 32 sessions, twice a week, with one hour of duration (with control of the vital signs). We found increase in the flexibility and muscular force in the seniors, showing that this population can to obtain benefits with the advantages of the hydrotherapy.

Submitted by Fabiana Gonçalves Pinto (benf@ndc.uff.br) on 2018-03-19T13:42:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 UMA ANÁLISE DE INDICADORES DE SAÚDE DO SEGUNDO CICLO DA REDE MUNICIPAL DE NITERÓI.pdf: 12630707 bytes, checksum: 8fb59577c360fa23680458491ea086b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-19T13:42:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 UMA ANÁLISE DE INDICADORES DE SAÚDE DO SEGUNDO CICLO DA REDE MUNICIPAL DE NITERÓI.pdf: 12630707 bytes, checksum: 8fb59577c360fa23680458491ea086b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Mestrado Acadêmico em Ciências do Cuidado em Saúde / Introdução: Promoção da saúde são propostas de atuação dentro de um determi-nado local com objetivo de empoderar e melhorar a qualidade de vida, caso necessário. Para melhor intervir, a avaliação se torna uma ferramenta importante para se descrever e reconhecer problemas desse local. Com isso, reconhecer como as atividades físicas relacionadas à saúde (AFRS) e perfil somatotípico está disposto na população é uma forma de compreender o estado de saúde dos indivíduos. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil antropométrico, nível de atividade física, aptidões físicas relacionadas a saúde e qualidade de vida dos escolares do segundo ciclo da rede municipal de Niterói. Metodologia: Assim foram avaliados 651 escolares de 38 escolas do segundo ciclo da rede municipal de Niterói, durante o mês de abril de 2016. Foram analisadas: variáveis antropométricas, correspondentes a índice de massa corpóreo (IMC), Body Shape In-dex (BSI) e percentual de gordura corporal (%GC); para os níveis de AFRS foram utilizados alguns testes do projeto esporte Brasil (PROESP-BR) ; para identificar nível de qualidade de vida foi utilizado o questionário KIDSCREEN-52 e nível de atividade Física através do PAQ-C; para reconhecer a diferença biológica e cronológica dos escolares foi utilizado o nível de maturação de Tanner como ferramenta para classificar os escolares. Todos os dados foram ta-bulados e após reconhecimento da normalidade o tratamento estatístico Mann-Whitney e Kruskall Wallis para comparação entre os grupos e Spearman e Pearson para comparação. Re-sultados: Referente ao IMC, temos para população masculina: 63,58% nível eutrófico ,30,86% apresentou taxas de sobrepeso e obesidade e 5,56% com baixa massa corporal (MC). Para a população feminina: 59,26% nível eutrófico, 35,19% de sobrepeso e obesidade e 4,63% com baixa MC. Os testes masculinos apresentaram: potência muscular de membros superiores (MMSS) 50,15% fracos e membros inferiores (MMII) 71,32% também fracos, Resistencia muscular localizada (RML) 70% apresentou valores bons, para Flexibilidade 62,65% valores bons, já o teste cardiorrespiratório teve um total de 84,74% fracos. Para as mulheres: Potência muscular MMSS e MMII foram47,98% e 76,80% fracos, RML 69,18% considerado saudável, 84,16% tiveram um desempenho bom no teste de flexibilidade, contudo 80,20% foram consi-deradas fracas no teste cardiorrespiratório. / Introduction: Health promotion are proposals for action within a certain place with the aim of empowering and improving the quality of life, if necessary. Evaluating is an important tool for describing and recognizing problems at this location. With this, recognizing how the physical activities related to health (AFRS) and somatotype profile is disposed in the population is a way to understand the health status of individuals. Objective: To describe the anthropometric profile, level of physical activity, physical abilities related to health and quality of life of the students of the second cycle of the municipal network of Niterói. Methodology: In this way, 651 schools from 38 schools of the second cycle of the municipal network of Niterói were evaluated during the month of April 2016. The following were analyzed: anthropometric variables corresponding to the body mass index (BMI), Body Shape Index (BSI) and percentage of body fat (% GC); For the AFRS levels, some tests of the Brazilian sport project (PROESP-BR) were used; To identify level of quality of life was used the KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaire and level of physical activity through PAQ-C; To recognize the biological and chronological difference of the schoolchildren, Tanner's level of maturation was used as a tool to classify schoolchildren. All data were tabulated and after recognition of normality the statistical treatment Mann-Whitney and Kruskall Wallis for comparison between groups and Spe-arman and Pearson for comparison. Results: Regarding the BMI, we have for male population: 63.58% eutrophic level, 30.86% presented overweight and obesity rates and 5.56% with low body mass (MC). For the female population: 59.26% eutrophic level, 35.19% overweight and obesity, and 4.63% with low MC. The male tests showed: muscular strength of upper limbs (MMSS) 50.15% weak and lower limbs (MLII) 71.32% also weak, localized muscle strength (MLR) 70% presented good values for Flexibility 62, 65% good values, and the cardiorespiratory test had a total of 84.74% weak. For women: Muscle power MMSS and MMII were 47.98% and 76.80% were weak, RML 69.18% considered healthy, 84.16% had a good performance in the flexibility test, but 80.20% wereconsidered weak in the test cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

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Multivalente Wechselwirkungen sind in diversen biomolekularen und supramolekularen Systemen anzutreffen. Gewöhnlich werden sie durch ihre thermische Stabilität charakterisiert. Doch auch das mechanische Reißverhalten ist relevant: Ein System mit großer Reißlänge (Verformbarkeit) weist zwar eine geringere Reißkraft auf, kann aber besser auf äußere Einflüsse ohne Bindungsbruch reagieren. Daher besteht ein zunehmendes Interesse an Modellen zur Vorhersage der mechanischen Stabilität multivalenter Wechselwirkungen. Einzelmolekül-Kraftspektroskopie (SMFS) ist eine nützliche Methode, um den Reißprozess nichtkovalenter Wechselwirkungen zu studieren. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden mono- und bivalenten Pyridine, komplexiert und verbunden durch Cu(II) und Zn(II), entworfen und untersucht. Die drei bivalenten Pyridine wiesen unterschiedlich flexible Rückgratstrukturen auf (flexibel, teilflexibel, steif). Überraschenderweise wurde ein anderer Trend für die Verformbarkeiten gemessen (flexibel > steif > teilflexibel). Durch Vergleich von experimentellen Daten mit ab-initio Berechnungen konnten komplexe Reißmechanismen vorgeschlagen werden: Das Lösungsmittel war entscheidend und führte zu wasserverbrückten Zwischenprodukten, was die Verformbarkeit aller Systeme stark erhöhte. Im bivalente System mit teilflexiblem Rückgrat, koordiniert durch Cu(II), rissen beide Bindungen gleichzeitig bei vergleichsweise großen Kräften. Die beiden anderen Systeme mit Cu(II) wurden in zweistufigen Prozessen voneinander getrennt, was kleinere Reißkräfte zur Folge hatte. Insbesondere das flexible System war zwar thermisch stabiler, brach aber leichter als das monovalente System. Damit wurde zum ersten Mal der große Einfluss des Rückgrats, bei sonst gleicher Art von Wechselwirkung, auf die mechanische Stabilität bivalenter Wechselwirkungen gezeigt. Außerdem ist das entwickelte Modellsystem sehr nützlich für weiterführende Untersuchungen in biologisch relevanten wässrigen Lösungsmitteln. / Multivalent interactions are ubiquitous in biomolecular and supramolecular systems. They are commonly characterized by their thermal stability in terms of average bond lifetime or equilibration constant. However, also mechanical stabilities are relevant: A system with high rupture length (malleability) has a lower rupture force, but can more easily adopt to external constraints without rupture. Thus it is of ever-increasing interest to find appropriate models that allow predictions on the mechanical stability of multivalent interactions. Single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) is a powerful tool to study the rupture process of non-covalent interactions. In the present thesis, a comprehensive study on the mechanical stability of bivalent pyridine coordination compounds with the metal ions Cu(II) and Zn(II) was performed. Surprisingly, three different backbone flexibilities (high, intermediate, low) did not correlate with the measured malleabilities (high > low > intermediate). Instead, comparison between experimental results and ab-initio calculations revealed more complex underlying rupture mechanisms: Due to the aqueous environment, hydrogen bound complexes were formed and important intermediate structures that strongly increased malleabilities. Both interactions of the intermediately flexible bivalent system with Cu(II) broke simultaneous, yielding comparatively large rupture forces. The bivalent interactions of high and low backbone flexibility with Cu(II) broke stepwise at smaller forces. Although being thermally more stable, the highly flexible system even broke at lower forces than the monovalent system. Thereby it was shown for the first time, that rupture forces of similar systems can be tuned over a broad range, just by changing the connecting backbone structure. Furthermore, the developed approach is a rich toolkit to study further the balanced interplay between rupture force and malleability in biologically relevant aqueous solvents.

Exascale systems of the future are predicted to have mean time between node failures (MTBF) of less than one hour. At such low MTBF, the number of processors available for execution of a long running application can widely vary throughout the execution of the application. Employing traditional fault tolerance strategies like periodic checkpointing in these highly dynamic environments may not be effective because of the high number of application failures, resulting in large amount of work lost due to rollbacks apart from the increased recovery overheads. In this context, it is highly necessary to have fault tolerance strategies that can adapt to the changing node availability and also help avoid significant number of application failures. In this thesis, we present two adaptive fault tolerance strategies that make use of node failure pre-diction mechanisms to provide proactive fault tolerance for long running parallel applications on large scale systems. The first part of the thesis deals with an adaptive fault tolerance strategy for malleable applications. We present ADFT, an adaptive fault tolerance framework for long running malleable applications to maximize application performance in the presence of failures. We first develop cost models that consider different factors like accuracy of node failure predictions and application scalability, for evaluating the benefits of various fault tolerance actions including check-pointing, live-migration and rescheduling. Our adaptive framework then uses the cost models to make runtime decisions for dynamically selecting the fault tolerance actions at different points of application execution to minimize application failures and maximize performance. Simulations with real and synthetic failure traces show that our approach outperforms existing fault tolerance mechanisms for malleable applications yielding up to 23% improvement in work done by the application in the presence of failures, and is effective even for petascale and exascale systems. In the second part of the thesis, we present a fault tolerance strategy using adaptive process replication that can provide fault tolerance for applications using partial replication of a set of application processes. This fault tolerance framework adaptively changes the set of replicated processes (replicated set) periodically based on node failure predictions to avoid application failures. We have developed an MPI prototype implementation, PAREP-MPI that allows dynamically changing the replicated set of processes for MPI applications. Experiments with real scientific applications on real systems have shown that the overhead of PAREP-MPI is minimal. We have shown using simulations with real and synthetic failure traces that our strategy involving adaptive process replication significantly outperforms existing mechanisms providing up to 20% improvement in application efficiency even for exascale systems. Significant observations are also made which can drive future research efforts in fault tolerance for large and very large scale systems.

Learner beliefs, which contribute to attitude and motivation, may affect language learning. It is therefore valuable to investigate the malleability of learner beliefs, and to determine whether potentially detrimental beliefs can be ameliorated. This study examines how instruction of the principles of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) affects students' beliefs about classroom activities and their beliefs about language learning in general. The 68 first-year German students at Brigham Young University who participated in this study were asked to rate the effectiveness of three activities typical of communicative language teaching: Dialogue activities, Peer Interview activities, and Information-gap activities. They were also asked to respond to 11 statements about language learning, seven of which were taken from the Beliefs About Language Learning Inventory(Horwitz, 1988). Students responded to the survey three times: once during the first week of the semester, again during the fourth week, and again during the eighth week. During the four weeks between the second and third surveys, students in the experimental group received seven treatment lessons based on some of the basic principles of SLA. A Repeated Measures ANCOVA and a Logistical Regression were used to determine the effects of the treatment, time, and a number of demographic variables. Results of this study show that the treatment did not have a significant effect on any of the beliefs that were measured. However, one language learning belief was significantly affected by time. A majority of the students who participated in this study agreed with the statement, “The instructor should teach the class in German.” After three weeks of class instruction, however, they agreed with this statement significantly stronger. The results of this study also show that many of the demographic variables, such as gender and previous language learning experience, had a significant effect on a number of the students' beliefs.

The desire to enhance and make ourselves better is not a new one and it has continued to intrigue throughout the ages. Individuals have continued to seek ways to improve and enhance their well-being for example through nutrition, physical exercise, education and so on. Crucial to this improvement of their well-being is improving their ability to remember. Hence, people interested in improving their well-being, are often interested in memory as well. The rationale being that memory is crucial to our well-being. The desire to improve one’s memory then is almost certainly as old as the desire to improve one’s well-being. Traditionally, people have used different means in an attempt to enhance their memories: for example in learning through storytelling, studying, and apprenticeship. In remembering through practices like mnemonics, repetition, singing, and drumming. In retaining, storing and consolidating memories through nutrition and stimulants like coffee to help keep awake; and by external aids like notepads and computers. In forgetting through rituals and rites. Recent scientific advances in biotechnology, nanotechnology, molecular biology, neuroscience, and information technologies, present a wide variety of technologies to enhance many different aspects of human functioning. Thus, some commentators have identified human enhancement as central and one of the most fascinating subject in bioethics in the last two decades. Within, this period, most of the commentators have addressed the Ethical, Social, Legal and Policy (ESLP) issues in human enhancements as a whole as opposed to specific enhancements. However, this is problematic and recently various commentators have found this to be deficient and called for a contextualized case-by-case analysis to human enhancements for example genetic enhancement, moral enhancement, and in my case memory enhancement (ME). The rationale being that the reasons for accepting/rejecting a particular enhancement vary depending on the enhancement itself. Given this enormous variation, moral and legal generalizations about all enhancement processes and technologies are unwise and they should instead be evaluated individually. Taking this as a point of departure, this research will focus specifically on making a case for ME and in doing so assessing the ESLP implications arising from ME. My analysis will draw on the already existing literature for and against enhancement, especially in part two of this thesis; but it will be novel in providing a much more in-depth analysis of ME. From this perspective, I will contribute to the ME debate through two reviews that address the question how we enhance the memory, and through four original papers discussed in part three of this thesis, where I examine and evaluate critically specific ESLP issues that arise with the use of ME. In the conclusion, I will amalgamate all my contribution to the ME debate and suggest the future direction for the ME debate.